blue river trailhead mapping and design recommendations, july 2015 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
Mapping and Design Recommendations
July, 2015
Blue River Trailhead
Developed by: Jacqueline Wells
Trailhead Design and Mapping Intern
Public Works Department
The City of Kansas City, Missouri
Cover Page Photo Sources, Top Right: Deb Ridgway, on the Blue River Trail, 2015
Bottom Left: Deb Ridgway, on the Blue River Trail, 2015
Bottom Right: http://mo.water.usgs.gov/indep/wilkison/cso/images/largeblueriveratbannrd.jpg
1 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Introduction
Since the first paved segment of the Blue River Trail, spanning only 2.5 miles just south of Bannister Rd.
to Alex George Lake was opened in 2012, Kansas City residents are reconnecting to the Blue River. This
essential link has allowed residents to rediscover their River which they are otherwise largely
disconnected from by noxious land uses. The relationship the trail allows residents to form with the river
promotes advocacy for its conservation and preservation, two necessary behaviors to ensure Kansas
City’s sustainable future.
Not only does the Blue River Trail connect Kansas City residents to the Blue River, the trail also promotes
physical activity by making bicycling, walking, in-line skating and jogging safe and accessible to residents
of all ages and skill levels.
Now, as the trail expands to the North from 63rd St. to 18th St, and to the South from Bannister Rd.
through Minor Park, imagine the new generations of Kansas City residents who will be introduced to the
river, becoming its next stewards. Once the full corridor is constructed, diverse groups of residents will
have the opportunity to recreate and commute along the 29 miles of urban trail, helping to combat
chronic disease in our city. In order to ensure trail use and to sustain the trail for generations to come,
trailheads must be built to create access and awareness. The following trailhead mapping and design
criteria and recommendations have been made in order to guide Blue River Trailhead location selection
and site design. The trailhead mapping and design recommendations are intended to assist in the
development of sustainable trailheads to support diverse resource users. They were made in
coordination with the following stakeholders.
Richard Allen, Parks and Recreation, City of Kansas City
Angela Eley, City Planning, City of Kansas City
Jill Erickson, Heartland Conservation Alliance
Charlie Gascich, Whatsoever Community Center
Kellie Johnston, City Planning, City of Kansas City
Alecia Kates, Mid America Regional Council (MARC)
Thomas Kimes, Water Services, City of Kansas City
Deb Ridgway, Public Works, City of Kansas City
Daniel Smith, Monnett Battle of Westport Fund
Roberta Vogel-Leutung, Middle Blue Federal Partnership, EPA
Gerald Williams, City Planning, City of Kansas City
2 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Literature Review
The Blue River Trail is an urban trail, a linear feature
designed to accommodate pedestrians, cyclists,
equestrians, joggers and skaters of every age and skill level.
The trail will be paved with concrete and traverses through
one of the most picturesque areas of the city, with
woodlands, scenic bluffs and riverside views (Jax, S., &
Liska, J. 2008). The Blue River Trail also passes through a
variety of land uses, from residential neighborhoods and
industrial centers to vacant or park land. The trail is also
situated in diverse socio-demographic areas of the city, as
shown in Map 1 and Map 2.
The pertinent literature on urban trails and urban parks
finds that trail users are predominantly white, young to
middle-aged and well educated (Reynolds, K., Wolch, J.,
Byrne, J., Chou, C., Feng, G., Weaver, S., & Jerrett, M.
(2006).) and are motivated to use trails by exercise, access
to nature, commuting, relaxation and group recreation
(Shores, K., Scott, D., & Floyd, M. (2006).).
Constraints: In order to broaden the range of users the Blue
River Trail attracts, it is essential to understand constraints
of use. Studies of constraints to leisure activities recognize
geographic variables, park/trail perceptions and marketing
as major forms of constraints to use. Race, ethnicity, gender
and age will be the focus of the following constraints
discussion.
Access: The main constraint to trail use is access. Studies of
urban green space show that minority groups travel farther
distances to reach recreation destinations due to their
residential location (Byrne, J., Wolch, J., & Zhang, J. (2008).).
Additionally, modes of transportation differ between racial
and ethnic groups. In multiple studies of park use, minority
users arrived most often by car, public transit or bicycle, and
white users arrived by foot due to the parks proximity to
respondents residential locations (Byrne, J., Wolch, J., &
Zhang, J. (2008).).
Map 1: BRT and Percent Minority Persons
Map 2: BRT and Average Income
3 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Perception: A resident’s perception of the trail and trailhead is another key constraint to use. Studies
show that perceived safety and facility provisions contribute to a resident’s decision to visit a trail for
the first time or repeat their visit in the future (Reynolds, K., Wolch, J., Byrne, J., Chou, C., Feng, G.,
Weaver, S., & Jerrett, M. (2006).). In a study of the constraints on outdoor recreation, it was found that
women and racial and ethnic minorities, especially black respondents, were concerned about safety and
crime (Shores, K., Scott, D., & Floyd, M. (2006).). Additionally, in studies of park use, it has been found
that different racial/ethnic groups prefer different types of park amenities and travel to parks in varying
group sizes, therefore causing a varying perception of facility amenities by different racial/ethnic park
users (Byrne, J., Wolch, J., & Zhang, J. (2008).). The results of studies differ (Gobster, P. (2001).).
Awareness: Lack of awareness of trail and park facilities is the final constraint to use. A study of urban
national parks shows that racial/minority groups received park information from different sources than
white users. The study does not prove if this decreases park utilization, but begs the question of how
improved information about the trail and trailheads can increase their utilization (Gobster, P. (2001).).
Understanding the constraints faced by recreationists is the first step in ensuring the Blue River Trail
best serves the community of Kansas City. Four principals can be drawn from the motivations and
constraints studied above and will be applied to the mapping and design of trailheads for the Blue River
Trail.
1. Location: increase the diversity of trailhead site locations, increasing the visibility of the
available resource in the area
2. Transportation: ensure ease of access to the trailhead and non-reliance on automobiles
3. Safety: schedule regular maintenance and monitoring of the trailhead and corridor to
increase feelings of safety
4. Engagement: Make trailhead amenities specific to the community they will serve through
public engagement
Trailhead Criteria
In order to maximize access and awareness of the trail system two types of trailhead are recommended,
formal and informal. The criteria for the trailhead types are compared in Chart 1.
Chart 1: Trailhead Criteria Trailhead Type
Parking (vehicle, bicycle)
Restrooms (plumbed/ portable)
Water Connection, On/Off Street
Connection, Residential/ Commercial
Stakeholder Support
Local/ Area Need
Seating Shade Signage
Formal X X X X X X X X X X
Informal X X X X
Parking:
Formal: It is recommended that parking be available for no fewer than twenty vehicles and ten bicycles
at formal trailhead locations.
4 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Informal: It is recommended that parking be available for no fewer than ten vehicles and five bicycles at
informal trailhead locations.
Restrooms:
Formal: It is recommended that plumbed or portable restrooms be made available or be located within
.05 miles of a formal trailhead location.
Water:
Formal: It is recommended that access to potable water by way of water fountains be provided at
formal trailhead locations.
Connection, On/Off Street:
Formal: It is recommended that formal trailhead locations connect with existing or planned pedestrian,
bicycle and transit routes.
Connection, Residential/Commercial:
Formal: It is recommended that formal trailhead locations be located within .25 miles of existing
residential or commercial centers.
Stakeholder Support:
Formal/Informal: It is recommended that formal and informal trailhead locations receive strong
stakeholder support to maximize trailhead utility and ensure ongoing trailhead maintenance and
monitoring.
Local/Area Need:
Formal/Informal: It is recommended that the issues of equity and diversity be considered when
choosing the location of formal and informal trailheads.
Seating:
Formal: It is recommended that seating in the form of benches, seatwalls, etc. be located at formal
trailhead locations.
Shade:
Formal/Informal: It is recommended that shade be provided in the form of shelter or tree canopy at
formal and informal trailhead locations.
Signage:
Formal and Informal: It is recommended that directional, regulatory, objective and interpretive signs be
used at formal and informal trailhead locations. It is recommended that all trailheads include signs that
raise awareness of the trail system’s carry in carry out trash policy. It is recommended that the signs
adhere to the hierarchy of signs recommendations discussed in Design Strategies and Design Elements.
A common design theme should graphically unite the Blue River Trail system.
5 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Trailhead Mapping
In order to promote sustainable, greyfield development and to minimize costs, it is recommended that
formal and informal trailheads be developed in conjunction with existing parks, parking lots or
commercial centers.
In order to assess a location for the development of a formal or informal trailhead, guidelines are
available in Chart 2, and are listed in priority order.
Chart 2: Trailhead Criteria Priority Guidelines
Existing Parking Lot
•Developing a formal/informal trailhead in conjunction with an existing parking lot is top priority in order to reduce impermeable pavement and costs.
Existing RR/Water
•Developing a formal trailhead in conjuction with an existing restroom and/or waterfountain is the next priority in order to reduce construction and maintenance costs.
Connection On/Off Street
•Developing a formal trailhead with connection to existing or planned bicycle, pedestrian and/or public transit routes is the next priority in order to ensure access and utilization.
Connection Res/Comm
•Developing a formal trailhead with connection to residential/commercial centers is the next priority in order to ensure access and awareness.
Stakeholder Support
•After securing the above priorities, it is then essential to secure stakeholder support for formal/informal trailhead design and maintenance purposes.
Local/Area Need
•Determining local/area need is the next priority in developing formal trailhead location and design. Area stakeholders will assist in this determination.
Seating and Shade
•Seating and shade are a low priority due to the lower level of investment required in developing these amenities for formal/informal trailheads.
Signage
•Signage is the lowest priority because it is unlikely that potential trailhead locations will have preexisting signs, but its an essential design element.
6 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
A preliminary list of formal and informal trailhead locations has been compiled and is available in Chart 3. The list reflects trail development
plans made available in July, 2015.
Chart 3: Preliminary Trailhead Location
Preliminary Trailhead Location
Trailhead Type
Parking (vehicle, bicycle)
Shade Water Signage Connection, On/Off Street
Connection, Residential/ Commercial
Restrooms (plumbed, portable)
Seating Stakeholder Support
Local/ Area Need
Blue Valley Formal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Corrington Park & Sheffield Park
Formal No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Swope Pool / Soccer Complex
Formal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Minor Park Formal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Municipal Farm
Informal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Blue Banks Park
Informal No No No No No No No No Yes No
Blue Parkway
Informal Proposed Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes
Blue River Park and Athletic Fields
Informal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes
7 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Preliminary Trailhead Location Analysis
Blue Valley Park, East 23rd St. and Topping Ave.
Formal Trailhead: Blue Valley Park was identified as a potential formal trailhead site location due to its
location near the northern segment of the Blue River Trail. The size, 238.5 acres, and amenities,
including: baseball diamond, disc golf course, playground, spray ground and three shelters, also make
Blue Valley Park a viable formal trailhead location. After the site was identified, it was analyzed against
the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. It was found that Blue Valley Park
meets with every formal trailhead criteria aside from trailhead signage, the lowest priority matter.
Stakeholder support was found from Jill Erickson the executive director of the Heartland Conservation
Alliance with their partnership with East High School and the Monnett Battle of Westport Fund with
their connection to the area through Douglas’ Battery. Additionally, the park is located in a majority
racial/ethnic minority area, potentially allowing for an increase of access to the trails system by
underserved groups. Please refer to the appendix for additional demographic analysis.
Corrington and Sheffield Park, E. 18th St. and Corrington Ave and E. 12th St. and Winchester Ave.
Formal Trailhead: Corrington Park and Sheffield Park were identified as a potential formal trailhead
system due to their location near the northern segment of the Blue River Trail. Corrington Park is
designated as a neighborhood park and is 9.85 acres in size. Sheffield Park is also designated as a
neighborhood park and is 11.24 acres in size. After the sites were identified, they were analyzed against
the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. It was found that together Corrington
Park and Sheffield Park meet all the formal trailhead criteria when considered in conjunction with the
Whatsoever Community Center, where parking, water and restrooms would be accessible. Stakeholder
support was found from Charlie Gascich, executive director of the Whatsoever Community Center
located approximately 0.1 miles from Sheffield Park. Gascich expressed the communities need and
desire for improvements to park resources and access to the trail and willingness to monitor and
maintain a trailhead. Additionally, the parks are located in a majority racial/ethnic minority area,
potentially allowing for an increase of access to the trails system by underserved groups. It is
recommended that Corrington and Sheffield Parks act as a community trailhead system. It is
recommended that bikeways connect the parks in order to increase access and awareness of the trails
system within the community. Please refer to the appendix for additional demographic analysis.
Swope Pool/Soccer Complex, 63rd St. and Swope Park
Formal Trailhead: The Swope Pool/Soccer Complex was identified as a potential formal trailhead site
due to its location near the midpoint of the Blue River Trail. After the sites were identified, they were
analyzed against the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. It was found that
both the Swope Pool and the Soccer Complex meet all the formal trailhead criteria aside from trailhead
signage, the lowest priority matter. Stakeholder support was found in the Monnett Battle of Westport
Fund due to their connection to the nearby Big Blue Battlefield. Additionally, the park is located in a
majority racial/ethnic minority area and light industrial area potentially allowing for an increase of
access to the trails system by underserved groups. Please refer to the appendix for additional
demographic analysis.
8 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Minor Park, Red Bridge Rd. and Holmes Rd.
Formal Trailhead: Minor Park was identified as a potential formal trailhead site due its location near the
southern segment of the Blue River Trail. The size of the park, 235.09 acres, and amenities, including:
golf course, playground, rugby field, tennis court and shelter also make Minor Park a viable formal
trailhead location. After the site was identified, it was analyzed against the trailhead criteria using geo-
spatial technology and field study. It was found that Minor Park meets with every formal trailhead
criteria aside from trailhead signage, the lowest priority matter. Stakeholder support has not yet been
identified. Additionally, the park is located in a majority white neighborhood, potentially perpetuating
constraints to trail access, potentially demanding increased accommodation for transit, bicycle and
vehicle transportation. Please refer to the appendix for additional demographic analysis.
Municipal Farm, Coal Mine Rd. and Winchester Ave.
Informal Trailhead: The Municipal Farm was identified as a potential informal trailhead site due to the
complimentary development plans in the Municipal Farms Sustainable Reuse Plan. After the site was
identified, it was analyzed against the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. It
was found that Area 5 of the Municipal Farm meets with every informal trailhead criteria aside from
trailhead signage, the lowest priority matter. Additionally the Sustainable Reuse Plan has identified Area
5 as a recreation destination. Municipal Farm planners support an informal trailhead within the site.
Blue Banks Park, Blue Banks Ave. and Colorado Ave.
Informal Trailhead: Blue Banks Park was identified as a potential informal trailhead site due its location
at the confluence of Brush Creek and the Blue River and the proposed bridge development by the Parks
and Recreation department. After the site was identified, it was analyzed against the informal trailhead
criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. Additionally, stakeholder support has yet to be
identified. It was found that Blue Banks Park meets with every trailhead criteria aside from trailhead
signage, the lowest priority matter. The trailhead would connect industrial employees to the resource
and increase access to the bridge and both the Blue River and Brush Creek Trails.
Blue Parkway, Blue Parkway and Blue Banks Ave.
Informal Trailhead: Blue Parkway was identified as a potential informal trailhead site due to the riparian
restoration improvement projects and trailhead proposal developed by Thomas Kimes with Water
Services. After the site was identified, it was analyzed against the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial
technology and field study. It was found that Blue Parkway meets with every informal trailhead criteria
aside from trailhead signage, the lowest priority matter. The trailhead is accessible underneath the Blue
Parkway overpass, and would connect surrounding residents and employees to the resource.
Blue River Park and Athletic Fields, Blue River Rd. and I-435
Informal Trailhead: The Blue River Park and Athletic Fields was identified as a potential informal
trailhead site due its proximity to the southern segment of the Blue River Trail. After the site was
identified, it was analyzed against the trailhead criteria using geo-spatial technology and field study. It
was found that Blue River Park and Athletic Fields meets with every informal trailhead criteria including
trailhead signage, which currently exists at the site. The trailhead would connect recreationists to the
resource and create another use for the preexisting parking lot.
9 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Trailhead Design
In order to form a new generation of trail users and river stewards, trailheads should entice and invite a
diverse group of residents to the trail. The literature suggests that in order to engage new resource
users, a trailhead should simultaneously spark interest, make the trail resource available and create a
good experience (Dobrowolski, A. (2010).). In order to accomplish this goal, the following design
strategies have been suggested and are available in Chart 4.
Chart 4: Trailhead Design Strategies
Design Strategy Trailhead Type Explanation Implementation Expected Outcome Plan Community Trailheads
Formal Informal
It is recommended that existing community spaces such as parks, parking lots or shopping centers be used for trailhead locations to increase connection and use.
Engagement of stakeholders is necessary for the identification of appropriate locations and the implementation of management plans
+Community ownership +Increased use
Cluster Site Amenities Formal Informal
It is recommended that site amenities such as sign kiosks, seating, ground markers, be clustered to make the BRT a major site attraction.
Design of site should suggest a sense of enclosure, visual contact and spatial proximity
+Organized and intentional site puts users at ease +Encourages use
Build for Low Maintenance
Formal Informal
It is recommended that materials and design of site amenities require low maintenance. Site users are discouraged from using resources when they look badly maintained, citing safety concerns.
During design, all amenities chosen for the site should have a sense of permanence and purpose. Engagement of community stakeholders is necessary to implement a management plan.
+Community ownership +Increased use +Decreased costs
Support Multiple Modes of Transportation
Formal
It is recommended that the BRT be accessible by bike, foot, public transit and car whenever possible, in order to maximize connection and accessibility.
During site mapping, trailhead locations should be connected to existing or planned bicycle and transit routes. Bicycle facilities, such as bike racks and bike fix it stations should be included in site design.
+Broader range of users utilize the trail +BRT lowers carbon emissions
Hierarchy of Signs Formal Informal
It is recommended that a hierarchy of signs be utilized throughout the BRT system, ranging from directional to interpretive signs.
A common design theme should unite all signs used throughout the trail. Signs are ranked from directional, regulatory, objective to interpretive in terms of hierarchy.
+Increased use +Increased knowledge about site
Plan Open Space Formal Informal
It is recommended that open space be included in every BRT trailhead to provide gathering space for trail users as they prepare to enter the trail.
Open space should provide a buffer between the trail and the parking lot, amenities such as play equipment, a shelter a bench may be included and should be decided upon based on public engagement.
+Broader range of users utilize the trailhead +Increased sense of safety
Source: Dobrowolski, A. (2010).
10 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Design Elements
Sources: 1: Limpy Botanical Trail. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2015. 2: Photo by Deb Ridgway on the Blue River Trail, 2015 3: Photo by Deb Ridgway on the Line Creek Trail, 2011
This image shows how clustering site amenities, has
made this trail the site’s major attraction. The picnic table acts
as open space, allowing resource users to rest, tie
shoes, fix a bike, before passing through the signs that act as a gateway to the trail beyond.
Cluster Site Amenities
This image shows an example of a low maintenance sign
preexisting on the Blue River Trail. The locally sourced materials of the sign will
withstand the local climate and provide resource users with directional, regulatory and
objective signage.
Build for Low Maintenance
This image shows a bike fix it station along the Line Creek
Trail. Locating bike fix it stations at trailheads
encourages resource users to travel by bicycle, decreasing road congestion and carbon
emissions.
Support Multiple Modes
11 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Sources: 1: Kansas City, Missouri Parks and Recreation Department 2: Lac du Flambeau Stormwater Improvement and Restoration Interpretive Signage. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2015. 3: Gjhikes.com: Sunset to Sunrise. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2015.
This image is an example of a directional, objective and
regulatory sign. The directional sign addresses distance, direction
and destination. The objective sign provides actual information
about trail conditions. The regulatory sign prohibits certain uses on the trail. The directional
sign is the highest on the hierarchy of signs because it
increases awareness and use of the trail. The directional sign
should be placed both within and without the trail system. The
objective and regulatory signs are next on the hierarchy because
they ensure the safety of resource users. The three types of sign are most efficient when
combined into a single sign, within the trail.
Hierarchy of Signs
This image is an example of an interpretive sign. The interpretive
sign offers educational information to resource users about the trail environment or historical characteristics of the area. The interpretive sign is at the bottom of the hierarchy of
signs . It is recommended that it not be included at a formal or informal trailhead site without the presence of signs higher on
the hierarchy.
Hierarchy of Signs
This image is an example of planned open space at a
trailhead. The shelter area with ample seating allows large
groups and families to prepare and assemble their parties before
heading out on the trail.
Plan for Open Space
12 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Next Steps Further Study: Portage Access: Public interest has been expressed in canoeing and kayaking on the Blue River. Therefore further study is necessary to understand which trailheads would be most appropriate for portage access.
Maintenance and Monitoring: In order to ensure trailhead maintenance and monitoring, it is recommended that community and/or stakeholder groups interested in developing a trailhead in their community be required to adhere to a maintenance and monitoring agreement. Further study is necessary to develop the agreement and implementation process. Additionally, the Parks and Recreation Department has a preexisting, voluntary, Friends of the Trail program. The program could be expanded to include trailheads which have not been directly requested by community or stakeholder groups. Further study is necessary to understand how the program could be expanded and implemented.
Stadium Dr. Trailhead Location: Stadium Dr. is the terminus of phase two of the Blue River trail expansion plan. Additionally, it is the location where the trail passes from the West side of the river to the East. It is a natural place for a formal or informal trailhead location. Further geo-spatial and field study is necessary to better understand what type of trailhead would be appropriate at the location. Public Engagement: It is recommended that the community surrounding trailhead locations be engaged in the design process through surveys, charrettes and/or public forums. Public engagement will ensure increased use of the trailhead through focused facility amenities and will create community ownership of the site.
Conclusion As the City of Kansas City, Missouri invests in its trails system it has the opportunity to create a new generation of residents who are physically active and connected to our rivers. In order to ensure that all of our City’s residents have the opportunity to enjoy our trails, it is necessary to understand the constraints to trail and park use, and to plan for them. The trailhead mapping and design recommendations above are made in consideration with these constraints and are intended to assist in the development of sustainable trailheads to support diverse resource users.
13 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Appendix:
Blue Valley Park, On/Off-Street Connections
N
14 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Blue Valley Park, Percent Minority Persons
N
15 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Blue Valley Park, Median Household Income
N
16 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Corrington Park and Sheffield Park, On/Off-Street Connection
N
17 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Corrington Park and Sheffield Park, Percent Minority Persons
N
18 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Corrington Park and Sheffield Park, Median Household Income
N
19 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Swope Park, On/Off-Street Connections
N
20 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Swope Park, Percent Minority Persons
N
21 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Swope Park, Median Household Income
N
22 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Minor Park, On/Off-Street Connections
N
23 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Minor Park, Percent Minority Persons
N
24 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
Minor Park, Median Household Income
N
25 Blue River Trailhead Mapping and Design Recommendations
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