Biotechnologypp. 258-264

WHAT IS IT? Biotechnology: the

application of technology to better use DNA and biology

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

• Sequenced and identified all of the DNA and mapped where every gene is on each chromosome

• Study of the genes

GENETIC ENGINEERING GOAL: Change an organism’s

DNA to give it new traits

Recombinant DNA = DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

Transgenic Organisms = Organisms that contain genes from other species in their DNA

Also referred to as Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Gene Cloning

A plasmid (ring of DNA found in bacteria) and human DNA (donor gene) are cut with the same restriction enzyme to make a sticky end

Donor gene combines with the plasmid (recombinant DNA)

Plasmid (cloning vector) is inserted back into bacterium so that now the bacteria cell makes that specific protein

EX. insulin for diabetics

Gene therapy Altering or Adding genes to treat a

genetic disorder

Useful for: Diabetes

Cancer

Hemophilia

STEM CELLS Stem cells have not yet

specialized, so they can become any body cell Useful for replacing tissue or organs

PROTEOMICS

Study and library of

all the proteins and their function Not all of DNA is used to make

mRNA or proteins The genes or proteins expressed

can indicate possible issues the organism is facing