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Biological Control Info Page

Biocontrol Agent Lifecycle ScheduleNovember 2019

Range Branch

Invasive Plant Program, Biocontrol Development Group

Biocontrol Agent Lifecycle Schedule

Biocontrol

agent ↓ 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-28 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31

Agapeta Life cycle pupa

zoegana monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Agonopterix Life cycle

nervosa monitor

Controls collect

Scotch broom &

Gorse Notes

Aphthona Life cycle

cyparissiae monitor

Controls collect

Leafy spurge Notes

Aphthona Life cycle overwinting larva

nigriscutis monitor

Controls collect

Leafy spurge Notes

Aplocera Life cycle adult

plagiata monitor

Controls collect

St. John's wort Notes

Botanophila Life cycle adult larva

seneciella monitor

Controls collect

Tansy ragwort Notes

Brachypterolus Life cycle pupa

pulicarius monitor

Controls collect

Toadflaxes Notes

Cassida Life cycle larva adult

rubiginosa monitor larva

Controls collect

Thistles Notes

Chrysolina Life cycle pupa adult

hyperici monitor

Controls collect


Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

overwintering larva larva adult larva overwintering larva

larva larva

adult

Larva overwinterings in any instar and resumes feeding and developing the following spring.

adult egg larva pupa adult

larva

NOT PERMITTED FOR REDISTRIBUTION

overwintering larva pupa adult adult/larva larva overwintering larva

adult

adult

A. cyparissiae has a longer oviposition period than A. nigriscutis.

overwintering larva pupa adult adult/larva larva

adult

adult

A. nigriscutis has a 1-week shorter oviposition period than A. cyparissiae

2nd generation larva pupa adult/larva pupa adult 2nd gen. larva overwintering 2nd gen. larva

adult larva larva

larva larva

overwintering pupa adult/egg/larva larva/pupa overwintering pupa

adult larva

adult larva

At high elevations, larva may emerge in July.

overwintering pupa adult adult/egg/larva larva overwintering pupa

adult

adult

Adults may overwinter in climates with long growing seasons.

overwintering adult adult/egg adult/egg/larva egg/larva/pupa/adult overwintering adult

other adult/egg adult/larva other

NOT PERMITTED FOR REDISTRIBUTION. Other = feeding evidence; can easily be confused with Altica spp. Feeding evidence is present from May through September

overwintering egg larva pupa/adult inactive adult adult overwintering egg

larva adult adult

adult

C. hyperici normally overwinterings in the egg stage, however, it may overwintering in adult and larva stages.

Updated November 2019


Biocontrol

agent ↓ 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-28 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31


overwintering larva larva adult larva overwintering larvaChrysolina Life cycle pupa adult

quadrigemena monitor

Controls collect


Chrysolina Life cycle pupa adult

varians monitor

Controls collect


Cochylis Life cycle adult

atricapitana monitor

Controls collect

Tansy ragwort Notes

Cyphocleonus Life cycle

achates monitor larva

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Galerucella Life cycle

calmariensis monitor

Controls collect

P. loosestrife Notes

Galerucella Life cycle overwintering adult

pusilla monitor

Controls collect

P. loosestrife Notes

Larinus Life cycle adult

minutus monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Larinus Life cycle adult

obtusus monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Larinus Life cycle

carlinae monitor

Controls collect

Thistles Notes

overwintering egg larva pupa/adult inactive adult adult overwintering egg

larva adult adult

adult

C. quadrigemina normally overwinterings in the egg stage, however, it may overwintering in adult and larva stages in mild climates.

overwintering egg larva pupa/adult inactive adult adult

adult larva larva/pupa adult/larva

overwintering egg

larva adult adult

adult

larva larva

larva larva larva

larva larva larva

larva pupa

Multiple larva/pupa found/plant root/crown. Monitor by excavating suspected infested plants prior to larva vacating to pupate in the soil

overwintering larva larva pupa pupa/adult adult overwintering larva

larva larva/pupa adult

adult

Early adults yield more males, the ratio evens during peak, and near the end of the season there are more females present.

overwintering adult adult all stages adult overwintering adult

adult egg/larva adult


Spring adults and F1 adults overlap one month oviposition in summer. Spring adults emerge one week earlier than G. pusilla.

overwintering adult adult all stages adult



Spring adults and F1 adults overlap one month oviposition in summer. Spring adults emerge one wk later than G. calmariensis.

overwintering adult adult adult/larva larva/pupa overwintering adult

adult larva/pupa

adult

Females are more numerous than males, however, males live longer. Some adults hibernate a second year.

overwintering adult adult adult/larva larva/pupa overwintering adult

adult larva/pupa

adult

Females are more numerous than males, however, males live longer. Some adults hibernate a second year.

overwintering adult adult larva/pupa adult overwintering adult

adult larva/pupa adult

adult larva/pupa

Mating and ovipositing occurs when temperatures reach 22oC Flower buds need to be 5-7 mm for oviposition. One larva/bud.



Biocontrol

agent ↓ 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-28 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31


overwintering larva larva adult larva overwintering larvaLongitarsus Life cycle adult

gracilis monitor

Controls collect

Tansy ragwort Notes

Longitarsus Life cycle

jacobaeae (IT) monitor

Controls collect

Tansy ragwort Notes

Mecinus life cycle adult

janthinus monitor pupa

Controls collect

Toadflaxes Notes

Metzneria Life cycle

lappella monitor

Controls collect

Burdock Notes

Metzneria Life cycle pupa adult

paucipunctella monitor pupa

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Mogulones Life cycle

crucifer monitor

Controls collect

Hounds tongue Notes

Pterolonche Life cycle larva/pupa/adult

inspersa monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Puccinia Life cycle

acrolopti monitor

Controls collect

Russian KW Notes

Puccinia Life cycle

chondrillinia monitor

Controls R. collect

skeletonweed Notes

adult/larva

overwintering egg larva inactive adult adult adult/egg overwintering egg/larva

adult

NOT PERMITTED FOR REDISTRIBUTION.

egg/larva pupa adult inactive adult adult adult/egg/larva

other adult

adult

Applicable to L. jacobaeae (Italian) strain only. Monitor OTHER refers to feeding evidence (Aug/Sep).

overwintering adult all stages larva larva/pupa pupa overwintering adult

adult larva/pupa

dormant adult adult

Adults reared on yellow toadflax are usually smaller. Cold climates cause mortality. Adults overwintering in cells inside stems.

larva (feeding) pupa adult adult/egg egg/larva larva (feeding)

larva pupa larva

NOT PERMITTED FOR REDISTRIBUTION. Lifecycle stages can vary greatly from the south to the north by at least 3 weeks.

overwintering larva all stages overwintering larva

larva/pupa other

larva larva

Other = discarded pupal casings can be observed as evidence inside seedheads long after the adult has exited.

overwintering - mixed stages adult all stages adult overwintering - mixed stages

adult larva adult

adult adult

Summer emerging adults remain in their cocoon for 10 days to allow their bodies to harden.

overwintering larva larva/pupa adult overwintering larva

larva larva/pupa adult/evid evidence

larva larva/pupa adult

Prefers diffuse knapweed. Adults difficult to collect. Other = evidence - chimney formation.

overwintering spores inoculation recurring generations overwintering spores

all stages

all stages

The overwintering spores develop on dead leaves.


all stages




Biocontrol

agent ↓ 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-28 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31


overwintering larva larva adult larva overwintering larvaPuccinia Life cycle

jaceae monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Puccinia Life cycle

punctiformis monitor

Controls collect

Canada thistle Notes

Rhinusa Life cycle

antirrhini monitor

Controls collect

Toadflaxes Notes

Rhinusa Life cycle adult

neta monitor

Controls collect

Toadflaxes Notes

Rhinusa tetra Life cycle

monitor adult

Controls collect

Mullein Notes

Rhinocyllus Life cycle pupa

conicus monitor pupa

Controls collect

Thistles Notes

Sphenoptera Life cycle

jugoslavica monitor

Controls collect

Knapweeds

Terellia Life cycle adult adult/egg

ruficauda monitor

Controls collect

Thistles Notes

Tyria Life cycle

jacobaeae monitor

Controls collect

Tansy ragwort Notes

overwintering adult

adult larva larva/pupa

overwintering larva

overwintering adult adult adult/egg/larva adult/larva/pupa adult



all stages



all stages


overwintering adult adult adult/larva all stages adult overwintering adult

adult adult

adult adult

The life cycle for both strains of R. antirrhini are the same.

overwintering adult adult adult/larva all stages overwintering adult

adult larva/pupa adult

Spring emerging adults live until September and may mix with new adults emerging in September.

overwintering adult adult larva adult overwintering adult


larva/pupa adult

Summer adults remain in seedheads until their bodies harden.

overwintering larva pupa/adult adult larva overwintering larva

larva pupa adult larva

adult

Males emerge 1 wk earlier than females. Immature larva going into winter will resume feeding in the spring before they pupate

pupa larva overwintering larva

larva pupa adult larva

NOT PERMITTED FOR REDISTRIBUTION. These details are specific to marsh plumethistle sites in central BC; other plants in alternative locations in BC will vary.

pupa adult adult/larva larva pupa

adult larva other

larva

Monitor OTHER indicates the opportunity to monitor for presence only, extensive foliar feeding is typical of T. jacobaeae



Biocontrol

agent ↓ 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-28 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31


overwintering larva larva adult larva overwintering larvaUrophora Life cycle

affinis monitor larva

Controls collect

Knapweeds Notes

Urophora Life cycle

cardui monitor

Controls collect

Canada thistle Notes

Urophora Life cycle

quadrifasciata monitor pupa adult

Controls collect pupa adult

Knapweeds Notes

Urophora Life cycle pupa

stylata monitor

Controls collect

Bull thistle Notes

The biological control agent lifecycle schedule was developed by using British Columbia field studies and available literature sources.

Seasonal temperatures, climate change and unique habitats may alter the biological control agents' schedule.

Complete details regarding the biological control agents and their host plants can be found at: https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/Plants/Agent-Plant_Matrix.htm

First is the Life Cycle row:

The Life Cycle row contains the predicted life cycle for the agent and is based on literature sources and BC MFLNRORD field studies;

The Monitor and Collection rows:

Some biocontrol agents may be handled in more than one of their life cycle stages and / or during multiple times of the year, the preferred life cycle stage(s) to monitor or collect are indicated in the

appropriate months or part months with bolded text.

“Other” may include an acceptable form of monitoring specific to that bioagent, ie: evidence. Notes will further identify ‘other’;

“All stages” includes recurring or overlapping generations, common with rusts (fungus) or very short-lived insects (midges, aphids); and

Notes row:

The Notes row contains specific information pertaining to the agent that may be of use to the handler.

Example of use:

To determine when to monitor and collect Agapeta zoegana:

Locate the A. zoegana bioagent information block;

Follow the Monitor row life cycle stage is indicated (there may be more than one life cycle stage during which to monitor at multiple times in a year);

In this case, the life cycle stage "larva" is bolded from Mid-April through the end of May, indicating it is best to monitor A. zoegana larva during this time

versus in late September and October;

Follow the Collection row until a life cycle is indicated (there may be more than one life cycle stage during which to monitor at multiple times/year);

In this case, it is best to collect A. zoegana from mid June through all of July; and

Refer to the Life cycle row for predictable information and how it may be adjusted for a particular situation.

larva

larva/pupa

larva larva

larva/pupa

larva

larva larva/pupa

adult/larva overwintering larva

larva/pupa adult larva/pupa

adult larva

overwintering larva pupa adult adult/larva larva/pupa

Larva overwintering in woody galls. Galls are collected and released intact to allow the pupa to develop.

overwintering larva

Only the earliest emerging larva will pupate in summer which go on to produce the second generation overwintering larva.

larva pupa adult egg/larva larva

larva

adult larva

adult/larva larva/adult larva

adult larva

larva

larva

A strain of U. stylata is also found present on Canada thistle. Both strains have the same lifecycle. overwinterings in the third larva instar.

Diffuse knapweed offers better floral development for the chance of a second generation. Disperses onto multiple Centaurea species.

overwintering larva larva pupa/adult adult larva overwintering larva

overwinting larva pupa pupa/adult

larva all stages larva


biocontrol agent lifecycle schedule · biocontrol agent lifecycle schedule biocontrol agent ↓...

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