biology 1a…chapter 1 notes: organic chemistry for...

Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology

1. Carbon-Based Molecules: Cells contain mostly __________ and rest is ______________

2. Carbon – the versatile atom _____ valence electrons – forms up to _______ covalent bonds

3. Polymers –

4. Polymers are made by stringing together many ____________________

5. Linking monomers: process called _________________________

H20

Forming a _______________ by removing a ___________

6. Breaking down polymers = ______________________________

Adding a water molecule


7. 4 Categories of macromolecules

1.

2.

3.

4.

Carbohydrates: Made up of:

Function:

Elements:

Examples:

Monosaccharide: Examples:

Isomers= structures __________ formulas ____________

In aqueous (___________) solutions, monosaccharides form _________


Disaccharides:

Examples:

Polysaccharides: many sugar unitsExamples:

Starch: polysaccharide in plants

Glycogen: polysaccharide in animals

Cellulose: most abundant compound (dietary fiber)

Sugars in water: hydrophilic = __________________Dissolve readily in _____________

-OH (hydroxide group) them water soluble


Lipids: do ________ mix with waterElements:

Examples:

Functions: 1. Long term _________________________________2. Protection against ___________________________3. Protection against ___________________________4. Chemical ____________________5. Major component of __________________________

Triglyceride: 1 __________ and 3 ___________________

Types of Fatty acids: Saturated fatty acids:

Unsaturated fatty acids:Lipids & Cell membranes


Cell membranes made of ________________________

Head is __________________________

Two tails _________________________

Steroids: carbon skeleton is bent to form ______________________Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids (estrogen and testosterone)

Proteins:Monomers:

Elements:

Made of 20 different _______________ linked in different orders

Functions:

Functions proteins performEnzymes: catalyze chemical reactionsHormones: messengers that regulate bodily functionStorage Proteins: Make essential substance availableTransport Proteins: carry substances through body fluidsStructural proteins: support & maintain shape of cellProtective proteins: provide defense against foreign matterContractile proteins: do mechanical work


Amino acid Structure:

Amino Group

Carboxyl Group:

Hydrogen: Variable group:

20 different Amino Acids = R groups

Linking Amino Acids:


Link amino acids to make _____________

Process _______________

Bond between amino acids = _______________

Protein Structure:

Protein Structure:A. Primary Structure – straight chains (polypeptide)

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds


B. Secondary Structure – coils or folds

C. Tertiary Structure- R groups interacting with each other

D. Quaternary Structure

Changing Amino Acid Sequence: substitution of one amino acids results in a different shape (sickle-cell disease)

Important protein:

Enzymes: important class of catalystsProteins


Thousands of typesSpecific for chemical reactionsOften end in ________

Structure: work on substances called ______________Fit into specific location called _______________Reusable!

Nucleic AcidsMade of:Elements: Function:Types:

Monomer = Nucleotide Phosphate GroupPentose sugar (5 carbon)Nitrogen bases:

A = T = U = C = G =

Two strands join to form a ___________________


RNA – Ribonucleic acid Extra –OH group (hydroxyl group)Base ___________ instead of ____________

ATP – adenosine triphosphate Function:

Nucleotide with _____ phosphate groups

biology 1a…chapter 1 notes: organic chemistry for...

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