bones of lower extremity. pelvis the pelvis is composed of three bones: the pelvis is composed of...
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BONES OF LOWER BONES OF LOWER EXTREMITYEXTREMITY
PelvisPelvis
The pelvis is composed of three bones:The pelvis is composed of three bones:
IliumIlium
IschiumIschium
PubisPubis
Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral Surface
Acetabular fossa:Acetabular fossa:For articulation with head of femur.For articulation with head of femur.
Lunate surface.Lunate surface.Acetabular notch.Acetabular notch.Acetabular labrum:Acetabular labrum:
Fibrocartilage rim around edge of Fibrocartilage rim around edge of acetabulum.acetabulum.
Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral Surface
Obturator foramen:Obturator foramen:Covered by membrane.Covered by membrane.
Passage for obturator nerve Passage for obturator nerve and vessels.and vessels.
Pelvis: Lateral SurfacePelvis: Lateral Surface
Ischial ramus.Ischial ramus.Pubic rami:Pubic rami:
Superior.Superior.
Inferior.Inferior.Pubic tubercle:Pubic tubercle:
Attachment for inguinal ligament.Attachment for inguinal ligament.
Pelvis: Anterior EdgePelvis: Anterior Edge
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)Attachment of inguinal Attachment of inguinal
ligament.ligament.
Proximal attachment for:Proximal attachment for:Sartorius muscle.Sartorius muscle.
Figure 3.3.Figure 3.3.
Pelvis: Anterior EdgePelvis: Anterior Edge
Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS):Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS):Proximal attachment for:Proximal attachment for:
Straight head of rectus femoris.Straight head of rectus femoris.
Pelvis: Posterior EdgePelvis: Posterior Edge
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS).Greater sciatic notch:Greater sciatic notch:
Converted into superior and inferior Converted into superior and inferior parts by piriformis muscle.parts by piriformis muscle.
Pelvis: Posterior EdgePelvis: Posterior Edge
Lesser sciatic notch.Lesser sciatic notch. Ischial spine.Ischial spine. Ischial tuberosity.Ischial tuberosity.
Pelvis: Posterior LigamentsPelvis: Posterior Ligaments
Posterior sacrospinous ligaments.Posterior sacrospinous ligaments.Sacrotuberous ligaments.Sacrotuberous ligaments.Sacrospinous ligaments.Sacrospinous ligaments.Figure 3.3.Figure 3.3.
Pelvis: Medial SurfacePelvis: Medial Surface
Iliac fossa:Iliac fossa:Attachment surface for iliacus muscle.Attachment surface for iliacus muscle.
Arcuate line.Arcuate line.Auricular surface:Auricular surface:
Articulates with auricular surface of Articulates with auricular surface of sacrum.sacrum.
Pubic symphysis.Pubic symphysis.
SacrumSacrum
Consists of 5 fused vertebrae.Consists of 5 fused vertebrae.Wing-like processes of each vertebra = Wing-like processes of each vertebra =
alae:alae:
For attachment to ilium.For attachment to ilium.Lip of body of first sacral vertebra = sacral Lip of body of first sacral vertebra = sacral
promontory.promontory.
SacrumSacrum
Posterior crests (Fig. 4.5):Posterior crests (Fig. 4.5):Median crest:Median crest:
Fused spinous processes.Fused spinous processes.
Intermediate crests:Intermediate crests:Fused articular (zygopophyseal) Fused articular (zygopophyseal)
processes.processes.
Lateral crests:Lateral crests:Fused transverse processes.Fused transverse processes.
Sacral hiatus.Sacral hiatus.
Lateral Pelvic Attachments
Medial Pelvic Attachments
Femur: Proximal AnteriorFemur: Proximal Anterior
Head.Head.Neck.Neck.Greater trochanter.Greater trochanter.Lesser trochanter.Lesser trochanter. Intertrochanteric line:Intertrochanteric line:
Low ridge connecting two trochanters.Low ridge connecting two trochanters.
Proximal Femur
Femur: Proximal PosteriorFemur: Proximal Posterior
Head.Head.Neck.Neck.Greater trochanter.Greater trochanter.Lesser trochanter:Lesser trochanter:
Projects backwards and medially.Projects backwards and medially.
Femur: Proximal PosteriorFemur: Proximal Posterior
Intertrochanteric ridge:Intertrochanteric ridge:High ridge connecting two trochanters.High ridge connecting two trochanters.
Has quadrate tubercle:Has quadrate tubercle:
Partial site of attachment for quadratus Partial site of attachment for quadratus femoris muscle.femoris muscle.
Proximal Femur
Femur: Distal AnteriorFemur: Distal Anterior
Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles. Medial and lateral epicondyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles. Patellar surface:Patellar surface:
Smooth, crescent surface between Smooth, crescent surface between condyles.condyles.
Adductor tubercle:Adductor tubercle:Small bump on medial epicondyle.Small bump on medial epicondyle.
Site of partial attachment of adductor Site of partial attachment of adductor magnus.magnus.
Femur: Distal PosteriorFemur: Distal Posterior
Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles.Medial and lateral epicondyles.Popliteal surface:Popliteal surface:
Smooth, triangular surface superior to Smooth, triangular surface superior to condyles.condyles.
Intercondylar fossa:Intercondylar fossa:Forms part of posterior boundary of Forms part of posterior boundary of
popliteal popliteal fossa.fossa.
Distal Femur
Femur: Posterior SurfaceFemur: Posterior Surface Linea asperaLinea aspera
Lateral boundary:Lateral boundary:Is a continuation of:Is a continuation of:
Gluteal tuberosity.Gluteal tuberosity.Inferiorly becomes:Inferiorly becomes:
Lateral supracondylar line.Lateral supracondylar line.Medial boundary:Medial boundary:
Is a continuation of:Is a continuation of:Pectineal line.Pectineal line.
Inferiorly becomes:Inferiorly becomes:Medial supracondylar line.Medial supracondylar line.
Tibia: Anterior ProximalTibia: Anterior Proximal
Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Tuberosity.Tuberosity.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.
Tibia: Posterior ProximalTibia: Posterior Proximal
Medial and lateral condyles.Medial and lateral condyles.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Tubercles of intercondylar eminence.Articular facet for fibula:Articular facet for fibula:
On inferior surface of lateral condyle.On inferior surface of lateral condyle.
Soleal line:Soleal line:
Shallow, rough ridge curving down from Shallow, rough ridge curving down from lateral condyle.lateral condyle.
Tibia: DistalTibia: Distal
Anterior distal surface:Anterior distal surface:Medial malleolus.Medial malleolus.
Lateral distal surface:Lateral distal surface:Fibular notch.Fibular notch.
FibulaFibula
Lies lateral to tibia.Lies lateral to tibia.Function:Function:
Involved in ankle joint.Involved in ankle joint.Muscle attachment.Muscle attachment.
Proximal end:Proximal end:Head.Head.Apex (styloid process).Apex (styloid process).Articular surface (facet) for lateral condyle Articular surface (facet) for lateral condyle
of of tibia.tibia.
FibulaFibula
Distal end:Distal end:Lateral malleolus:Lateral malleolus:
With articular surface for talus.With articular surface for talus.
Note:Note:Both tibia and fibula have interosseous Both tibia and fibula have interosseous
borders:borders:Face each other when the two bones are Face each other when the two bones are articulated.articulated.Site of attachment of interosseous Site of attachment of interosseous membrane.membrane.