The Rise of Rome

The City of RomeBuilt on 7 hills

with the Tiber River running nearThe city was

easily defendable, but also easily accessible for trade

How did the geography of Italy differ from that of Greece?The mountains of Italy were not as rugged as

those in Greece. This allowed for less isolation than in Greece. Italy also had better farmland than Greece.

Historians estimate that the community of people who would build Rome banded together sometime between 800 and 700 B.C.

The EtruscansThe Etruscans came

from Etruria, an area north of Rome

They moved south in 650 B.C. and took control of Rome and most of Latium

What influences did the Etruscans have on Rome?Changed Rome from a village of straw-roofed

huts to a city of brick and wood buildingsThey laid out streets, temples , and public

buildings around a central square Taught new styles of dress (togas)Influenced Roman military

The Legends and Myths of the Start of Rome Romulus and Remus753 B.C.

The Aeneid by Virgil1000 B.C.

What is a republic?

A form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen, but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote.

PatriciansNobles or wealthy landowners Rome’s ruling class

PlebeiansArtisans, shopkeepers, and small farm ownersThe majority of Rome’s population were

comprised of people from this class

Two Main Classes of Rome

How was Roman government divided?Rome had a tripartite, or three part

governmentOne part ran the government, one made laws,

and a third acted as judges

What action did the Plebeians take against the Patricians in 494 B.C.?The Plebeians went on strike by refusing to

serve in the military and many left the city to begin a republic of their own.

What was the role of a Roman dictator?Had complete control

of the state, but ruled on a temporary basis during emergencies

What became the basis for all future Roman laws?The Twelve Tables

Who founded the state of Carthage and why was it so important?The Phoenicians Largest and richest trading city in the western

Mediterranean

In what years were the Punic Wars fought?264 B.C. to 146 B.C.

The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage

During the second Punic War, Carthage sent one of their greatest generals to attack Rome in 218 B.C.

Hannibal’s troop landed in southern Spain and attacked Rome from the north

Hannibal and the Punic Wars

Hannibal’s Elephants

How did the army change after 107 B.C.?It changed from citizen volunteers to paid

professional soldiers.

Roman farmers were becoming poor in the 100s B.C.Small farms were damaged during Punic WarsSmall farmers could not compete with large

farming estates (latifundia), and the slave laborHigh debt

Reforms were proposed to counteract the problem of poverty in RomeThey proposed that the Senate take public land

from the rich and divide it among landless Romans

How do you feel about the idea of the government taking things that you have, and giving them to other people that don’t?

Would this ever be a good system to have?

What are the pros and cons?

Discuss in your table groups

Roman military general

Elected as a consul 7 times beginning in 107 B.C.

His military success and legacy had a profound impact on the life of his nephew……………

Julius Caesar

Gaius Marius

Gaius Marius was continuously challenged by another Roman General, Sulla. This weakened the Council of Plebs and strengthened the Senate. Sulla’s use of military strength to seize governmental power inspired others to do the same, which led to years of civil wars in Rome.

Julius Caesar During the Marius/Sulla

struggle, Julius Caesar was proscribed by Sulla (put on a list to be executed) but he and his family were able to bribe them into a pardon. Around 81 B.C. (Age 19)

Remember, he is Marius’ nephew…

Julius Caesar was kidnapped by Sicilian pirates for ransom in 75 B.C (Age 25) He maintained a friendly relationship, playing games and joking, but all the while telling them he intended to track them down and kill them once he was released…

More Danger!!!

Julius Caesar played the game of Roman Politics for years• He charmed the

crowds in the Forum with speeches.

• Threw lavish parties for influential politicians

• Borrowed money from “Crassus the Rich”

Some of his achievements

• Obtained a seat in the Senate around 68 B.C. (Age 32)

• Elected Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) in 63 B.C. (Age 37)

• Soon became appointed governor of a province in Spain in 61 B.C. (Age 39) This could make him rich!!!

What is a triumvirate?A political alliance of three people

In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined with two other powerful men – Crassus (a rich man) and Pompey (military hero) and ruled Rome for 10 years. (Age 40-50)

They dominated politics and often bullied or bribed the Senate to attain their goals.

The First Triumvirate

After declaring himself dictator for life, what sort of reforms did Julius Caesar make?He granted citizenship to those living in Roman

territories outside the Italian peninsula

Started colonies to provide land to the landless

Ordered people using slave labor to hire more free workers

Created the Julian calendar

With his soldiers…because he endured the same hardships as his

men and won many battles in Gaul

Caesar Becomes Very Popular

With the poor citizens….because he was trying to make changes and he

was a war hero – he would write back to Rome about all his successes

With the Senators?.......No Way!!!

The Senators were watching him and concerned about his growing power…was he trying to be a KING

Killed by Senators, chiefly Brutus, who was his friend, and Cassius

They were trying to “save the Republic” (it was already nearly dead)

March 15, 44 B.C. Age 56

The Death of Caesar

The Republic Falls

What happens next….?

The Second Triumvirate formed to avenge Caesar’s death in 43 B.C. The

following ruled for 10 years

Octavian – grand nephew of CaesarMarc Antony –a general of the Roman militaryLepidus – a powerful politician

Later they also disband and become rivals creating the third Civil War.

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

What was the Pax Romana?The Roman Peace Period - 200 years of peace

and prosperity in Rome beginning with Augustus

Changes Under Augustu

s

Built permanent

professional army of about

150,000

Rebuilt Rome with

palaces, fountains, and public buildings

Imported grain from Africa to feed the

poor

Reformed the Roman tax system

•Created Praetorian Guard

•Improved government by appointing proconsuls to each territory

•Reformed the legal system

Nerva A.D. 96-98Reformed land in favor of the poorRevised Taxes

Trajan A.D. 98- 117Expanded the empire to its largest sizeBuilt many new public works

Hadrian A.D. 117- 138Built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain Made Roman laws easier to understand

Antoninus Pius

A.D. 138- 161Promoted art and science Built new public worksPassed laws to aid orphans

Marcus Aurelius

A.D. 161- 180Helped unite the empire economically Reformed Roman law

The Good Emperors

What are some things these rulers have in common? Why are they considered “good”?

What is an aqueduct?A human made channel for carrying water long

distances

How long was Rome’s road system during the Pax Romana? 50,000 miles

CurrencyA system of money

All Roads Lead to Rome

Daily Life in Roman Empire

Ancient Roman Empire

*Write only what is in Red*

What was daily life like in Ancient Rome?

Daily LifeLaw and OrderReligionFamily LifeFood and DrinkHousingEducationRecreationCountry Life

Daily Life in Ancient RomeA city of contrastsPalaces and

crammed apartments.

City Markets where men and women shopped.

Daily Life in Ancient RomeRich only a small

part of Rome’s population.

Poor lived in filthy neighborhoods.

Children of the poor were lucky to live past 10.

Law and OrderRomans believed

in the rule of law.Roman law was

strict, but crime was common.

Rich men tried to hide their wealth.

Not all law was applied equally.

ReligionReligion was

important to Romans.Romans wanted to

please their gods.Believed gods

controlled their daily life.

If someone was sick, Romans would leave an offering.

Festivals and holidays held throughout the year.

Family LifeThe family was

ruled by the father.Roman men

provided for the family.

In rich families men worked.

In poor families both men and women worked.

Family LifeBabies were born at

home.They were named in a

ceremony after 9 days.

Roman boys had a ceremony between ages 14-18.

Roman girls had no ceremony and were married between 12-18.

Food and DrinkWhat Romans ate

depended on whether they were rich or poor.

Main foods were bread, beans, spices, vegetables, cheese and meats.

HousingWealthy Romans

lived in grand houses.

Mosaics and statues adorned the inside furnishings.

Rome HousingMany poor lived in

small crowded tall apartments.

Poor cooked meals on portable grills which filled the room with smoke.

The apartments were cramped, noisy, and dirty.

EducationPoor children were

sent to work instead of school.

Wealthy children were tutored until seven and then went to school.

RecreationWealthy Romans

had lots of leisure time.

Both rich and poor males enjoyed the public baths.

RecreationRoman emperors

gave the poor bread and circuses.

This included gladiator games and chariot races.

The Circus MaximusA racetrack for

200,000 spectators to watch the chariot races.

Country LIfe90% of the people

lived in the country.Wealthy Romans

owned Villas.Many country folks

were not slaves but their lives were hard.

They lived in huts and worked trying to earn enough to survive.

Daily Life of a Roman Teen

Directions- You need a piece of paper

Step 1: Create a Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the lives of Rich vs. Poor Roman citizens.4 similarities and 4 differences

Step 2: Using this information, create a diary entry of what your life is like as either a wealthy Roman or a poor Roman. Must be at least 5 sentences.