bioethics krm 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Ethics of Biotechnology
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Why Transgenic Plants
Herbicide resistance
Pest resistance Nutritional enhancement
Vitamins, etc.
New/improved products Oils, pharmaceuticals
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Concerns about Transgenic
Crops
Dangerous to humans?
Dangerous to the environment? Disruptive or unfair to poorer farmers?
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Pharmaceutical Production by
Bacteria Human-derived products may be dangerous
(infective agents) and in limited supply
Make them in bacteria
Safer
Cheaper
More available
Fusion protein strategy
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Fusion Protein
Production
Production of a two
polypeptidepharmaceutical in E.
coli
Insulin
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Pharmaceuticals
Synthesized in
ProkaryoticSystems
List is very
incomplete, withmore being added
every day
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Edible Vaccines Express human pathogen antigens in plant
Purify antigen, or
Eat edible plant for immunity
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Edible Vaccines
Healthy French
fries????
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Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic
Diseases Cells from amniocentesis orCVS
Possible carriers by buccal swab
Analyze relevant loci
First for sickle cell anemia using an RFLP
technique
Now would be straight PCR approach
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SNP Analysis of a CF
Family
Allele specific
oligonucleotides for
wt and cystic fibrosissequences at the CFTR
locus (and point of
common SNP for this
disease)
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DNA Microarrays What alleles are present in a cell?
What genes are being expressed in a cell?
Can analyze up to 500,000+ loci/sequences
at a time
Can be combined with PCR to increase
sensitivity
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BetterCancer Diagnosis
Not all cancers that
look alike are
genetically similar Dont respond
similarly to a given
treatment regimen
More accuratediagnoses give better
prognoses for patients
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GeneC
hips Gene chips are small
and with automation
cost per locusanalyzed becomes
quite low
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Gene Therapy Once a hypothetical hope for the future
Became a reality beginning in 1990
Presently curtailed due to issues related to
using viral vectors for delivering therapeutic
gene
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Gene Therapy Protocol
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Issues for Gene Therapy
1990-1999 more than 4000 persons underwentgene therapy treatments
Limited successes
One person died due to tremendous inflammatoryresponse to vector (adenovirus-derived)
2000 French scientists restored immune systemfunction to 3 SCIDS patients
Additional persons treated successfully
Then two came down with leukemia
Insertion near oncogene LMO2 activated white celldivision
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Gene Therapy Ethics Somatic gene therapy
Treatment of genetic-based diseases
Germ line therapy
Change passed on to future generations
Enhancement gene therapy
Persons enhanced for specific trait(s)
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Genetic Fingerprinting for
Identity and Parentage First tests multilocus RFLP probes
Later tests involved restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLP) and minisatellite loci
Tandem repeats of ~10-100 nucleotides with up to
several hundred repeats (variable number tandem
repeats or VNTRs)
Now use PCR-based analysis of microsatellitesor short tandem repeats (STRs)
Repeats of 2-5 nucleotides with several to more than
20 different repeat numbers (alleles) per locus
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Forensic Applications
DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic
investigations
First used in England in 1986 by Alec Jeffries
First U.S. use in Florida in 1987
1998 national database (CODIS)
Between 2000 and 2003 1600 crimes solved byDNA alone
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Early Forensic DNA Testing
Britain
2 rape-homicides
1983, 1986
Dr. Alec Jeffreys
Multilocus RFLP probes
First application of DNA
typing to a criminal case
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Early Forensic DNA Testing
Britain
2 rape-homicides
1983, 1986
Dr. Alec Jeffreys
Multilocus RFLP probes
First application of DNA
typing to a criminal case
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DNA Evidence Can Exonerate As
Well As Implicate
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When All Else Fails
claim to be a frequent
donor to sperm banks orinvolvement in human
cloning experiments.
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Application s of BioethicsApplication s of BioethicsUse full in large number of situation - needs for decision making
based on
Presupposition
Personal & Societal Values
Moral Values
Subjective interpretation
Application in dealing with value rich areas are as follows Research using various organism
Environmental degradation
Species diversity
Fetal tissue transplantation
Organ transplantation (Xenotransplantation) Stem Cell Study & storage
Cloning & Genomic Studies
Releasing of new transgenic organism
The new reproductive strategies
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During the process of handling of abiotic and biotic
environment created the unimaginative changes because of
ignorance of the ethics
Bioethics also give an opportunities in the following ways