By: Pervez Musharraf Shaukat Aziz

2

Table of Contents Title Page #’s Country Profile…………………………………………………………………3-7

Role Profile Pervez Musharraf……………………………………………………………….8-11 Shaukat Aziz…………………………………………………………………….12-13 Timeline………………………………………………………………………....14-15 In-depth Report………………………………………………………………...16-17 Maps……………………………………………………………………………...18 Works Cited List………………………………………………………………..19-20

3

1. Country profile Overview of Pakistan’s economic, political, and social conditions

Pakistan’s economy is dependant on textiles, manufacturing, and services, but rising oil prices and inflationary pressures threaten to slow economic growth. The government’s monetary policy focuses on controlling inflation and plans to boost trade through reforming tariffs and free trade agreements. Pakistan’s government is headed by the president, General Pervez Musharraf, who is also the chief of army staff. The army is Pakistan’s major political authority since it has run the country as long as civilian governments have. Introductory Position on Issue Pakistan will not alienate Islamists that might have links to al-Qaeda and will maintain connection with the Taliban. But Pakistan is still an ally to the U.S. and has made efforts to get rid of dangerous jihadists. Allies and Opponents Pakistan is aligned with the U.S. in their efforts with the war on terror. Pakistan has also become allies with Muslim countries in support of General Musharraf's initiative on peace talks about the Israel-Palestine conflict. Political Agenda: Pakistan’s political agenda within the country:

• Debt Reduction: “The government plans to implement numerous measures to boost trade, including reforming tariffs and concluding various free-trade agreements.”

• Education: “We talked about education. The first time I ever met President Musharraf, he talked about the need to make sure that school systems in Pakistan worked well. I was impressed then, and I'm impressed now, by your commitment to an education system that prepares students for the -- and gives students the skills necessary to compete in a global economy.” “A five-year, $100 million U.S. Presidential education initiative was launched in 2002. The program is designed to improve education policies, with particular emphasis on:

1. Improving literacy; 2. Training teachers and administrators; 3. Expanding access to education for girls; and 4. Increasing community involvement in primary education.”

• Building infrastructure: “‘Pakistan has the potential to become the hub of economic activity and a catalyst for progress of a larger neighborhood. We are determined to pursue this destined role and are implementing plans for the development of infrastructure, communication and energy

4

corridors. The strategic partnership that we have affirmed today will contribute towards our success in realizing our common aspirations for peace and development in this critically important region of the world.’”

• The provision of basic necessities to all areas of Pakistan, no matter how rich or how poor

Pakistan’s political agenda relating to the War on Terror: • Eliminate terrorism within the country (Taliban): “According to the State

Department’s 2004 Country Report, ‘Pakistan continues to pursue al-Qaeda and its allies aggressively through counterterrorist police measures and large-scale military operations.’ Osama bin Laden is widely believed to be hiding in the remote tribal region along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border with his deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri.”

• To support Pakistan’s peacekeeping efforts with significant action Pakistan’s political agenda relating to the Israel-Palestine conflict:

• To maintain a position of neutrality within the conflict: “The focus is particularly on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, but also in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Musharraf has been in contact with a series of Muslim countries in recent weeks to gain support for his initiative. Pakistani Information and Broadcasting Minister Mohammad Ali Durrani told the official IRNA news agency that Musharraf is seeking to build a consensus of Muslim states on how to solve the Israel-Palestine conflict. Musharraf is said to regard that dispute as the "root cause" of extremism and terrorism throughout the entire Mideast.”

Character Traits:

• Unity • Discipline • Faith • Sagacity • Morality • Honesty

Background: “The Islamic republic of Pakistan emerged as an independent sovereign state on 14th August 1947, as a result of the division of former British India. It lies

Islāmī Jumhūrīyah Pākistān

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Flag State Emblem

Motto

مکحم نيقي ،ميظنت ،داحتاIttehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam

5

between 23-35 to 37- 05 north latitude and 60-50 to 77- 50 east longitude touching the Hindukush Mountains in the north and extending from the Pamirs to the Arabian Sea. Pakistan covers 796,095 sq.km with a population of [165 million]. It is divided into four provinces:

• Sindh, • Punjab, • North West Frontier Province • Balochistan.

The country has an agricultural economy with a network of canals irrigating a major part of its cultivated land. Wheat, cotton, rice, millet and sugar cane are the major crops. Among fruits: mangos, oranges, bananas and apples are grown in abundance in different parts of the country. The main natural resources are natural gas, coal, salt and iron. The country has an expanding industry. Cotton, Textiles, sugar, cement, and chemicals play an important role in its economy. The country comprises of a vast area that was the great center of ancient civilizations [The Indus Civilization] of the world. Its historical sites beginning with stone-age to Twentieth Century A.D are a mirror of the life of its people who were, by nature, simple, virile, hospitable and hard working. Ancient sites excavated in Taxila, Harappa, and Moenjodaro speak volumes for Pakistan’s rich cultural background dating back to 3,000 B.C.” Pakistan Facts Capital city: Islamabad Total area: 796,095 sq.km Population: 132.35 million (1998) National Language: Urdu

Climate Summers: Hot, Humid and extreme Winters: Mild in some regions, Extreme cold in northern regions Spring: Moderate climate in most regions Autumn: Eastern and Western regions

Political Background:

The Founder

Muhammad Ali

Jinnah

The president

Gen. Pervez Musharraf

Prime Minister

- Shaukat Aziz - Federal Cabinet

6

Pakistani National Anthem: Blessed be the sacred Land Happy be the bounteous realm Symbol of high resolve Land of Pakistan Blessed be thou citadel of faith The order of this sacred land Is the might of the brotherhood of the People May the nation, the country, and the state Shine in glory everlasting Blessed be the goal of our ambition This Flag of the Crescent and Star Leads the way to progress and perfection Interpreter of our past, glory of our present Inspiration of our future Symbol of Almighty's protection

Short-term political objectives: • Privatization of Pakistan’s state-owned companies • Access to drinkable water and electrical power for all citizens • Controlling extremism

Long-term political objectives:

• Eliminating feudalism • Building infrastructure • Providing education, especially to women

Pakistani Interests: National:

• Peace and Stability in Afghanistan, our neighbors

• Economic Growth People:

• Sports (cricket, field hockey, football and squash)

• Many festivals and holidays • Religion (Islam) • Music – Qawwali and Ghazal

Gayaki • Bollywood • Traditional Family Values • History and national pride • Pakistani Cuisine

Potential Allies: • Turkey – trade agreement

Current Allies: • U.S.A • Iran • Saudi Arabia • China

Potential Opponents: • Iran – Pakistan’s position in

the “U.S. vs. Iran battle” • Afghanistan (active)

Current Opponents: • Afghanistan (inactive) • India

7

8

2. Role Profile: General Pervez Musharraf:

Political Agenda: The President’s seven point agenda for the nation:

• Rebuild National confidence and morale • Strengthen the Federation, remove inter-provincial disharmony and

restore National cohesion • Revive the economy and restore investor confidence • Ensure law and order and dispense speedy justice • Depoliticize State institutions • Devolution of power to the grass-roots level • Ensure swift and across the board accountability

The key goals are: 1. Economic revival 2. Poverty alleviation 3. Political restructuring 4. Devolution of power to grass root

9

Character Traits: Character Traits which the President embodies or hopes to embody:

• Determination and Responsibility: “Under President General Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan has emerged as a responsible and dignified member in the comity of nations. Pakistan has shown unflinching commitment in discharging its international responsibilities. The foreign policy has been based on well-established and recognized principles of international relations, reflecting the country's Islamic character.”

• Leadership: “Pakistan always had the human and natural resources but its leadership lacked the will and sincerity of purpose. Under the leadership of the President, the country has found the will, the good intentions, and the resolve.”

• Honesty and Dedication: “I was again lucky to have made the right choices and we all, together, followed implementation of the four areas of focus with single minded devotion. God rewarded our honesty, dedication and hard work. Not only did I learn economy and governance on job but we turned the Nation's fortunes around.”

• Courage and Perseverance: “Nine eleven came as a thunder bolt. I confronted acute challenges on one side but also saw great opportunities on the other. I decided on the route of opportunities. I had to absorb external pressure and mould domestic opinion towards my decision. It was a tough decision to side with the US and the Coalition to fight terrorism. Domestic opinion was divided but I saw that the vast majority of moderates were behind me, while the religious extremists got violently against. We surmounted domestic pressures with courage and perseverance.”

• Equality and Fairness: “We examined why democracy remained dysfunctional in Pakistan and addressed the core malaise. We empowered the people of Pakistan at the grass roots, we empowered the women of Pakistan, we empowered the minorities and also introduced institutional checks and balances. The media was removed from its shackles. Complete freedom of speech and expression was allowed. Multiple private TV channels were allowed for the first time in the history of Pakistan. Elections were held on time in accordance with the Supreme Court verdict and power to govern handed over to a civil elected Government. Seeds of a sustainable true democracy have been laid. It is now to be consolidated.”

• Optimism: “The New York joint Statement between me and PM Manmohan Singh finally is a quantum leap forward towards resolution of all disputes including the core issue of Jammu and Kashmir. There is light visible at the end of the tunnel.”

• Respect: “The respect of elders is what I consider a primary family value, and the homogeneity of family is also extremely important.”

• Pride: “I take pride in being a Pakistani, and therefore get upset when I see Pakistan being projected negatively.”

10

Background: General Pervez Musharraf was born on August 11, 1943 in Haveli,

situated in Mohallah Kaacha Saad Ullah, Old Delhi. His family migrated from India after the partition and spent seven years in Turkey after which they finally settled in Karachi. This influenced his thoughts, perceptions and way of life.

He joined the Pakistan Military Academy where he was almost court marshaled only to be saved by the 1965 war with India. He had high professional performance, for which he won a gallantry award but his indiscipline got in the way of a promotion.

General Pervez Musharraf was promoted to the rank of General on 7th October 1998 and appointed Chief of Army Staff. He escaped certain death three times (excluding war) before he became Chief and attempts to assassinate him have been made three times since he became President. He has participated in both the 1965 and 197 Indo-Pakistan wars. Musharraf explains his acquisition of his presidential skills: “My marriage salvaged me to a great extent, sobering me down to my professional advantage. My seven years stint with the Special Services Group honed my professional outlook, gave me tremendous self confidence and taught me real leadership. My very high profile instructional and staff appointments polished my speaking skills and developed clarity and logic in my thought.” He did not launch a military coup. A plane hijack attempt was made by the Nawaz Sharif (former PM) Government which failed and Musharraf was handed Pakistan at its lowest point, as it was almost bankrupt. He was given the additional charge of Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee on 9th April 1999 which he relinquished in October 2001. He performed his duties as the Chief Executive of Pakistan from 12th October 1999 to the time he became President. He is now the COAS and the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

He has a strong belief in democracy and is attempting to lead the Pakistani government in that direction as best as he can: “We examined why democracy remained dysfunctional in Pakistan and addressed the core malaise. We empowered the people of Pakistan at the grass roots, we empowered the women of Pakistan, we empowered the minorities and also introduced institutional checks and balances. The media was removed from its shackles. Complete freedom of speech and expression was allowed. Multiple private TV channels were allowed for the first time in the history of Pakistan. Elections were held on time in accordance with the Supreme Court verdict and power to govern handed over to a civil elected Government. Seeds of a sustainable true democracy have been laid. It is now to be consolidated.” “I have a vision for Pakistan. I am convinced that this Nation has all the resources, the potential and all the human capability to be transformed into a progressive, moderate, prosperous Islamic State. We only have put our act together.”

11

Interests: • Tennis • Swimming • Listening to music: Old songs and popular Ghazals • Favorite Artist: Ismail Gulgee • Favorite Book: Leaders by Richard Nixon • Favorite Leaders: Quaid-e-Azam and Ayub Khan • Favorite Travel Destination: Istanbul, Turkey • Playing bridge • Family values

Long-term Political Objectives: Strong, Vibrant, Stable and Moderate Pakistan

• Enhance earning • Provide gainful employment • Scale up investment in human capital • Maximize the impact of existing public spending on education and health • Pacify situations on our borders • Financial Discipline • Controlling Extremism

Short-term Political Objectives: • Stabilize the debt situation • Promote investment and growth • Reduce poverty • Improve governance • The respective roles of the government and the private sector must be

clearly delineated • Agriculture has to be boosted, cheap electric generation capacity has to

be enhanced and energy cost has to be reduced • Investment in human resources; strong human capital base

Potential Allies: • Turkey • Israel (U.S.-Pakistan relations) • Within country: Nawaz Sharif, Benazir Bhutto

Potential Opponents: • Iran • Afghanistan (active) • Israel (U.S.-Pakistan relations)

12

Shaukat Aziz: Political Agenda:

• Education • Health • Justice • Agriculture • The petroleum sector • The financial sector • Capital markets • Governance • Government structure • Political reform

Character Traits:

• Perseverance: “Also, in public office, you have to be a bit thick-skinned. If people do ask questions and make insinuations, based on certain opinions, I think you need to defend them and you shouldn't waver with the first critical article.”

• Courage: “…given the state Pakistan was in, I think we needed some change in leadership. We knew this state of affairs would not be permanent. I went and met the President; I had never met him before. I was convinced that he was a straight-shooter, a very committed nationalist, and a very bright individual who would be good to work with and work for. So that is what drove me.”

Background: Shaukat Aziz was born on March 6, 1949 and brought up in the southern city of Karachi. He received his early education from St. Patrick’s School at Karachi and Public School at Abbottabad, graduated from Gordon College, Rawalpindi in 1967 and achieved MBA in 1969 from the Institute of Business Administration, Karachi in 1969. “[He] [s]tarted his career in 1969 when he joined Citibank, Karachi [and then] [m]oved overseas in 1975 and has since served in several countries including the Philippines, Jordan, Greece, USA, UK, Malaysia, Singapore and Saudi Arabia. His assignments included Head of Corporate and Investment Banking for the Asia Pacific Region; Head of Corporate and Investment Banking for Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa Corporate Planning Officer, Citicorp; Managing Director, Saudi American Bank; and Global Head, Private Banking for Citigroup. He was appointed Vice President of Citibank in 1992 and has had 30 years of experience in global finance and international banking.

Mr. Aziz is a frequent Speaker on international finance and has attended numerous forums, seminars and conference on international finance as well as attended management course at several universities. He has been a member of

13

the Board of several Citibank owned entities including Saudi American Bank, Citi Islamic Bank as well as several non-profit organizations.

In November 1999 Mr. Aziz was appointed as Pakistan's Minister of Finance with responsibility for Finance, economic Affairs, Statistics, Planning and Development and Revenue Division. As Minister of Finance, Mr. Aziz is also Chairman of Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet, Chairman, Executive Committee of National Economic Council and chairman, Cabinet Committee on Privatization. 'Euro money ' and Bankers Magazine' has declared him as the Finance Minister of the year 2001. The democratically elected Government of Prime Minister Jamali has also retained him as Finance Minister, which indicates continuation of Finance and Economic Reforms Agenda. Mr. Aziz was elected Senator in 2002.

He was elected as Member National Assembly in by election from two constituencies, NA -59 Attock NA- 239 Mithi, Tharparkar. He has retained the Attock seat. Shaukat Aziz was sworn in as 23rd Prime Minister of Pakistan on August 28, 2004.”

Interests:

• Golf • Music • Art

Long-term political objectives:

• Education • Infrastructure • Ending poverty • Debt reduction • The settlement of the Kashmir issue • Globalization

Short-term political objectives: • Reduction in trust deficit • Reduction in levels of tension • Decreasing Unemployment • Privatization of Pakistan’s state-owned companies • Increased Growth • Low Inflation • High Investment • Better credit ratings

Potential Allies and Opponents: Currently no threats, only threatened by Musharraf’s opponents. Aziz will remain in power as long as Musharraf is in power (at this point, that is the outlook).

14

3. Timeline 1947 When India was divided after gaining independence from British rule, Pakistan was created. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan became a separate Muslim nation with two distinct parts, East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Border issues still existed in the provinces of Punjab, Bengal, and Kashmir, which led to a war between India and Pakistan for control over territory. The war ended with a UN influenced cease-fire agreement in 1949. 1948-1958 Pakistan’s first constitution was adopted in 1956. This established a parliamentary system of governance with two administrative units to control power between East and West Pakistan. 1958-1969 When General Ayub Khan assumed the presidency of Pakistan he introduced the policy of martial law. The first years of martial law rid the government of corrupt politicians, established land reforms, and introduced a new multitiered system of government. The approval of a new constitution in 1962 ended martial law and created a presidential form of government. People continued being unsatisfied with the military after the 1965 war with India. 1970-1977 Civil war erupted between West Pakistan and East Pakistan when the Awami League gained control of the National Assembly and East Pakistan declared its independence. India sent troops to aid East Pakistan, which led to West Pakistan's troops surrendering. On December 16th, 1971 East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s government drafted a new constitution that set up a parliamentary system of government. 1977-1988 When the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) won the general elections the opposition charged them of “fraud and electoral malfeasance” and the army was needed in order to restore order. The chief of army staff, General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq took power and named himself president. He banned political parties, suspended voting, and declared martial law. His regime enforced aspects of Islamic law and established the Federal Shariat Court. A non-party general election was held and General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq made more changes to the constitution with the 8th amendment by giving greater power to the president. Martial law had been removed by December 1985.

15

1988-1996 Benazir Bhutto, leader of the PPP was sworn in as prime minister of Pakistan. During her term there was ethnic violence, strong political opposition, and charges of corruption, which led to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissing her from government in 1990. In October 1990 the head of the Pakistani Muslim League (PML) Nawaz Sharif was named as the new prime minister. He implemented policies that promoted economic growth but tensions between the PML and other parties led to his dismissal from the government in 1993. Benazir Bhutto returned as prime minister in 1993 but was again dismissed from her position in 1996. 1997-Present Nawaz Sharif and the PML gained power again in 1997 and made the 13th amendment in the constitution which gave the prime minister the power to appoint the armed forces chiefs and abolished the 8th amendment. In 1999 Pakistani troops backed down from a renewed conflict with India over Kashmir which caused resentment towards the government from civilians and the armed forces. The army overthrew the civilian government when the prime minister tried to dismiss the chief of the army, General Pervez Musharraf and in 2001 Musharraf took over the position of president.

16

4. In-depth Report: The one incident that has shaped Pakistan’s current position in

international relations would have to be the September 11th Attacks. This incident brought about the United States of America’s War on Terror initiative in which Pakistan is a key ally. “Pakistan granted over flight rights to coalition aircraft, let U.S. forces use two Pakistani airfields, and shared intelligence about suspected terrorists. Pakistan has also worked with the FBI to capture suspected al-Qaeda and Taliban fugitives who fled into northern Pakistan—including al-Qaeda operations chief Abu Zubaydah and the alleged September 11 mastermind Khalid Shaikh Muhammad—and in some cases has committed its own troops to hunt down al-Qaeda holdouts.” Pakistan’s involvement in the War on Terror initiative resulted in a great amount of economic aid from the U.S., the lifting of sanctions imposed on Pakistan after the nuclear test, and the formation of a stronger diplomatic relationship between Pakistan, the U.S. and its allies. Unfortunately, this caused great turmoil within Pakistan as the Islamists/extremists retaliated with violence at this alliance.

Firstly, Pakistan’s position in the War on Terror resulted in a great amount of economic aid from U.S.A. “Two senior U.S. senators have warned Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in a letter that future U.S. aid will be influenced by Pakistan's progress toward democratic, civilian-led rule…. Biden chairs the Foreign Relations Committee and Leahy chairs the State and Foreign Operations Appropriations subcommittee. Pakistan, an important ally in the U.S. war on terror, this year received about $700 million in U.S. economic and military aid. In 2008, it is expected to receive more than $800 million. Congressional aides estimated Pakistan also has received some $10 billion in U.S. counter-terrorism aid in the last six years, as Washington has enlisted Musharraf's help to root out al Qaeda and the Taliban in the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks.” This economic aid has led to Pakistan’s recovery from debt. It has pulled Pakistan out of bankruptcy. Despite the earthquake in 2005, GDP growth remained strong at 6.6% in 2005-2006. In April 2003, the United States reduced Pakistan's official debt by $1 billion. Consumer price inflation also went down by 1.3% from 2004-2005 to 2005-2006. This places Pakistan in favorable conditions in international relations as it is now easier for Pakistan to obtain loans and it is now considered most likely to be able to repay these loans.

Secondly, Pakistan’s position in the War on Terror resulted in the lifting of sanctions imposed on Pakistan after its nuclear activities. “During the 1990s, three sets of sanctions were placed on Pakistan. The first came in 1990 under the provisions of the Pressler Amendment; the second came in 1998 after Pakistan conducted a series of nuclear tests; and the third came in 1999 after the military takeover of the country…. The Glenn, Symington, and Pressler sanctions were waived by President George W. Bush under the authority given him by an earlier piece of legislation known as Brownback II. Congress voted to allow President Bush to waive the ‘democracy sanctions’ imposed on Pakistan through September 30, 2003. These democracy sanctions have since been waived annually.” The removal of these sanctions meant that Pakistan began to receive

17

economic and military aid once again. It also meant that Pakistan now finally seemed like a “safe” country to be involved with and portrayed the “democratic image” necessary for good international relations.

Thirdly, Pakistan’s position in the War on Terror resulted in the formation of a stronger diplomatic relationship between Pakistan, the U.S., and its allies. “Pakistan is to be re-admitted to the Commonwealth, five years after it was suspended because of a military coup. The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group praised progress towards democracy by President Pervez Musharraf, who seized power in 1999. But it said after its meeting in London that it would keep its eye on ‘continuing concerns’. Diplomats said the UK and Australia wanted to reward President Musharraf for helping fight al-Qaeda. Pakistan is seen as a key ally in the US-led war on terror…. He said it expected President Musharraf to stand down as head of the army by the end of this year, as he has promised. The decision was endorsed by the new government in Pakistan's old enemy India. Pakistan welcomed the move.” This has meant that Pakistan is once again a democratic country which will soon be free of military rule and is now maintaining positive international relations with other significant countries, especially in the Western world, by complying with The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group’s rules. It is creating a stable and strong relationship with the U.S. and its allies which has led to greater economic aid and trust between the countries.

However, this alliance and Pakistan’s participation in the War on Terror hasn’t been all good for Pakistan. “Despite its government’s cooperation with the United States, Pakistan is home to many Islamist extremists, some with links to al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. Militants have conducted several terrorist attacks on Americans and other Westerners in Pakistan since September 11, including the abduction and murder of Daniel Pearl and the June 2002 car bombing of the U.S. consulate in Karachi, which killed twelve Pakistanis. Thanks to shared Islamist sympathies and ethnic ties, some Pakistanis have also helped Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters fleeing from Afghanistan take refuge throughout Pakistan. U.S. officials are concerned al-Qaeda could regenerate itself in urban areas and in the Northwest Frontier province, a lawless tribal region on the Afghan border inhabited by Pashtuns, the Taliban’s dominant ethnic group.” This has caused Pakistani President, Pervez Musharraf, to be under enormous strain as he not only deals with external relations due to Pakistan’s position in the War on Terror but now also has to deal with internal political backlash because of America’s presence and control in Pakistan.

In conclusion, the September 11th attacks have single-handedly shaped Pakistan’s current international relations because they led to the War on Terror which resulted in economic aid, lifting of sanctions, and diplomatic relations with the Western world for Pakistan. This all ultimately helped Pakistan pull itself out of bankruptcy and obtain a somewhat reputable position in world politics. And though this also caused violence from the extremists, and an internal backlash, it was well worth it for Pakistan as it has had an overall positive affect on its current position in international relations.

18

5. Maps:

19

Works Cited List

U.S. Department of State. Background Note: Pakistan 4 Oct. 2007 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm>. RadioFreeEurope Radio Liberty. Iran: Pakistani President Seeks Support To Curb Mideast Conflict 6 Oct. 2007 <http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/02/91E44543-67F5-4E30-BD60-9B2CD715FE81.html>. The Economist. Country Briefings:Pakistan. 6 Oct. 2007. 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.economist.com/countries/Pakistan/>. PBS. Pakistan's Tumultuous Political History.. 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline.html>. BBC News. Commonwealth re-admits Pakistan 8 Oct. 2007 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3738825.stm>. Council of Foreign Relations. Terrorism Havens: Pakistan 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/>. The United States Mission to the European Union. Bush, Pakistan’s Musharaff Outline Bright Future for Alliance 8 Oct. 2007 <http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=99C307DD-E678-41CB-B8AB-097AB8D037DB>. The Information Gateway to Pakistan. Prime Minister of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.pak.gov.pk/primeminister.aspx>. Asia Source. Q & A Asia Source Interview 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/aziz.cfm>. General Pervez Musharraf. President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 8 Oct. 2007 <http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/>. Pictures: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Pk-map.png http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PakistanWorldMap.JPG/800px-PakistanWorldMap.JPG&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pak

20

istanWorldMap.JPG&h=370&w=800&sz=22&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=LviWLN43cSQUxM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dworld%2Bmap%2Bpakistan%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG http://www.tourism.gov.pk/vpy/destination-pakistan2007.htm