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BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

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Page 1: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

Page 2: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES

MACROMOLECULES: large, complex molecules made of repeating units of smaller molecules

- POLYMERS: large molecule made of repeating units of smaller molecules held together by covalent bonds

- MONOMERS: smallest repeating unit of a polymer that determines the properties of that polymer

Page 3: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES

Macromolecules we will be studying:

- Carbohydrates

- Lipids

- Proteins

- Nucleic Acids

Page 4: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates
Page 5: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES

Sugars and starches that store energy in ways that are easily accessible

Always contain C, H, and O in nearly the ratio of (CH2O)n, where n=# of C

Polar molecules that dissolve in water due to the high proportion of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

Page 6: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Monsaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDE: a group of carbohydrates made only of a single saccharide monomer; single sugar

- CnH2nOn

Page 7: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides

Page 8: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides

Common Monosaccharides:

- Glucose: blood sugar that cells use first for energy

- Fructose: fruit sugar

- Galactose: sugar found in milk

*** These three are isomers, each with the same molecular formula but different structures

Page 9: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides

Page 10: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides

Common Monosaccharides:

- Ribose: found in RNA

- Deoxyribose: found in DNA

Page 11: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides

DISACCHARIDE: two monosaccharides covalently linked together; double sugar

Page 12: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides

Common Disaccharides:

- Maltose: glucose-glucose

- Sucrose(Table Sugar): glucose-fructose

- Lactose: glucose-galactose

Page 13: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES - DisaccharidesFormed by CONDENSATION/DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS reactions

Forms GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES between hydroxyl groups on C1 and C4 of adjacent sugars

Page 14: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides

POLYSACCHARIDE: three or more sugars joined by glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups

Page 15: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides

Common Polysaccharides:

Starch: how plants store glucose (alpha linkages on carbon-1)

Glycogen: how animals store glucose (alpha linkages on carbon-1; many more branching side chains than starch)

Cellulose: structural support in plant cell walls (beta linkages on carbon-1); indigestible by humans

** All of these are composed of monomers of glucose that are linked together in different ways

Page 16: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides

Page 17: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides


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