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Biology 12 Human Reproduction – Chapter 27 Name _______________________

Human Biology - Reproductive System Vocabulary

acrosome, anterior pituitary, cervix, clitoris, corpus luteum, Cowper’s glands, ductus (vas) deferens, endometrium, epididymis, estrogen, follicles, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), head, homeostatic regulation, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), hypothalamus, implantation, interstitial cells, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone (LH), menstruation, midpiece, ovarian cycle, ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), ovulation, oxytocin, penis, positive feedback mechanism, progesterone, proliferative phase, prostate gland, scrotum, secretory phase, seminal fluid, seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules, sperm, tail (flagellum), testes, testosterone, urethra, urethral opening, uterine cycle, uterus, vagina

It is expected that students will:

C14 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the male reproductive system

C14.1 identify and give functions for each of the following:– testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells)– scrotum– epididymis– ductus (vas) deferens– prostate gland– Cowper’s glands– seminal vesicles– penis– urethra

C14.2 describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral openingC14.3 list the components seminal fluid (as contributed by the Cowper’s glands, prostate

gland, and seminal vesicles), and describe the functions of each componentC14.4 identify the tail (flagellum), midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and

state their functionsC14.5 describe the functions of testosteroneC14.6 describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the hypothalamus,

anterior pituitary, and testes

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C15 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the female reproductive system

C15.1 identify and give functions for each of the following:– ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum)– oviducts (fallopian tubes)– uterus– endometrium– cervix– vagina– clitoris

C15.2 describe the functions of estrogenC15.3 describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference to the

follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phaseC15.4 describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to

menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phaseC15.5 describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone

C15.6 describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including– production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the

corpus luteum– increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum

C15.7 describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin

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Human Reproduction – The Male

C14.1 identify and give functions for each of the following:– testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells)– scrotum– epididymis– ductus (vas) deferens– prostate gland– Cowper’s glands– seminal vesicles– penis– urethra

a) Label the above structures on the following diagram:

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b) For each of the parts identified on the previous diagram, describe its function(s):

♂testes _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂scrotum _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂seminiferous tubules ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂epididymis ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂ductus (vas) deferens ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂prostate gland _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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♂Cowper's glands _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂seminal vesicles _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂penis _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♂urethra ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

This photograph shows a close up of the testis. Label the seminiferous tubules, sperm, and interstitial cells.

What is produced by the seminiferous tubules? ___________________________

What is produced by the interstitial cells? ________________________________

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What is the process illustrated by this diagram?

___________________________________________http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE025b.htm cross section of portion of testes

http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE028b.htm cross section though a seminiferous tubule.

Label the diagram using Fig 27.5A

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http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE028b.htm

http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE025b.htm

http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/testis.htm#germ sperm cell formation C14.2 describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening

_______________________________ → _______________________________ →

_______________________________ → _______________________________ →

___________________________________________

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http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/testis.htm#germ

On the diagram below, trace the path of sperm in the male before ejaculation.

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C14.3 List the components of the seminal fluid (as contributed by the Cowper’s glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles), and describe the functions of each component

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

C14.4 Identify the tail (flagellum), midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and state their functions

Label the following diagram of a mature sperm:

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State the function of each of the labelled parts from the diagram on the previous page.

a) tail

________________________________________________________________________

b) middle piece

________________________________________________________________________

c) head

________________________________________________________________________

d) acrosome

________________________________________________________________________

Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Male (27.4)

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C14.5 describe the functions of testosterone

Primary sex characteristics:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Secondary sex characteristics:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by the hypothalamus region of the brain working together with the anterior pituitary gland, as illustrated in the following diagram. Highlight the pituitary hormones that control reproduction:

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C14.6 Describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

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Human Reproduction – The Female

C15.1 identify and give functions for each of the following:– ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum)– oviducts (fallopian tubes)– uterus– endometrium– cervix– vagina– clitoris (on diagram on next page only)

a) Label these diagrams with the parts listed above:

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b) For each of the parts identified on the previous diagrams, describe its function(s):

♀ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♀oviducts (Fallopian tubes)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♀uterus

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♀endometrium

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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♀cervix

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♀vagina

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

♀clitoris

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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C15.2 describe the functions of estrogen

Primary sex characteristics:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Secondary sex characteristics:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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C15.3 Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference to the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase

Label this diagram with the above terms:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Here is a photograph of an ovary showing several follicles. Label a follicle and a developing ovum.

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C15.4 describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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C15.5 Describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone

Note: this is figure 27.6 in text. See explanations in text. (Concept 27.6 on pp 542 and 543)

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Write notes here for control of ovarian and uterine cycles:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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This table summarizes the hormones that control female reproduction:

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C15.6 describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including– production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the

corpus luteum– increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJakYmgtrDA&NR=1&feature=endscreen fertilization to birth

In text, Concept 27.16 pp 556-557

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJakYmgtrDA&NR=1&feature=endscreen

Fertilization or conception occurs in the oviduct. Twenty-four hours later, cleavage begins. Three to four days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus as a ball of

16 cells. By one week after fertilization, the blastocyst forms as a sphere of cells

containing a cavity. After a few more days, the blastocyst implants in the endometrium. The embryo secretes hormones to control the mother’s reproductive system.

o The embryonic hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) acts like pituitary LH to maintain secretion of progesterone and estrogens by the corpus luteum for the first few months of pregnancy.

o Some HCG is excreted in the urine, where it is detected by pregnancy tests.

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For the first 2–4 weeks of development, the embryo obtains nutrients directly from the endometrium.

The outer layer of the blastocyst, the trophoblast, invades the endometrium and later forms the placenta.

The placenta allows diffusion of material between maternal and embryonic circulations, supplying nutrients, providing immune protection, exchanging respiratory gases, and disposing of metabolic wastes for the embryo.o Blood from the embryo travels to the placenta through arteries of the

umbilical cord and returns via the umbilical vein. Splitting of the embryo during the first month of development can result in

identical, or monozygotic (one-egg), twins. Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins arise when two follicles mature in a single cycle,

leading to separate fertilization and implantation of two genetically distinct embryos.

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Organogenesis, the development of the body organs, occurs during the first trimester.

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Describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocinIn text, Concept 27.17 on p 558

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Labour involves the following stages:

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Here are some birth control methods for both male and female. Each method acts at a specific point in the reproductive process:

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