building science 2 - integration project - community library

PROJECT II - INTEGRATION OF STUDIO V COMMUNITY LIBRARY PROJECT

BUILDING SCIENCE II [BLD 61303] PAGE | 1

BUILDING SCIENCE II [BLD 61303]

PROJECT 2 - INTEGRATION PROJECT

COMMUNITY LIBRARY

AN URBAN INFILL PROJECT

TUTOR: MR AR. EDWIN CHAN

RYAN KERRY JEE JIN YIING

0318715



Table of Content

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objectives

1.2 Project Introduction

1.3 Floor Plans

2.0 Lighting Analysis

2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis

2.1.1 Makerspace and Collaborative Workshop

2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

2.2.1 R&D Conference Room

3.0 References



1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objectives

The objectives of this project is to integrate the lighting analysis and design into our community library

which is located along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Jalan T.A.R). The site selected is east-west facing

where daylighting is a critical issue to be taken consideration into. We are required to bring in and utilize

as much natural lighting as possible for the design of the community library to reduce the usage of artificial

lighting. As natural lighting provides a better lighting condition and produce more comfortable spatial

qualities. However, the intelligent integration and placement of artificial lightings is also another important

factor to ensure a suitable and sufficient luminance in the reading spaces.

1.2 Project Introduction

The proposed community library is located along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, whereby the main idea,

concept and approach this proposed library will take on is to create a communal place which guarantees

social interaction between 2 user groups through the implementation of green spaces. Greens will soften

the boundaries between space realms and enhance social interaction amongst each other, bridging its

differences along its way.

The utilization of natural lighting through building openings and skylight to enhance the spatial quality by

not disrupting the original spatial values with extensive usage of artificial lighting. In this project, we are

required to have a well cooperation between daylighting and also artificial lighting to create good quality

interior ambiance while providing sufficient luminance to the interior spaces in order to maintain a

comfortable lighting condition for the users.

The above sunpath diagram illustrates the sunpath orientation indicating the building orientation where

the main façade faces the east and the rear faces the west.



GROUND FLOOR PLAN



FIRST FLOOR PLAN



SECOND FLOOR PLAN



THIRD FLOOR PLAN



FOURTH FLOOR PLAN



2.0 Lighting Analysis

2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis

Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, Ei to available outdoor illuminance, Eo which

is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝐹 = 𝑊

𝐴 ×

𝑇𝜃

(1−𝑅)

Whereby,

W = Area of the windows (m2)

A = The total area of the internal surfaces (m2)

T = The glass transmittance corrected for dirt

Θ = The visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window

R = The average reflectance of area A

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very bright > 6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Figure above shows the daylight factors and distribution (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007

The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can

reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed

according to the standard which is 20000 lux (refer to the table above).

Luminance level (lux)

Example

120,000 Brightest sunlight

110,000 Bright sunlight

20,000 Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday

1000-2000 Typical overcast day, midday

400 Sunrise/sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

<200 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40 Fully overcast, sunrise/sunset

<1 Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/sunset

Figure above shows the daylight intensity at different condition.



Second floor plan, Makerspace and collaborative workshop



The natural daylight penetrates into the makerspace collaborative workshop from the fenestrations from

the south side.

Natural daylight enters from the

south side.



Floor area (m2) 41.82

Area of window exposed to light (m2) 31.25

Visible sky angle, θ 72°

Glass transmittance (double glazed window), T 0.4

Average reflectance of area (white concrete), R 0.35

Internal surface area, m2 [(2x3.4x4.0)+(2x12.3x4.0)+(2x41.8) =27.2+98.4+83.6 =209.4

Average Daylight Factor 𝐷𝐹 = 𝑊

𝐴 ×

𝑇𝜃

1−𝑅

= 31 .25

209 .4 ×

0.4(72)

1−0.35

= 0.15 × 44.31 6.65%

Natural illuminance, Ei 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐸𝑖

𝐸𝑜 × 100

Ei = 6.65 x 200 = 1329 lux



According to MS1525, the makerspace collaborative workshop is considered very bright.

Daylight contour

Original daylight distribution within the makerspace collaborative workshop.

From the daylight contour analysis, it can be identified that the light can reach upon approximately half

of the makerspace collaborative workshop from the side fenestration of the north side. The natural light

received at the end of the makerspace collaborative workshop is the dimmest and comparatively lower

than the region exposed nearer to the fenestration at the north side .

Analysis

Due to the fact that the calculated daylight factor and natural illuminance had already exceeded the

optimal value quoted by MS1525 which is between the range of 300-500 lux, hence it can be concluded

that the makerspace collaborative space is considered to be very bright to an extent that it causes glare.

The selected space which is a makerspace collaborative workshop has a daylight factor of 6.65% which

is considered as a relatively high distribution of light due to the direct orientation and exposure that allows

the pernetration of sunlight towards the workshop space. Besides, the indoor illuminance is at 1329 lux,

which is slightly higher than MS1525 standard for workspace which ranges from 300-500 lux.



PSALI Implementation and Solutions

This issue can be resolved through the implementation of blinds, operable louvres and also light shelves

in order to reduce. These shading devices can be added directly next to the south side of the building

where the fenestrations are. Through the implementations of light shelves and operable louvres, the

amount of natural lighting entering the interior spaces of the makerspace collaborative workshop can be

controlled.

A light shelf can solve several problems at once. If it extends past the face of the building it can serves a

external active shading elements that helps shield the glazing surface from the direct discomfort s un glare.

The light shelves can help to prevent light from penetrating deep within the collaborative space by

shielding the sunlight away from reaching the space within. Besides, it can also help to reflect natural

lighting off of its top surface to the ceiling of the interior space, which will eventually equally distribute it

throughout the interior space f the room rather than a strong concentration of light glare surrounding only

around the fenestrations.

This diagram above illustrates the basic working principle and mechanism of a typical light shelf

implementation onto a building’s face. The sunpath are redirected via reflection in order to equally

distribute the natural daylight throughout the interior space rather than a direct transmittance towards the

space interiorly.

Light contour diagram analysis after the application of light shelves and external active shading

elements



The light contour diagram above shows the results of natural daylight distribution after the implementation

of PSALI through the usages of external active shading elements in an effort to lower the amount of

natural illuminance and daylight factor.

Through the light contour diagram, it is obvious that the light distribution and glare are now only mostly

concentrated surrounding the fenestrations rather than reaching deeper towards the interior of the

makerspace collaborative workshop.



2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

Lumen Method

Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses

horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing

the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The formulae used for the

calculation is of as below

𝐸 =𝑛 × 𝑁 × 𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝐿𝐿𝐹

𝐴

Whereby,

E = Average illuminance to cover the space

n = Number of lamps of each luminaire

N = Number of illuminance

F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp luminous

UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane

LLF = Light loss factor

A =Area of the horizontal working plane

Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installe d

on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done

based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.

𝑁 =𝐸 × 𝐴

𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹

Whereby,

N =Number of lamps required

E =Illuminance level required (Lux)

A =Area at working plane height (m2)

F =Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

UF =Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces

MF =Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt

Room Index

Room index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire

planes, which can be calculated by:

𝑅𝐼 =𝐿 × 𝑊

𝐻𝑚 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)

Whereby,



L = Length of room

W = Width of room

Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.



Fourth floor plan, R&D conference room



The plans and blown up sections illustrates the R&D conference room that allows users to carry out

research and development.

Light Contour Diagram Analysis

The light contour diagram and section diagram above illustrates the illuminance level and natural lighting

distribution within the interior space if the R&D conference room. From the diagram, it is observable that

there is minimal amount of light entering from the fenestration of the eastern wall. The natural light do not

penetrate the deep within the interior of the R&D Conference Room space as the light gradually wears

off and it gradually gets darker as it nears the other end of the room.



Details of luminaire implemented

Type of fixture Vintage LED filament bulb

Image of fixture

Product dimension (mm) 148 x 64 (dia.)

Types of luminous Warm white

Luminous flux (lm) 1500

Power (W) 10

Color Temperature (K) 2700

Color rendering index 80

Average life rate (hours) 15000

Dimension of room (m) L = 8.875 W = 5.0

Total floor area (m2) 44.38

Height of ceiling (m) 4.0

Type of light fixture Vintage LED filament bulb

Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) 1500

Height of luminaires (m) 3.8

Height of working plane (m) 0.75

Mounting height (Hm) 4.0 - 0.2 - 0.75 = 3.05

Standard illumination, E required according to MS1525

150

Reflectance factor Ceiling (white plastered ceiling) = 0.7

Wall (White painted wal) = 0.5 Working plane (wooden decking) = 0.1

Room index, Ri (K) 𝑅𝐼 =

𝐿 × 𝑊

𝐻𝑚 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)

RI = 44.38 / [3.05 x (8.875 + 5)

RI = 1.04

Utilization factor, UF 0.46

Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 (standard)

Number of fittings required, N 𝑁 =

𝐸 × 𝐴

𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹

N = (150 × 44.38) / (1500 ×0.46 × 0.8)

N = 12 = 12 bulbs

S max, maximum horizontal spacing between fittings (m)

Filament light - S max = 1.0 x Hm = 3.05



Fitting layout Fitting required along 5m wall, 5/3.05 (m) = 1.64 ~ 2 rows

Number of lamps in each row, 12/2 = 6 bulbs

Spacing required for 5m wall,

5/2 = 2.5m Spacing required for 8.875m wall,

8.875/6 = 1.48m ~ 1.5m

First spacing for the 5m wall will be half of the S, 2.5/2 = 1.25m

First spacing for the 8.875m wall will be half of the S, 1.5/2 = 0.75m



Lighting fittings spacing diagram



Light Contour Diagram

The artificial light contour diagram shows the condition of light distribution within the interior space of the

room after implementing artificial lighting. The artificial lighting contour diagram also illustrates the well

distributed artificial light towards every corner of the room. Vintage LED filament bulb lightings are

recommended in conference and meeting spaces as the luminous level is optimum to mainta in and

ensure the comfort level of the users which will ensure the avoidance of discomfort glare to the users

while balancing and complimenting the amount of natural lighting present within the interior of the room.



The section diagram above illustrates the equal amount distribution on artificial lighting implemented in

order to balance and compliment the lack of amount of natural lighting entering the space from the

fenestration of the eastern wall as illustrated left side of the R&D Conference Room.



3.0 References

Lighting Materials for Simulation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2016, from

http://lightingmaterials.com/

Lighting | Eco solutions | Business | Panasonic Global. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29,

2016, from http://panasonic.net/ecosolutions/lighting/

MS1525

Philips. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2016, from

http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/home

Augustesen, C. (2006). Lighting design (1st ed.). [Munich] : Edition Detail.

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