biomedical agriculture: a new approach for developing crops for health henry j. thompson cancer...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biomedical Agriculture: A New Approach for Developing Crops for Health
Henry J. Thompson
Cancer Prevention Lab
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
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To meaningfully reduce the physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart
disease and cancer through:
• Identification, development, and production of food crop varieties that show maximum human health benefit while retaining marketability in the global arena.
• Development of the tools and techniques require to understand how these food crops prevent chronic disease.
• Dissemination of knowledge to the global community to promote long-term healthy lifestyle changes.
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Colorado State University Crops for HealthTM
A Transdisciplinary Research & Training Program inBiomedical Agriculture
PreventionTherapy
Chronic disease• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Cancer
FoodSupplements
Bioactive food components
Nutrients
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Potential disease-preventive mechanisms of vegetables and fruit
• Antioxidant activity (effector activity or marker?)• Antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory
activity• Modulation of detoxification enzymes• Stimulation of the immune system• Decrease in platelet aggregation• Alteration in cholesterol metabolism• Modulation of steroid hormone concentrations and
hormone metabolism• Blood pressure reduction
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Biomedical engagement
Overweight/Obesity
Diabetes-Type II
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Glucose availability
Inflammation
Cellular oxidation
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Plant Food-Health Conundrum
• The issue of botanical diversity.
• Not the right crop varieties (cultivars) in the supermarket Crops for Health
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Epidemiological Evidence
• Strong inverse relationship between cancer incidence and VF intake– World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research
(1997) Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. • Evidence strongest for colon cancer
– Concept challenged Schatzkin , New Engl. J. Med. 342:1149-55, 2000– For breast cancer, the relationship is moderately strong (WCRF:1997) – Smith-Warner: JAMA 285: 769-776, 2001; Riboli JAMA 2004 No
effect• Publications in 2002-2007 are mixed
– Reports of protection (lung and ovarian cancer) and lack of association (breast and bladder cancer)
– No reports of a positive association
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Why the variability in study conclusions?
• No effect: variation and chance• Measurement errors: VF intake• There is a threshold that VF intake must
exceed for protection• Only certain VF matter: botanical family• VF can be protective
– but not all individuals benefit from increased VF
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Food
• A collection of chemicals produced (synthesized) in a biological context– Propagation of that
plant species
• For people: food is simply a collection of chemicals that can be ingested
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Food Chemical NomenclatureFoods Phytochemicals
(phytonutrients)
Matrix effects
Mammalian cells Gut microflora
Biological inert chemicals
Non-nutrient1000s
Individual chemicals
Bioactive Food ComponentsBAFC
Nutrients50
• Cannot be made• Required for normal cellular function• Absence results in disease
Targets
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Drill Down Point: What are the nutrients
• Macronutrients– Protein (4)
• Essential amino acids• Non essentail amino acids
– Carbohydrate (4)• Available
– Mono,di, oligo– Starch
• Unavailable– Fiber
» Soluble» Insoluble
– Fat (9)• Essentail (omega-6 vs 3)• Nonessential
*Water
• Micronutrients– Vitamins
• Fat soluble• Water
soluble
– Minerals• Macro• Trace
elements
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The Big Picture Vision
• ID America’s favorite 20 crops• Understand crop origins and breadth of each
crop’s genetic diversity• Select cultivars from each crop for evaluation• Identify the most cancer protective cultivars• Define a cultivar-based diet of menus and recipes• Evaluate in women at high risk for breast cancer
or its recurrence• Ultimate goal: a “certifiable disease prevention
diet”
JA Milner : NCI Road Map 2005
JA Milner : NCI Road Map 2005
CSU-Credential Cultivars
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BOTANICAL FAMILIES COMPARISON
Actinidiacae
Agaricaceae Chenopodaceae
CompositeaeConvolvulac
CruciferaeCucurbitace
Ericaceae Gramineae
Leguminosae Liliaceae
Musaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae
SolanaceaeUmbellifera
Vitaceae
Bot
anic
al F
amil
ies
0 1 2 3Average Serving Per Day
Low FV
High FV
Diet
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Nouveau Cuisine for Cancer Prevention
N= 118
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RESEARCH QUESTION• When vegetable and fruit (VF) intake is
high what has a greater effect on levels of oxidation – focus on botanical families: powerful
phytochemicals [Five family diet]– diverse number of VF with many many
chemicals of varied activity [Seventeen family diet]
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0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Actinidiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Graminae
Liliaceae
Rosaceae
Solanaceae
Vitaceae
n-a-day
17 family
5 family
DAILY SERVINGS OF VEGETABLES AND FRUIT FROM EACH BOTANICAL FAMILY
Cruciferae
Rutaceae
• 5 Family– Cruciferae– Chenopodiaceae– Liliaceae– Rutaceae– Solanaceae
• 17 Family– Chenopodiaceae
Ericaceae– Cruciferae
Graminae– Liliaceae
Leguminosae– Rutaceae
Musaceae– Solanaceae
Rosaceae– Actinidiaceae
Umbelliferae– Agaricaceae
Vitaceae– Compositae
Curcurbitaceae– Convolvulaceae
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LESSONS LEARNED
• Diet is a powerful chemical tool box.
• You can cause rapid and at times dramatic shifts in the chemicals to which your cells are exposed.
• What you eat can make a difference in the body’s microenvironment.
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Plant Food-Health Conundrum
• The issue of botanical diversity.
• Not the right crop varieties (cultivars) in the supermarket: Crops for Health
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Dry Bean
Apple
Potato
Created Equal?
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VisionProvide consumers with crop varieties in the
food market for which we have evidence of enhanced human health benefits
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Experimental Overview
• Chemical Analysis– Antioxidants and phytochemicals
• Cell Culture– Cell accumulation
• In Vivo Screening Bioassay– Mammary carcinogenesis
– Colon carcinogenesis
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Genetic Classification Centers of Domestication
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Epiphany: what’s the most efficient approach by which to discover
microbe or pest resistance?...why not health traits?
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Panicle/Seed Types in Current SNP set
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Health and Supplements
• Nutrient supplements– Original concept: developed to prevent deficiency
diseases– Contemporary use: if some is good, more is better
• BAFC supplements– Drug concept: intervene in disease processes to
prevent disease
• Evidence of health benefit: limited• Evidence of harmful effects: growing
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The Big Picture Vision
• ID America’s favorite 20 crops – (Crops of International Importance)
• Understand a crop’s origins and genetic diversity• Select cultivars from each crop for evaluation• Identify the most cancer protective cultivars• Define a cultivar-based diet of menus and recipes• Evaluate clinically• Ultimate goal:
– CSU: “certifiable disease prevention diet”
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Colorado Cuisine Modular Diet
• Cultivar defined certification
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Modular Unit (B,L,D)(credential certified)
• Macronutrient composition– Protein 20%kcal– Fat 30% (10/10/10)– Carbohydrate 50% kcal
• 15% kcal as fiber
• Breakfast: 300 kcal– 60 kcal Pr=15g– 90 kcal Fat=10g– 150 kcal CHO=37g
• Botanical Diversity– 18 Families– Each module:
• at least 3 botanical families• At least 0.5 servings per family
• The serving sizes: 1 medium piece of fruit, ½ cup fruit or vegetable (raw, cooked, canned or frozen), 1 cup leafy green salad, ¼ cup dried fruit, ¾ cup or 6 oz. 100% fruit or vegetable juice, ½ cup cooked or canned dried peas or beans.
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Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
1992 1995
1998 2001
Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16, 2001;286:10.