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Biodiesel: Basics of Production and Issues

Dennis BuffingtonPenn State UniversityAgricultural & BiologicalEngineering DepartmentNovember 15, 2007

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Alternative Energy Sources

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BIOMASS

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Energy in

Agriculture

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Food

Feed for Animals

Feedstocks for Processing

´Farmµ-a-ceuticalsFuel

Agricultural Crops

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Biodiesel

StraightVegetable Oil

Vegetable Oil

Oil Conversion(Transesterification)

VehicleConversion

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Home-GrownEnergy...

SoybeanSeeds

Raw

SoybeanOil

Reactor Separator

RefinedOil

Water

WasteWater Glycerin for Soaps,

Shampoos, Cosmetics

Scrubber

Biodiesel

SplashBlender

#2 DieselFuel

B20 Fuel

Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

Biodiesel Benefits:y Reduce dependency on imported petroleumy Improve the environment and public healthy Increase our domestic rural economyy Increase lubricity for enginey

Promote homeland securityy Pay less for energy

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Home-GrownEnergy...

SoybeanSeeds

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Home-GrownEnergy...

SoybeanSeeds

Raw

SoybeanOil

Crusher-Press

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOil

Reactor Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOil

Reactor Separator

RefinedOil

Glycerin for Soaps,Shampoos, Cosmetics

Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOilReactor

Separator Refined

Oil

Water

WasteWater Glycerin for Soaps,

Shampoos, Cosmetics

Scrubber

BiodieselCrusher-

Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOilReactor

Separator Refined

Oil

Water

WasteWater Glycerin for Soaps,

Shampoos, Cosmetics

Scrubber

BiodieselSplashBlender

#2 DieselFuel

B20 Fuel

Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOilReactor

Separator Refined

Oil

Water

WasteWater Glycerin for Soaps,

Shampoos, Cosmetics

Scrubber

BiodieselSplashBlender

#2 DieselFuel

B20 Fuel

Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

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Home-Grown

Energy...Soybean

Seeds

Raw

SoybeanOilReactor

Separator Refined

Oil

Water

WasteWater Glycerin for Soaps,

Shampoos, Cosmetics

Scrubber

BiodieselSplashBlender

#2 DieselFuel

B20 Fuel

Crusher-Press

Methyl Alcohol

Soybean Mealfor Animal Feed

Catalyst

Transesterification of Soybean Oil

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Domestic Energy Resource «Biodiesel

Reduce dependency on imported fuelImprove environment and public health

Increase our domestic rural economyIncrease energy sustainabilityPromote homeland security

Increase lubricity for enginesPay less for energy - maybe

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Environmental Impacts of Biodiesel

Large Reductions in:CO 2

SO x

ParticulatesOdor

Slight Increase in:NO x

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Ca rbonDioxide

Oxygen

Photosynthesis

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Nitrogen

N itrogen Fixation

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B iodiesel Yield

1.25 Gallons B 100 per bushel

50 B ushels Soybeans per acre

62 Gallons B 100310 Gallons B 20

1240 GallonsB

51.1 tons of Soybean Meal

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ASTM D-6751

Mak e Sure it·s

Biodiesel!

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Biodiesel Checklist

M eets AST M D 6751 StandardsFuel filters

Cold weather precautionsEngine compatibilityWipe spills immediatelySore rags in safety canUse within 6 months

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Making Your Own Biodiesel

SafetyCompliance w/ environmental regulations

Feedstock availabilityTime commitmentEconomics

� H andling of byproductsEngine performance

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FeedstockOil

MethanolCatalyst

RawBiodiesel

Fuel-GradeBiodiesel

Water

WashWater Glycerol

(with methanol)

Glycerin

Transesterification

Drier

Reactor

Washer

Separator

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Disposal Options

Glycerol ± Landfill as hazardous

waste

± Dispose in anaerobicmanure digester

± Industrial incineration attemperature > 500 F

± Special permission fromPADEP required ² L and application

prohibited by law!

Glycerin (after methanol removed ) ± Composting ±

Use as an ingredientfor:Degreaser SoapDust suppressant

Animal feed

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Disposal Options

Wash Water ± Public sanitary sewer (with permission) ± M ust be prevented from entering waterways, storm

sewers, and water runoff channels ± Contaminating waterways with wash water is illegal

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THERE¶S NO SILVER

BULLET

Look for Site-SpecificEnergy Solutions

Lone Ranger

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Alternative Energy Sources

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

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Ca rbonDioxide

Oxygen

Photosynthesis