Dr.Zeeshan akbar

Muhammad arslan 11-arid-948

Muhammad farid 11-arid-949

Muhammad ali kokab 11-arid-945

Muhammad ali 11-arid-944

Muhammad Adnan khan 11-arid-943

Muhammadammar dilawar 11-arid-947

The systemic arteries may describe in the following way, easier to understand.

1) Arteries cranial to heart

2) Branches of thoracic aorta

3) Branches of abdominal aorta

4) Arteries of thoracic limb

5 ) Major arteries of the pelvic limb

ARTERIES CRANIAL TO HEART

NAME OF ARTERY

ORIGIN AREA OF DISTRIBUTION

1)CORONARY ARTERY ASCENDING AORTA HEART MUSCLE

2)BRACHIO-CEPHALIC ARTERY

AORTA ARTERY HEART MUSCLE

3)LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

AORTIC ARCH HEART MUSCLE

4)RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

BRACHIO-CEPHALIC TRUNK

HEART MUSCLE

5)DORSAL CERVICAL ARTEY

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY I INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE,MUSCLES OF BASE OF NECK,DORSAL THORACIC VERTEBRAE

6)DEEP CERVICAL ARTERY SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY BASE OF NECK AND ADJACENT SCAPULAR REGION

7)VERTEBRAL ARTERY SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY SURVICAL MUSCLES AND SPINDAL CORD

8)EXTERNL THORACIC ARTERY

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY PECTORAL MUSCLES

9)AXILLARY ARTERY SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY MUSCLAE OF THORACIC LIMB

10)INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY MUSCLES OF STERNUM

BRANCHES OF THORACIC AORTA

NAME OF ARTERY

ORIGIN AREA OF DISTRIBUTION

1BRONCHIAL ARTERY THORACIC AORTA PULMONARY TISSUE

2)ESOPHAGEAL ARTERY THORACIC AORTA ESOPHAGUS

3)INTERCOSTAL ARTEY THORACIC AORTA ESOPHAGUS,INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

4)PHRENIC ARTERY MAY ARISE FROM AORTA,CEOLIC ARTERY

DIAPHRAGM

BRANCHES OF ABDOMINAL AORTA

NAME OF ARTERY

ORIGIN AREA OF DISTRIBUTION

1)CEOLIC ARTERY ABDOMINAL AORTA

1)HEPATIC ARTERY CEOLIC ARTERY LIVER2)RIGHT RUMINAL CEOLIC ARTERY BOTH SURFACES OF

RUMEN

3)LEFT RUMINAL CEOLIC ARTERY LEFT FACE OF RUMEN

4)OMASO-ABOMASAL CEOLIC ARTERY OMASUM AND ABOMASUM

5)SPLENIC ARTERY CEOLIC ARTERY SPLEEN2)ANTERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANTERIOR PART OF SMALL INTESTINE

3) RENAL ARTERY ABDOMINAL AORTA RIGHT AND LEFT KIDNEY

4)SPERMATIC ARTERY(IN ABDOMINAL AORTA OVARIES,HORNS AND

MALE) UTERO-VARIAN(IN FEMALE)

BODY OF UTERUS

5)LUMBER ARTERY ABDOMINAL AORTA INTERSPINOUS AND INTERTRANVERSE SPACES OF LUMBER VERTEBRAE

6)POST MESENTERIC ARTERY

ABDOMINAL AORTA TERMINAL PART OF RECTUM AND COLON

7)EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY ABDOMINAL AORTA

8)INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY ABDOMINAL AORTA PERIANAL REGION

9)MIDDLE SACCRAL ARTERY

ABDOMINAL AORTA TAIL REGION AND COCCEGEOS MUSCLES

ARTERIES OF THE THORACIC LIMB

NAME OF ARTERY

ORIGIN AREA OF DISTRIBUTION

1)SUPRASCAPULAR ARTERY

ANTERIOR BORDER OF SUBSCAPULARIS

SHOULDER JOINT AND PROXIMAL END OF HUMERUS

2)SUBSCAPULAR ARTERY

SUBSCAPULARIS MUSCLE

SCAPULA,INFRASPINATUD,SUBSCAPULARIS

a)THORACO-DORSAL ARTERY

TRICEPS,ABDOMINAL CUTANEOUS,AXILLARY LYMPH GLANDS

b)POSTERIOR CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY oF HUMERUS

SKIN OF LATERAL SIDE OF SHOULDAR CIRCUMFLEX AARTERY

c) CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY OF SCAPULA

SCAPULA,SUPRASPINATUS,INFRASPINATUS

3)ANTERIOR CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY OF HUMERUS

TERES MAJOR HUMERUS,BICEPS,BRACHIOCEPHALICUS

4)DEEP BRACHIAL ARTERY

MIDDLR OF HUMERUS

TRICEPS,TENSOR FASIAE

5)MUSCULAR BRANCH

TERES MAJOR ,CORACO-BRCHIALIS

6)ULNAR ARTERY DISTAL END OF COROCO-BRACHIALIS

SUPERFICIAL PECTORAL,CUBITAL LYMPH GLANDS,CUTANEOUS AND SKIN

7)NUTRIENT ARTERY OF

NUTRIENTFORAMEN OF HUMERUS

HUMERUS8)THE ANTERIOR RADIAL ARTERY

BICEPS,BRACHIALIS,EXTENSOR OF CARPUS AND DIGIT

The main artery is brachial artery whose chief branches are

Suprascapular artery:

Arise near anterior boarder of subscapularis and run dorsally and supply to shoulder joint and proximal end of humerus

Subscapular artery:

Arise at posterior boarder of subscapularis muscle.it ascend in interstice between that muscle and teres major. Itgive following branches

Thoraco dorsal:

Give branches to triceep and axillary lymph glands.

Circumflex artery of scapula:

Arise from above shoulder joint pass forward to posterior boarder of scapula.

Posterior circumflex artery of humerus:

Give branch to joint capsule,muscle of skin.

Anterior circumflex artery of humerus:

Arise at anterior boarder of tere major.It give branch to deep pectoraland end in upper part of biceeps

Deep brachial artery:

Arise from middle of humerus.It supply triceeps,antibrachii,brachialis.

Muscular branches:

Distributed to teres major,deep pectoral

Ulnar artery:

Arise at distal end of coraco-brachialis and pass downward and back along ventral edge of medial head.It give branches to these muscles posterior super-ficial pectoral,lymph gland and skin.

Nutrient artery of humerus:

Arise from ulnar and enter nutrient foramen of humerus.

Anterior radial artery:

Pass downward and little outward on anterior face of humerus under cover of biceeps in front of elbow joint.It supply biceeps,extensor of carpus.

THE MEDIAN ARTERYIt is direct continuation of brachial.It is accompanied by median nerve lies in

front of artery at its origin.

Articular branch:

Supply to elbow joint.

Muscular branch:

Go to flexor of carpus and digit,the largest of these arise at proximal 3rd of forearm.

Common interosseous artery:

Arise at level of interosseous space through which it pass outward.It supply to nutrient artery of radius and ulna.

Artery of rete carpi volare:

Arise at distal 3rd of forearm and desend on radius to posterior surface of carpus.

Lateral volar metacarpal artery:

Arise just above carpus

Medial volar metacarpal artery:

Is given off median at acute angle,pass down medial side of carpus behind tendom of flexor.It supply nutrient artery to large metacarpal bone.

THE DIGITAL ARTRIESArtery of 1stphalanx:

It rises at right angle about middle of 1st phalanx

1) Dorsal branch

2) Volar branch

Artery of digital cushion:

Arise at proximal boarder of cartilage of 3rd phalanx and pass down to ramify in digital cushion.

Dorsal artery of 2nd phalanx:

Arise little above distal sesamoid bone and pass forward under cover of cartilage of third phalanx and give branch to skin,coffin,joint and coronary corium of hoof.

Volar artery of 2nd phalanx:

It pass above proximal boarder of distal sesamoid bone and unite with opposite artery.

Dorsal artery of 3rd phalanx:

Arise at deep face of angle of 3rd phalanx passing through notch and run forward in groove on dorsal surface give off branches which ramify in corium of wall

of hoof.

IN ADDITION TO THE CORONARY ARTERIES AND COMMON BRACHIO-CEPHALIC TRUNK, THE THORACIC PART OF AORTA GIVES OFF BRANCHES TO THE THORACIC WALLS AND VISCERA AND TO SPINAL CORD AND ITS MEMBRANE.

(1).VISERAL BRANCHES…………….BRONCHIAL AND OESOPHAGEAL

(2).PARIETAL BRANCHES…………..INTERCOSTAL AND PHRENIC

(1) VISCERAL BANCHES

BRONCHIAL-OESOPHAGEAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN:

ARISES AT THE SIXTH THORACIC VERTEBRA FROM AORTA-IT DESCENDS OVER THE RIGHT FACE OF THE AORTA TOWARDS BIFURCATION OF TRACHEA AND DIVIDED INTO BRONCHIAL ANA OESOPHAGIAL BRANCHES.

BRONCHIAL ARTERY :

IT CROSSES THE LEFT FACE OF OESOPHAGOUS TO THE BIFURCATION OF TRACHEA WHERE IT DIVIDES INTO RIGHT AND LEFT BRANCHES.EACH ENTER INTO HILUS OF CORRESPONDING LUNG.

OESOPHAGEAL ARTERY :

IT IS SMALL VESSEL WHICH PASSES BACKWARD DORSAL TO THE OESOPHAGOUS IN THE POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM AND ANASTOMOSIS WITH THE OESOPHAGEAL BRANCH OF THE GASTRIC ARTERY AND GIVES OFF BRANCHES WHICH PASSES BETWEEN THE LAYERS OF LIGAMENT OF THE LUNGS.

PARIETAL BRANCHES:

INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES:

*FIRST ARISE FROM DEEP CERVICLE ARTERY

*NEXT THREE ARISE FROM SUBCOSTAL BRANCH OF DORSAL ARTERY

*REMAINDER ARISE FROM AORTA

1.AORTIC INTERCOSTALS ARTERIES :

ARISE FROM AORTA IN PAIRES CLOSE TOGETHER. THE FIFTH AND SIXTH SPRINGS FROM A COMMON STEM. EACH PASSES THE BODY OF VERTEBRA TO INTERCOSTALS SPACE. IT DIVIDES INTO

A) DORSAL BRANCHES

B) VENTERAL BRANCHES

A) DORSAL BRANCHES:

IT GIVES OFF SPINAL BRANCHES WHICH PASSES THROUGH INTERVERTEBERAL FORAMEN.A MUSCULAR BRANCH PASSES TO MUSCLE AND SKIN OF BACK.

B) VENTERAL BRANCHES:IT IS MUCH LARGE.ORIGIN: IT DESCEND IN MIDDLE OF INTERCOSTALS SPACE BETWEEN INTRCOSTAL MUSCLES.SUPPLIES:IT SUPPLIES INTERCOSTALS MUSCLE,THE RIBS,AND PLEURA

PHARENIC ARTERIES:

ORIGIN: TWO OR THREE SMALL BRANCHES WHICH ARISE AT HIATUS AORTICUS FROM VENTERAL ASPECT OF AORTA.

SUPPLIES: THEY SUPPLIES CRURA OF DIAPGRAM.

BRANCHES OF ABDOMINAL AORTA:

THESE BRANCHES SUPPLIES

(1) WALLS OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY(2) SOME BRANCHES SUPPLIES SPINAL CORD(3) SOME EXTEND INTO PELVIS AND SACROTUM

VISCERAL BRANCHES

(1).COELIAC ARTERY

IT IS UN PAIRED VESSEL

ORIGIN: ARISE FROM VENTERAL ASPECT OF AORTA

IT IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THREE BRANCHES

(A) GASTRIC ARTERY

IT GIVES OFF OESOPHAGOUS AND PANCREATIC BRANCHES

IT DIVIDED BEHIND THE CARDIA INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR BRANCHES

ANTERIOR BRANCHES:

THEY SUPPLIES THE PARIETAL SURFACE OF STOMACH

POSTERIOR BRANCHES:

THEY SUPPLIES THE VISCERAL SURFACE OF STOMACH

OESOPHGEAL BRANCHES:

IT PPASSES THROUGH HIATUS OESOPHAGOUS INTO THORACIC CAVITY ABOVE THE OESOPHAGOUS AND ANASTOMOSES WITH THE OESOPHAGEAL BRANCH OF BRONCHO-OESOPHAGEAL CAVITY.

(B) HEPATIC ARTERY:LARGER THAN GASTRICIT PASSES FORWARD AND TO THE RIGHT AND VENTERALLY ON DORSAL SURFACE OF PANCREASIT DIVIDED INTO 3-4 BRANCHES WHICH ENTER THE PORTAL FISSURE OF LIVERIT ALSO GIVES OFF CO-LATERAL BRANCHES

PANCREATIC BRANCHES:GIVES OFF AN ARTERY CROSSES THE PANCREAS

PYLORIC ARTERY:ORIGIN: ARISE FROM DUOENUM AND GIVES OFF ITS BRANCHES TO PYLORUS.

GASTRO-DUODENAL ARTERY:ORIGIN: IT ALSO ARISE FROM DUODENUMIT ALSO GIVES TWO BRANCHES.

RIGHT GASTRO EPIPLOIC ARTERY:IT SUPPLIES STOMACH AND DUODENUMPANCREATIC-DUEDENAL ARTERY:IT SUPPLIES PANCREAS AND DUEDENUM

SPLENIC ARTERY:LARGEST BRNCH OF CORLIAC ARTERY.

IT PASSES THE LEFT EXTRIMITY OF PANCRAS AND CROSS THE STOMACH.IT GIVES OFF

PANCREATIC BRANCHES:SUPPLIES: THEY SUPPLIES THE LEFT EXTRIMITY OF PANCREAS

SPLENIC BRANCHES:SUPPLIES: THEY SUPPLIES THE SPLEENSHORT GASTRIC BRANCHES:SUPPLIES:IT SUPPLIES YHE GREATER CURVATURE OF STOMACH

LEFT GATRO EPIPLOIC ARTERY:IT IS CONTINUATION OF SPLENIC ARTERYSUPPLIES:IT SUPPLIES THE GREATER CURVATURE OF STOMACH

(2) ANTERIOR MESENTRIC

ORIGIN:

ARISE FROM VENTERAL FACE OF AORTA AT FIRST LUMBER VERTEBRA.

IT IS LARGE UNPAIRED TRUNK IT PASSES VENTERALLY BETWEEN VANA CAVA AND ADRENAL

IT GIVES OFF BRANCHES

LEFT BRANCH:

IT GIVES OFF 15-20 BRANCHES OF SMALL INTESTINE

RIGHT BRANCHES:

IT GIVES OFF SMALL BRANCHES

ILEAL: IT PASSES THE TERMINAL PART OF ILEUM

LATERAL COCCYGEAL ARTERY: IT PASSES BETWEEN COECUM AND ORIGIN OF COLON

MEDIAL COCCYGEAL ARTERY: IT PASSES ALONG THE APEX OF COECUM

VENTERAL COLIC ARTERY: IT PASSES THE VENTERAL SURFACE OF COLON WHERE IT UNITES WITH DORSAL COLIC ARTERY

ANTERIOR BRANCHES :IT GIVES OFF

DORSAL COLIC ARTERY: IT PASSESS THE GREATER COLON AND JOINS THE VENTERAL COLIC ARTERY

MEDIAL COLIC ARTERY:IT PASSES THE SMALL COLON AND ENTER THE COLIC MESENTRY

(3) RENAL

RIGHT & LEFT ARE RELATIVELY LARGE NESSELS WHICH ARISES FROM AORTA NEAR THE ANTERIOR MESENTRIC.

RIGHT ARTERY: IT IS LONGER OF THE TWO;

※ IT CROSS THE DORSAL SURFACE OF VENA CAVA※ AT RENAL HILUS IT DIVIDES INTO SEVERAL BRANCHES

LEFT ARTERY: IT IS SHORTER;

※ IT PASSES DIRECTLY OUTWARD TO THE KIDNEY※ SOME CO-LATERAL BRANCHES SUPPLIED & UTERUS , PERITONIAL FAT,

RENAL LYMPH GLAND & ADRENAL.

(4)POSTERIOR MESENTRIC

※ IT IS AN UNPAIRED VESSEL WHICH ARISES FROM VENTRAL SURFACE OF AORTA AT THE 4TH LUMBER VERTEBRA.

※ IT SUPPLIES THE SMALL COLON & RECTUMo ANTERIOR BRANCHo POSTERIOR BRANCH

(5)INTERNAL SPERMATIC/UTERO-OVARIAN

IT ARISES FROM AORTA NEAR THE POSTERIOR MESENTRIC & SUPPLY THE TESTICLE AND EPIDIDYMUS.

EACH PASSES BACKWARD IN A NARROW FOLD OF PERITONIUM TO THE INTRNAL INGUANUL RING & DESENDS THOUGH INGUINAL CANAL TO THE SACROTUM.

THE UTERO-OVERIAN ARTRIES:

IN THE FEMALE IT DIVIDES INTO

※ OVERIAN---supplies overies※ UTERINE BRANCHES---supplies uterus

LUMBER ARTRIES: SIX ARTRIES OF LUMBER ARTERIES ;

※ FIVE PAIR ARISES FROM AORTA※ 6TH PAIR ARISES FROM INTERNAL ILIAC

EACH PASSES ACROSS THE BODY OF LUMBER VERTEBRA TO THE INTERTRANSVERSE SPACE GIVES THE BRANCHES TO THE SUB_LUMBER MUSCLES DIVIDES INTO

DORSAL BRANCHES VENTRAL BRANCHES

THE INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY:

INTERNAL ILIAC OR HYPOGASTRIC ARTTRIES RESULTS FROM THE BIFURCARTION OF THE AORTA UNDER THE 5TH OR 6TH LUMBER VERTEBRA

CHIEF BRANCHES

LUMBER ARTERIES INTERNAL PUDIC ARTERY

LUMBER ARTERIES: IT PASSES THROUGH THE FORAMIN AT THE JUNCTION OF THE LAST LUMBER VERTEBRA & SACRUM.

INTERNAL PUDIC ARTERIES: IT ARISES FROM THE INTERNAL ILIAC .

ITS CHIEF BRANCHES

UMBELICAL ARTERIES:

ORIGIN: IT PASSES THROUGH THE UMBLICAL OPENNING & BECOMES COOMPONENT OF THE UMBLICAL CORD.

SUPPLIES: IT GIVES OFF SMALL VESSICAL BRANCHES TO THE BLADDER & PROSTATE & DUCTUS DEFRENS.

MIDDAL HEAMORRHOIDAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN: MALE__IT ARRISES FROM NEAR THE PROSTATE

SUPPLIES: MALE__IT SUPPLIES RECTUM,BLADDER,URETHRA & ACCESORRY GENITAL

GLAND

FEMALE__IT GIVES SUPPLIES TO THE UTERUS

PERINEAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN: IT DESSENDS FROM ANUS

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE BULBO CAVERNOSUS MUSCLES & SKIN OF PERINEUM

FEMALE__IT SUPPLIES THE VESTIBLAR BULB

ARTERY OF BULB:

ORIGIN: IT IS CONTINUATON OF INTERNAL PUDIC ARTERY IN MALE

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE URETHRA

ARTERY OF CLITORIS:

ORIGIN: VENTRAL SURFACE OF VALVA

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES TO THE CLITORIS

PARIETAL BRANCHES

THESE ARE LUMBER ARTERIES

3.LATERAL SACRAL ARTERY

ARISE FROM LUMBO SACRAL ARTERICULATION.

ITS BRANCHES ARE

SPINAL BRANCHES:

IT ENTERS THE SACRAL FORAMEN

IT GIVES BRANCHES TO SPINAL CORD

MIDDLE COCCYGEAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN: ARISE FROM RIGHT AND LEFT LATERAL SACRAL OR FROM LATERAL COCCYGEAL ARTERY

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE SKIN AND MUSCLES OF TAIL

POSTERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERY

ORIGIN:IT ARISE FROM UPPER PART OF SACRO-SCIATIC LIGAMENT

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE MUSCLES OF HIND LIMB

1.SEMITENDINOUS

2.SEMII-MEMBRANOUS

3.SUPERFICIAL GLUTEOUS

(d) LATERAL COCCYGEAL ARTERY:

IT SUPPLIES THE SKIN AND MUSCLES OF TAIL.

4. ILIO-LUMBER ARTERY

ORIGIN:ARISE FROM INTERNAL ILIAC

SUPPLIES:ITGIVES BRANCHES TO ILEOPSOAS MUSCLE AND LONGISSIMUS

5.ANTERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN: ARISE FROMGREATER SCAITIC FORAMEN

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE GLUTEAL MUSCLES

6.ILIACO-FEMORAL ARTERY:

ORIGIN:IT PASSES BETWEEN SHAFT OF ILEUM AND THE GLTEUS MEDIUS DORSALLY

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE NUTTENT ARTERY OF ILEUM

7. OBTURATER ARTERY:

ORIGIN: IT ARISE FROM THE OBTURATER FORAMEN BEHIND THE OBTURATER EXTERNUS

SUPPLIES: IT SUPPLIES THE

ADDUCTER

SEMI-MEMBRANOUS

BICEPS

SEMI-TENDINOUS

PULMONARY VEINS:

They return blood from lungs to left atrium of the heart

CARDIAC VEINS:

The coronary sinus is a very short ,bulbous trunk which receives most of the

blood from the wall of the heart.it is situated just below the posterior vena cava. It

opens into the right atrium just below the union of two tributaries.the great cardiac

or left coronary vein ascends in the left longitudinal groove & turns backward in the

coronary groove in which it winds around the posterior border of the heart to the

right side&joins the coronary sinus.the middle cardiac or right coronary vein

ascends in the right longitudinal groove & joins the sinus or opens separately into

the atrium just in front of the orifice of the great cardiac vein so that a common

trunk doesn’t then exist.quite commonly two veins accompany the artery in the

right groove&unite at coronary groove.the small cardiac veins 3 to 5 in no. are small

vessels which return some blood frm the right ventricle & atrium;they open into the

latter near the coronary groove in spaces between the musculi pectinati..

THE ANTERIOR VENA CAVA :

The anterior vena cava returns to da heart blood frm da head, neck thoracic

limbs & greater part of da thoracic inlet by the confluence of the two jugular& 2

brachial veins.it deviates to the right of da brachiocephalic trunk & opens into da

right atrium opposite to 4th rib .the thoracic duct opens through the dorsal wall of

the origin of the vena cava .it receives in addition to small pericardial & mediastinal

veins ,the following tributaries

1: The internal thoracic vein;

it is a satellite of artery of that name .it opens into the anterior vena cava at da 1st rib.the ventral intercostals veins open into the internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins

2: The vertebral vein;

It corresponds to the homonymous artery .on the right side it terminates either in front of the deep cervical vein or by a short common trunk with it .on the left side it usually unites with the deep cervical veins to form a common trunk

3: The deep cervical vein;

On the right side passes downward & backward across the right face of the trachea& opens into the vena cava.it receives the 1st intercostals vein

4: Dorsal vein;

Corresponds to the artery .it crosses the right face of the trachea & opens into the vena cava.on the left side it usually joins the deep cervical &vertebral to form a short common tunk which crosses the left face of the intrathoracic part of the brachial artery

VEIN OF THE HEAD & NECK

1: JUGULAR VEINS:

Right & left jugular veins arise behind the ramus of the mandible, about 2& half inches below the temporo- mandibular articulation by the union of the superficial temporal & internal maxillary veins its tributaries r as follows

i)Internal maxilarry vein

It may be considered to begin as the continuation backward of the buccinators vein where that vessel crosses the alveolar border of the mandible .its principal radicals r the following;

The dorsal lingual vein

It is not a sattelyte of any artery but is in company with the lingual nerve it receives the tributains from the tongue & soft palate.

The mendibular or inferior alveolar vein

It is a satellite of the corresponding artery it often unites with the preceeding

The middal meningeal vein

It emerges through the foramen lassirum antevious…

Pterygoid vein

It rami pterygoidie

The posterior deep temporal vein

It is a large vessel which receieves tributanis from the temporalis mussle & ammisanis from temporal canal..

2) THE SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN:

It is formed by the confluence of the anterior emmicular & transverse facial vein

3) THE MESSETANIC VEIN:

It joins a jugular vein at the upper border of the sterno saphalicis tendon

4) THE GREATER AVICULAR VEIN:

It is a satellite of the posterior emmicular artery but joins the jugular a variable distance below & behind the origin of the artery

5) THE OCCIPITAL VEIN:

The anterior radical is the ventral caudal vein & the posterior radical is formed by the confluence of muscular spinal branch

6) THE EXTERNAL MAXILLARY VEIN:

The chief difference ion the tributains of the vein as compared with the branches of the corresponding artery or as follows

The label veins: superior & inferior are near the free edges of the lips…..a little lower is the large this passes back under the upper part of the massiter it receives a following tributains

The greater palltine vein passes in the groove b/w tuber maxillar & palate bone

The satellite of the artery it forms a rich plexus of the valve

The infra orbital vein is also a satellite of the artery.

The ophthalmic veinis a short trunk which is connected on front with the cavernous sinnus through the foramen orbitale.

The buccinators vein : it extends backward from the external maxillary

The lingual vein: it is formed at the side of the lingual process of the hyoid bone by the confluence of severel veins.

The sublingual vein: it is smaller than the preceeding it receives the vein from the muscles of the mendibular space & sublingual & gums

7) THE THYROID VEIN:

It is a large vessel which joins the jugular near the external maxillary vein.it receives anterior thyroid…….

8) MUSCULAR,TRACHEAL,OSOPHAGEAL & PAROTID VEINS:

9) THE CEPHALIC VEIN:

It enters the jugular near its termination…

10) THE INFERIOR CERVICAL VEIN:

THE VEINS OF THE CRANIUM

Accompanies the ascending branch of the artery

Cerebral veins:::they lie on the surface of the brain and the sub-arachnoid space

The ascending cerebral vein:::drain moist of the convex & medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres

The descending cerebral veins:::they come from the ventral part of the convex surface of the cerebrum..

The basal cerebral veins:::they converge to a large common trunk the vana rhinalis posterior.this begins at the anterior end of the periform lobe.

The deep cerebral veins:::they issue from the central ganglionic parts of the brain at the transverse fissure. They unites o or the internal; cerebral veins which backward in the roof of the 3rd ventrical & unite to form the great cerebral vein..

The dorsal cerebeller vein:::they are on the upper surface of the cerebelum.

The ventral cerebellum veins ::: they are larger & go chiefly to the basiler plexus.

The meningeal veins:::it arrises from the capillary & deep faces of the dura matter…

The diploic vein:::they are present at the spongy substance of the cranial bone..

Vertebral & spinal veins ::: two venous trunks the longitudinal sinuses extends along te floor of the vertebral canal on either side of the dorsal longitudinal ligament.. these are continuous in front with the basal plexus..they lie in the grooves of the body of the vertebrae & are connected by the series of vertebrae & the longitudinal ligament in the bone.

Brachial vein:

Is the satellite of the extra thoracic of the brachial artery .

It arises from the medial side of the distal end of the shaft of the humerus and ascends

In the arm behind the artery under cover of layer of fascial and the posterior superficial pectoral muscle.

Dorsal vein:

Often join the external thoracic or brachial pain.

External thoracic vein:

Is the large vessel which arise in the vental wall of abdomen passes forwad along the lateral border of the posterior deep pectoral muscel.

Cephalic muscel:

Arise from the middle side of the carpus as the continuation of the medial metacarpal vein. large medial cobital vein which passes upward and backward over the medial intersection of the biceps & the medial artery & vein or nurve and join the brachial vein.

Accessory cephalic vein:

Which arises from the network of carpel runs upward on the deep fascia along it.

Common interosseous vein:

Join the posterior satellite.

Interior radial vein:

It is the satellite of the artery.

Ulnar vein:

It is usually double at its proximal end and communicates with the deep brachial vein.

Three chief metacarpal vein

Medial metacarpal vein:

Also called comman digital vein.arises from the volar venous arch above the fetlock.

Lateral metacarpal:

Arises from the venous arch above the fetlock and passes upward behind the lateral border of the suspensory ligament in front of the lateral volar nerve and accompanied by a small artery.

Deep Metacarpal vein:

Arises from the venous arch passes farward between the two branches of the suspensory ligament and ascends on tne posterior surface of the large metacarpal bone.

Digital vein:

Arises at the proximaledge of the cartilage of the third phalanx and ascend in front of the corresponding arteries.

POSTERIOR VENA CAVA

PHRENIC VEIN:

Two or three return the blood from the diaphragm.

Lumber vein:

Corresponds to the arteries .five pairs usually empty into the posterior venacava.

Internal spermartic vein:

Accompany the arteries of like name .In the spermatic cord they form a very rich network the paminiform plexus.

Utero ovarian vein:

Much larger and are satellite of the arteries in the blood ligament.

RENAL VEIN:

SATELLITE OF ARTERIES AND OF LARGE CALIBAR AND THIN WALLED.

ADRENAL VEIN:

Open directly into the venacava.

HEPATIC VEIN:

Return the blood from the liver and open into the venacava as it lies in the groove in the liver.

PHRENIC AND LUNBER VEIN ALSO NAME AS PARIETAL RADICLES AND VISCERAL RADICLES.

PORTAL VEIN

ANTERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN:

It is the largest of the portal radicles. It is situatied to the right of the artery.

POSTERIOR MESENTRIC VEIN:

IT IS THE SMALLEST OF THE PORTAL RADICLES. IT ACCOMPANIES THE ARTERY IN THE COLIC MESENTRY AND ITS RECTRAL BRANCHES .ANASTMOSE WITH THOSE OF THE INTERNAL PUDIC VEIN.

SPLENIC VEIN:

It is the very large satellite of the splenic artery.it is formed by the union of the two radicles at the base of the spleen.

POSTERIOR GASTRIC VEIN:

It join with spleenic .

COLLECTION TRIBUTARIES OF THE PORTAL VEIN

PANCEREATIC VEIN: (rami pancreatic)

GASTRO DUODENAL VEIN:

WHEN PRESENT CORRESPONDS MANILY TO THE extrahepatic branches of the hepatic artery but in most cases it does not exist and the right gastroepipolic vein and duodenal vein open directly into the portal vein.

ANTERIOR GASTRIC VEIN:

JOINS THE PORTAL VEIN AT THE PORTAL FISSURE.

COMMON ILIAC VEIN

LUMBER VEIN

CIRCUMFLEX ILIAC VEINS:are the two satellite of the corresponding artery .open into the posterior vena cava or into the external iliac vein.

ILIO LUMBER VEIN:

MAY OPEN into the common iliac the external iliac or the internal iliac vein.