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IV Orcharding International Seminar– Vacaria (Brazil) 25-27 June 2019
Michel GIRAUD
CTIFL (Technical Institute for Fruits & Vegetables) Centre de Lanxade,
24130 Prigonrieux FRANCE
Bull’s eye Rot in Europe Recent results of Research and in
Experimentation
Centre technique interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes
Creation : 1952 Staff : 270 Budget : 23 million € / year Fund : 56% = professional contributions 28% = grants (government, EU) 16% = deliveries, services,
Lanxade Center : Staff = 68 70 ha + 7000 m2 greenhouses Applied Research and experimentation on pome fruits, walnut, chestnut, kiwi, strawberry, melon, Fruit certification & Virology IPM, Organic
French Apple Production
1 470 000 tons 37 000 ha (Agreste, 2017)
Apple (and pear growers) are belonging to ANPP (Association Nationale Pomme-Poire)
65% of national apple production is labeled "Vergers Ecoresponsables“ (Global Gap + IPM specifications)
French Apple Production (2017)
28,2%
19,7%
11,0%
9,9%
5,3%
4,1%
3,8%
3,2%
3,0%
1,5% 1,4% 1,0%
7,9%
Golden Delicious (group)
Gala (group)
Pink Lady (group)
Granny Smith
Braeburn
Fuji
Red Delicious
Chantecler
Reinettes
Jonagold
Jazz
Elstar
Others
Market request and public concern
Market 4 residues of pesticides (German market) Residues < 33% MLR (Lidl,…) No postharvest treatment (Casino, filière qualité Carrefour)
Green campaign Organic Zero residue
Market request and public concern The challenge / storage rots
4 residues of pesticides (detected) Pre-harvest : 1 Bellis* + 1 Geoxe* = 3 residues
Postharvest : +1 residue
Residues < 33% MLR Treatments close to harvest
Possible with less susceptible cvs (untreated in pre-harvest)
Organic No efficient solution in biocontrol against BER
Some scab tolerant cvs are very susceptible to BER (Opal, Topaz, Pinova, Goldrush…
Hot water (pre-industrial development)
* Bellis = boscalid + pyrachlostrobin * Geoxe = fludioxonil
Bull’s Eye Rot in the world
Absent / Quarantine
Species of Neofabrae in Europe
Source : COST 864 – expert meeting, Bergen, Mars 2009, completed by recent literature
N. alba
N. perennans
N. kienholzii
Neofabraea vagabunda Desm. Ross.
synonym N. alba (Guthrie) Verkley
formerly : Pezicula alba Guthrie
Anamorph : Phlyctema vagabunda Desm.
= Phlyctaena vagabunda
= Trichoseptoria fructigena
Usually called in Europe “Gloeosporium” Main species in Southern Europe Quiescent pathogen / long term storage
Neofabraea vagabunda
Neofabraea vagabunda
False pycnidia : acervuli
Neofabraea perennans / N. malicorticis
= formerly Pezicula malicorticis
Anamorph : Cryptosporiopsis perennans & C. curvispora
= Cryptosporiopsis malicorticis
Related to perennial canker Main species in Northern Europe, rare in many countries of south Europe Quiescent pathogen / long term storage
Neofabraea kienholzii
New species, not reported in France Reported in UK, NL, Poland, America Symptoms similar to N. vagabunda, or intermediate with N. perennans (R. Saville, East-Malling, pers.comm.)
Artificial inoculation of a british strain (Lanxade, 2016)
International WG Apple Lenticel Rots
Includes Neofabraea and Colletotrichum
Last meeting, Liège (Belgium), May 25th, 2019 (after the ISHS Postharvest Pathology Conference
Bull’s eye Rot : relative incidence in France
46%
39%
15%
Harvested apples France 2017
Low
Moderate
High
Susceptibility level of cvs to BER
All regions affected by BER, except Provence-Côte d’Azur (Mediterranean climate)
Low Medium High
Gala (group)
Red delicious
Granny Smith
Braeburn
Jonagold
Idared
Joya® Cripps Red
Jazz® Scifresh
Antares®
Golden Delicious
Fuji (group)
Elstar
Reinettes (all types)
Honeycrunch®
Pink Lady® Cripps Pink
Pink Lady® Rosy Glow
Pinova / Evelina
Goldrush®
Opal®
Tentation®
Topaz
Chantecler
Related to : - Storage time (long/short) - Shape, number lenticels, - Harvest date - Genetic, …
Susceptibility of varieties
Updated May 2019, French post-harvest WG
Harvest
conidia
conidia
?
Infection of fruits
Storage Rots
waste
Inoculum
Waste disposal, composted?
Cycle (presumed) of N. vagabunda
No teleomorphic stage ?
Not harvested fruits
N. vagabunda epidemiology : few knowledge
Inoculum Dissemination
Infection
Symptoms Sporulation
? Incubation
Latence
V International Symposium on Postharvest Pathology – Liège (Belgium) 19-24 May 2019
1. Inoculum sources in orchard
N. vagabunda is known(1) to survive in existing cankers, dead materials, or bark splits It is also known to be unable to make canker naturally on apple tree, unlike N. perennans
(1) Several authors
Washing artificial cankers (La Morinière)
Evolution and healing of an artificial canker of N. vagabunda during 3 years. Inoculation in May 2013 (La Morinière).
Possible source of inoculum in the environment : hedges ?
Source: Farr & Rossman Fungal Databases http://nt.ars-grin.gov
Pome fruits Malus domestica
Malus pumila, M. sylvestris
Pyrus communis
Pyrus pyrifolia
Cydonia sp.
others trees Ilex aquifolium
Fraxinus americana
Olea europaea
Quercus robur
Rubus idaeus
Rubus sp.
Ruscus aculeatus
Salix matsudana
Sambucus canadensis
Viburnum tinus
Vitis vinifera
garden trees Acer negundo
Euonymus japonicus
Kerria japonica
Viburnum japonicum
grass Althaea officinalis
Althaea rosea
Amaranthus retroflexus
Aristolochia sipho
Cucurbita sp.
Dictamnus albus
Erigeron sp.
Linaria vulgaris
Melilotus albus
Tamus communis
22 species / 3 hedges in 2014
Few collected spores : 1-3/rain
Cankers
Apple Leaf litter
Mummies
Weeds
N. vagabunda is abundantly present on necrotic tissues of apple and pear: mummies, cankers and dead leaves, and also on necrotic tissues of other plant species present on the orchard floor such as various weeds and grasses
N = no data
2. Dissemination : spore flying in orchard
12.7%
20%
Spore flying is not the only way of dissemination
2. Dissemination : sporulation in orchard
2 peaks of sporulation (Bompeix, 1973)
cv. Pinova
Pear cv. Bosc
Artificial cankers
2. Dissemination : washing by rain
Anti-rain plastic protection
cv. Rosy Glow, planted 2014
When avoiding rain, infection by N. vagabunda is drastically reduced Rain is playing a major role
3. Fruit infection process
Infection occurs mechanically by rain, washing bark, to the fruit
Incidence of the shape of lenticels (susceptibility of cv.) and of their receptivity (related to fruit maturity)
Germination of several spores in the lenticel : anastomosis of mycelium and haustoria : short incubation, and then become latent. From Gilbert Bompeix, Marta Mari (pers. comm.)
Neri et al. 2019
V International Symposium on Postharvest Pathology – Liège (Belgium) 19-24 May 2019
Incidence of temperature on spore germination
Observation of germination of conidia in free water, in Petri dishes, no replicate, each in a climatic chamber
3. How to study the incidence of climatic parameters on N. vagabunda ?
Artificial inoculation
Needs no infected fruits prior to inoculation
Impossible in oceanic climate
Natural infection
Windows / covering trees (La Morinière Experimental Station, Loire Valley, trials in progress)
My method : Selected picking fruits before / after a rain event and store 6-7 months (trials from 2006, 3 cvs)
Example : 2015, cv. Goldrush
Few rain, poor effect
Receptivity of lenticels
N. vagabunda potential on Tentation® (2006-2014)
Significant reduction of N.vagabunda infection potential after a dryer period
Infection may occur before 1 month before harvest
Survival of conidias in lenticel?
Incidence of rainfall on N. vagabunda (2006-2016)
Tentation® 2006-2014 and Goldrush 2012-2016 Storage 6-7 months
Assessment of incidence of one (rainy) period on BER : % of increasing fruit infection potential - 0% : no effect - <5% : few effect, not significant - 5-10% : significant effect - >10% : high incidence
Research : climatic data having an incidence on BER infection
Best correlated parameters: - Rain duration - Wetness duration when associated with rain - Wetness > 5 hours - Cumulative degree-days during wetness
Data collected during 9 years (2006 – 2014) in Tentation® orchard
To be checked / continued with other varieties (Pink Lady,…)
N. vagabunda Infection potential for Tentation®
(Lanxade 2006-2014)
The level of receptivity of lenticels is an important parameter having incidence on infection rate
How to assess the infection risk by Neofabraea alba in orchard?
Rain Quantity and duration: enough for a best washing of the trees
Wetness associated with this rain event Minimum 4-5 hours
Incidence of temperature Cool temperature (Tmini<10°C) favorable to sporulation (ref. Marta Mari,
CRIOF Bologna)
Warmer temperature (20-25°C) optimal for infection
Maturation of fruits before harvest: Relation ethylene (data from Italy)
Receptivity of lenticels
Volatile organic compounds (Neri et al., 2019)
No infection without rain, and in dry period
Susceptibility of varieties
N. vagabunda Control Efficacy of chemicals, alternatives
and biocontrol
Pre-Harvest
Fludioxonil Boscalid+pyrachlostrobine fluazinam + tebuconazol Methyl-thiophanate*
Captan, dithianon Copper Sulfur, lime sulfur
Myco-Sin : >3 traitments Boni-protect
(Aureobasidium pullulans)
Phosphites
Laminarin Calcium chloride K bicarbonate
Post-Harvest
Thiabendazole * Pyrimetanil /thermofog
1-MCP (secondary effect) Yeasts (all types)
* except if resistant strains
Hot Water commercial machines : by dipping
Xeda (France) Burg Machinefabriek (NL)
Inconvenient : max 20 bins /hour
Hot Water commercial machines : drencher
Austria : hot water + cooling (stop heat damages)
40 bins (13 T) / hour Cost = 0.025 € / kg
Treatment of Austrian organic apples, from 2011
France : new machine made by Crovara (MAF-Roda group) : 2018 Recycling system for water 2 bins / treatment Prototype : no conveyor belt
Hot water in practice
Temperature / exposure time : Efficacy against N. vagabunda : >50°C / 2-3 mn Susceptibility to heat damage of cvs adapt temperature for: Golden Delicious : 48°C / 2-3 mn poor efficacy (50%) Pinova : 50°C / 3 mn 80-90% efficacy Topaz : 52°C / 2 mn 90-95% efficacy
Dipping is better for efficacy than drencher (contact points between fruits) Drencher is better for work in chain
Hot water is efficient against N. vagabunda, N. perennans, Phytophthora, Colletotrichum acutatum, Monilia fructigena, Phacidiopycnis, Cladosporium, superficial scald Variable with Neonectria ditissima No effect on Penicillium expansum, Mucor, Rhizopus Unknown : storage scab
Incidence of some storage technics on N. vagabunda
cv. Tentation® Storage 7 months + 10 days in Reg.Atm. cv. Pink Lady®
Harvest : 28.10.2009 + Storage 6 m.
Dynamic CA
(< 0,7% O2)
XULO
(extrem ULO)
(0,7-0,9% O2)
ULO
(1,5% O2)
CA
(3% O2)
ILOS (0,5% O2 then ULO)
Thank you for your attention