biochemistry notes

Biochemistry Notes

SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions

How does chemistry relate to Biology?


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction

Elements

Chemistry in Biology

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down

There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.

Each element has a unique name and symbol.

6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Chapter 6


The Periodic Table of Elements


Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups. Organized by number of protons, and therefore also

organized by properties (groups)


Chapter 6


Chemistry = study of matter.


Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology

Neutrons and protons are located at the nucleus of the atom.

Protons are positively charged particles.

Neutrons are particles that have no charge.


Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.



Chapter 6


• Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of an element (atom). In a neutral atom, this is also the number of electrons.



• Atomic Mass: the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an element (atom).

• Find the neutrons only:• Atomic mass-atomic number=neutrons• Ex: Carbon Picture



Radioactivity


When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications.


Chapter 6


Chemical Bonds hold atoms,molecules and compounds

together


Two types of chemical bonds: Covalent bonds

Electrons are shared evenly between atoms Ionic bonds

Atoms are oppositely charged and electrons are therefore given to the “stronger” atom.


Chapter 6




Chapter 6


A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically.

A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements.

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.

O2

H20

NaCl

N2

CO2

H2

Reactions A physical reaction does not

produce a new substance, but involves a change in the state of matter. Ex: crushing a can, melting an

ice cube. A chemical reaction is the

process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Ex: rusting, combustion

(burning), cooking an egg

6.2 Chemical Reactions


Chemical reaction

Physical reaction

Chapter 6

Chemical Equations


Chemical equations describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.

Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.

Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.


Chapter 6


Example reaction:Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon

dioxide and water.

Critical thinking: What biochemical process does this chemical equation represent???



Chapter 6


C6H12O6 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H20


Energy diagrams illustrate the progress and available energy of a chemical reaction.

The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

Energy of Reactions6.2 Chemical Reactions

Chapter 6



All chemical reactions either take in energy or release energy.

Exothermic reactions: release heat energy.

Endothermic reactions: absorbs heat energy.

Energy of Reactions


Chapter 6



This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.

The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.


Chapter 6



This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.

The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.


Chapter 6



Enzymes are special proteinsthat help to speed upchemical reactions by actingas catalyst and lessening the

activation energy.

Enzymes


Chapter 6



A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

It does not increase howmuch product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction.

Enzymes


Chapter 6



Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions in living organisms.

Enzymes used for: Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Growth Waste removal DNA replication Movement

Enzymes


Chapter 6



The substance acted upon by the enzyme is called the substrate.

The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.

6.2 Chemical Reactions- How do they Work???

Chapter 6

Fits together like a lock and key


Enzymes in Action

http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html




Organic Chemistry

The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON

6.4 The Building Blocks of Life

Chemistry in BiologyChapter 6

SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells


Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.


Chapter 6


What is a macromolecule?

A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS

Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS


Macromolecules


Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.

Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.


Chapter 6


The 4 types of macromolecules:

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

PROTEINS


CARBOHYDRATES Made up of C,H,O Used as main source of energy

Two types:

Sugars: quick source of energy Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2,

polysaccharide-many Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose Starches: many sugars linked together, source of

energy breaking down slower Used by plants for energy storage Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains


Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

Go to Section:



Lipids

Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.


Chapter 6



Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds are called saturated fats.

Lipids that have at least one double bond in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.

Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.


Chapter 6


LIPIDS Made up mainly of C & H Used to store energy,

insulation & protection Usually not soluble in water Saturated: has maximum

number of H bonds, usually solid at room temperature

Unsaturated: at least one double bond, usually liquid



Proteins

A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.


Chapter 6



The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).


Chapter 6


PROTEINS Made up of C,H,O,N Made up of groups called amino

acids (20 in nature) proteins have a large variety of

sizes & shapes If the shape changes, it becomes a

new protein Ex: when you boil an egg, the

protein changes color, shape Found in muscles, cell membrane



The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.

After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat.


Chapter 6



Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.


Chapter 6


Nucleic Acids Made up of H,O,N,C & P Store and transmit genetic

information Made up of nucleotides Two types: DNA & RNA


biochemistry notes

Documents

groups of atoms

different elements

compounds sb1 relationship

known elements

number of protons neutrons

element atom

number of electrons

cells6atomic number