by qurroti a’yun international islamic university malaysia
TRANSCRIPT
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER, SEX ROLES AWARENESS, AND QUALITY OF PARENT-
CHILDREN RELATIONSHIP ON AGGRESSIVENESS AMONG ADOLESCENT IN DOLLY, RELOCATED PROSTITUTION AREA,
SURABAYA
BY
QURROTI A’YUN
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
2006
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER, SEX ROLES AWARENESS, AND QUALITY OF PARENT-
CHILDREN RELATIONSHIP ON AGGRESSIVENESS AMONG ADOLESCENT IN DOLLY, RELOCATED PROSTITUTION AREA,
SURABAYA
BY
QURROTI A’YUN
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Education
(Educational Psychology)
Institute of Education INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECEMBER 2006
ii
ABSTRACT
This study is attempted in Dolly relocated prostitution area in Surabaya, Indonesia, a unique residential complex mixed of ordinary society and prostitution area. The sample in this study comprised 254 adolescents age between 13-17 years old. The mentioned samples must have been living in that particular area for minimum of four years. Moreover, samples’ house must be in radius no more than two kilometers from the prostitution centres to ensure their direct interaction with that particular vicinity. The two types of aggressiveness, verbal and physical aggressiveness, are the two dependent variables of this study. Those variables are constructed with gender, sex roles awareness and quality of parent-children relationship as the independent variables. This study used a set of questionnaire, adapted and modified from the Sex Roles and Gender Differences for Children scales developed by Björkqvist and Österman (1992), the Direct and Indirect aggression Scales (DIAS) which was developed by Björkqvist, Lagerpetz and Österman (1992), Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire-Revised (PACHIQ-R), which was developed by Lange, Evers, Jansen and Dolan (2001) and Perceptions of Parents Scales (POPS) developed by Grolnick, Ryan and Deci (1991). Both the quantitative and qualitative methods are employed to analyze the data collected.The findings of this study revealed that there are no statistically significant differences in score for male and female, with the magnitude of the differences in the means is small, for verbal aggressiveness. In contrast, it is found that there is a statistically significant difference in score for male and female for physical aggressiveness and the magnitude of the differences in the means is moderate. In addition, the verbal aggressiveness has small and positive correlation with the participants’ sex roles awareness and the high level of sex roles awareness control associated positively with high levels of physical aggressiveness. Furthermore, the relationship between quality of parent-children relationship and verbal aggressiveness is weak, negative correlation between the two variables while the relationship between quality of parent-children relationship and physical aggressiveness is small but in positive direction. Additionally, the model regression for verbal aggressiveness has been drawn as Y = 1.796 + .590x1 + (-.0002725)x2 + e. In the same time, regression model for physical aggressiveness is Y = 1.763 + .693 x1 + .0003179 x2 + e. The information gathered trough the interview with parent and adolescent reveal that the main factors that influence participants’ aggressiveness, both verbally and physically are peers influence, community influence, media influence and parenting style.
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ملخص البحث
اندونيسيا وهي مجمع سكني مثالي ، سوراباياجراء هذه الدراسة في منطقة دوللي للدعارة فيإلقد تم مراهق تتراوح 254ن نموذج الدراسة شملإ. تحوي خليط من اتمعات الاعتيادية والمومسات
ربع أن تكون قد سكنت في تلك المنطقة لمدة أالنماذج المذكورة يجب . سنة17 و 13عمارهم بين أن تكون بيوم في دائرة نصف قطرها لا يتجاوز وأكثر من ذلك ، يجب أ. سنوات على أقل تقدير
ن نوعي العدوانية، إ .كيلومترين من مركز منطقة الدعارة لضمان حدوث تداخل مباشر مع الجوارهذان المتغيران بنيا مع الجنس، دور الوعي . القولي والفعلي، هما المتغيران الغير مستقلان لهذه الدراسة
لية المستخدمه هي مجموعة من الآ .طفل وذويه كمتغيرات مستقلةالجنسي ونوعية العلاقة بين المقاييس دور الجنس وفروقات الجنس لدى الاطفال والذي تم ستفتاءات استنبطت وتم تطويرها منالا
DIASمقاييس العدوانية المباشرة وغير المباشرة ؛ و)1992(تطويره من قبل بيوركفست و أوسترمان استفتاء التداخل بين الطفل ؛ و)1992( بيوركفست لاكرسبيتز واوسترمان والتي تم تطويرها من قبل
دراك إمقاييس و) 2001 ( والذي طوره لانج وايفرس ويانسن ودولان عام PACHIQ-Rوذويه لقد تم توظيف كل من الوسائل . 1991 المطور من قبل جرولنك رايان وديسي عام POPSالوالدين
نتائج هذه الدراسة أوضحت بأنه لا يوجد فروقات . تائج المستحصلةالنوعية والكمية لتحليل الن، بالنسبة للعدوانية ن حجم الفروقات في المعدل صغيرةإحصائية مميزة في النتائج بين الذكور والاناث وإ
ناث بالنسبة للعدوانية حصائية مميزة بين الذكور والإإنه هناك فروقات ألقد وجد ب. )القولية (ةالكلاميضافة الى ذلك، كان للعدوان الكلامي إ.وحجم الفروقات في المعدل واضح) الجسدية(فعلية العلاقة ايجابية صغيرة مع دور الوعي الجنسي للمشاركين والمستوى العالي للسيطرة على دور ) القولي(
عد من ذلك، وأب. )الفعليه(الوعي الجنسي اتحد بشكل ايجابي مع المستويات العاليه للعدوانية الجسديه كانت ضعيفة والعلاقة بين ) الكلاميه(ن العلاقة بين نوعية العلاقة بين الطفل وذويه والعدائيه القوليه إف
كانت ) الفعليه(المتغيرين سلبية بينما العلاقة بين نوعية العلاقة بين الطفل وذويه مع العدائية الجسدية :ذج النكوص للعدائية الكلاميه رسمت بالشكل التاليأضافة الى ذلك، فأن نمو. ضئيلة لكن باتجاه ايجابي
Y = 1.796 + 0.59 + (- 0.0002725) + e .ن نموذج النكوص للعدوانية الكلامية إفي نفس الوقت، فجمعها من خلال اللقاء بأولياء ن المعلومات التي تم إ. Y = 1.763 + 0.693 + 0.0003179 + e :هوساسية التي تؤثر على عدوانية المشاركين الكلامية والفعلية العوامل الأنأمور والمراهقين أشارت الى الأ
.وأولياء الامور وتأثير اتمع، والوسط الذي يعيش فيه الفرد،) الاصدقاء(هي تأثير الرفقاء
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APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it confirms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master in Education (Educational Psychology)
Nik Suryani Nik Abdur Rahman Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion, it conform to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master in Education (Educational Psychology)
Nik Ahmad Hisham Ismail Examiner This dissertation was submitted to the Institute of Education and is accepted as partial fulfillment of requirement for degree of Master in Education (Educational Psychology)
Ahmad Marzuki Hj Zainuddin Director Institute of Education
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degrees at International Islamic University
Malaysia or other institutions
Qurroti A’yun Signature : ……………………. Date : ….………………
vi
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND
AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
Copyright @ 2006 by Qurroti A’yun. All rights reserved.
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER, SEX ROLES AWARENESS, AND
QUALITY OF PARENT-CHILDREN RELATIONSHIP ON AGGRESSIVENESS AMONG ADOLESCENT IN DOLLY, RELOCATED
PROSTITUTION AREA, SURABAYA
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without any prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below.
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. International Islamic University Malaysia or its library will have the
right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The International Islamic University Malaysia will have the right to
make, store in retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.
Affirmed by Qurroti A’yun …………………………… ……………………………..
Signature Date
vii
This thesis is an expression of gratitude to my dearly loved parent,
Faqih Kholili (Allyarham) and Mujahadah
Thank you for providing me your genes and jeans…
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise be to the Almighty Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the World, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful This study would have not been achievable without the intellectual contribution and support of many individuals to whom I am most grateful and indebted. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Nik Suryani Nik Abdur Rahman, my supervisor for her guidance, support and useful advices. I would like to thank to my second reader of my thesis, Assoc. Prof Nik Ahmad Hisham Ismail , for his meticulous and critical review of my thesis. I wish to record my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marzuki Hj. Zainuddin, who is also the Director of Institute of Education for his concern and support. I am also indebted to Ust. Hamidon Abdul Majid, Deputy Rector of Student Affairs for his precious time, advice and tangible support during my study period. My deep appreciation goes to Hj. Shamsul Azhar Mohd Yusuf, Director of Public Relations Office of IIUM and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Aziz Berghout, Director of Co-Curricular Activity Centre of IIUM and Dr. Nor Azian Md. Noor, Director of Student Learning Enhancement Unit of IIUM, Malaysian National Institute of Translation, for trusting me to be a part of your institution, Colonel (Rtd) Shahrir Hashim, General Secretary of Regional Dakwah Islamiah of South East Asia and Pacific for giving me a chance to develop myself trough your respective organization. I wish to record my thanks to Badan Kesatuan Bangsa of Indonesia, an authorized institution controlling field research, Minister of Education of Indonesia, both for East Java province, and the principles of schools involved for granting me the permission of conducting this study. I am very grateful to my family members for their love, support and encouragement. My deepest gratitude goes especially for my mother, Mujahadah for her understanding and constant prayers. My brothers, M. Yahya As-Syarifie and Muftin Nasi’in for giving me a chance to have this miracles, my twinkle little stars, Izzatul Himmah and Abdullah Ali and for my much-loved cousin, Luluk Masluchah for always hold my arms anywhere, anytime. For all my friends who are my second family in Malaysia, from Nahdlatul Ulama Cabang Istimewa Malaysia (NUCIM), H. Thoriqul Haq, H. Jaziluz Sakho’, Ratinuddin Yusuf, Marhadi, H. Amin Fadlillah, and H. Hilmi Mohammad Hisbullah . Deeply thanks also for those who from Fatayat-NU Cabang Istimewa Malaysia, Alimul Muniroh, Aliya, Ibanah S. Ustadzah Mimin Mintarsih, Fathonah, Chomisah, and Uswah Hasanah and anybody who has the same dream for future. I dedicated this work for all of them with my sincere love.
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CONTENTS
Abstract ......................................................................................................................ii Abstract in Arabic ......................................................................................................iii Approval Page............................................................................................................iv Declaration Page ........................................................................................................v Copyright Page...........................................................................................................vi Dedication ..................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................viii List of Tables .............................................................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
Background of Study ......................................................................................1 Statement of Problem .....................................................................................5 Objective of the Study ....................................................................................7 Research Questions.........................................................................................7 Significance of the Study................................................................................8 Limitations of the Study .................................................................................9 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................14
The Glimpse of Dolly, the Relocated Prostitution Area.................................14 The Concept Of Aggressiveness.....................................................................17 Adolescent and Aggressiveness......................................................................21 Gender, Sex Roles Awareness and Aggressiveness .......................................23 Family, Peers, Media, Community and Aggressiveness ................................28
Family Relationship, Shaping or Preventing Aggressiveness ................29 Domestic Violence and Aggressiveness..........................................30 The Changes on Parent-Children Relationship ...............................31
Peers ........................................................................................................34 Community..............................................................................................35 Media ......................................................................................................36
Mediator Factors between Violent Video Games and Aggressiveness. ...............................................................................38
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................41
Population .......................................................................................................41 Sample and Sampling Procedures ..................................................................43 Instrumentation ...............................................................................................44 Establishing Validity and Reliability of Instruments .....................................52 Data Collection Procedures ............................................................................54 Data Analysis Procedures. ..............................................................................55
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS....................................................................57
Respondents Demographic Background ........................................................58 Data Frequency Distribution ..........................................................................60
The Sex Roles Awareness of Participants...............................................60
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The Participants’ Quality Of Parent-Children Relationship ...................62 Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness.......................................................64 Sex Differences and Aggressiveness ......................................................66
The Gender Differences on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness..................68 The Relationship Between Sex Roles Awareness and Aggressiveness..........70
The Relationship between Sex Roles Awareness and Verbal Aggressiveness........................................................................................71 The Relationship between Sex Roles Awareness and Physical Aggressiveness........................................................................................72
The Relationship Between Quality of Parent-Children Relationship and Aggressiveness ...............................................................................................73
The Relationship between Quality of Parent-Children Relationship and Verbal Aggressiveness .....................................................................74 The Relationship between Quality of Parent-Children Relationship and Physical Aggressiveness ..................................................................75
Regression Model of Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness, Sex Roles Awareness and Quality of Parent- Children Relationship..............................77 Parent and Adolescents’ Point of View About Dolly Prostitution Area in Shaping Aggressiveness. ................................................................................84
Parents’ View on Factors, Types and Handling the Aggressiveness ......84 Peers and Community Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness ................................................................................85 Media Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness...............86 Family Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness..............86 Types of Aggressiveness .................................................................87 Handling and Preventing Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness ......90
Parenting Style and Family Atmosphere .................................90 Religiosity Awareness .............................................................90
Adolescents’ View on Factors, Types and Handling the Aggressiveness 91 Peers Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness ................91 Community Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness......92 Media Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness...............93 Family Influence on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness..............93 Types of Aggressiveness .................................................................94 Handling and Preventing Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness ......96
Parent as Role Model ...............................................................96 Teacher’s role as second parent ...............................................96
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..99
Summary of the Finding .................................................................................102 Recommendations ..........................................................................................106
BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................109 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................117 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................117 APPENDIX C....................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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APPENDIX D....................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. APPENDIX E....................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No. 2.1 Number of Resident of RW 6 and RW 12, Putat Jaya, sawahan, Surabaya .... 15 2.2 The Types of Occupation of RW 6 and RW 12 Resident, Putat Jaya, Sawa- han, Surabaya................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Number of Brothels Based on its Location, Putat Jaya, Sawahan, Surabaya .. 17 3.1 Sections, Contents and Sources of Questionnaire Used .................................. 45 3.2 Features of Items in Gender Differences and Sex Roles for Children and Verbal and Behavioral Aggressiveness.......................................................... 50 3.3 Features of Items in The Quality of Parent-Children Relationship ................. 51 4.1 Participants Demographical Background ........................................................ 58 4.2 Frequency Data Distribution of Sex Roles Awareness.................................... 61 4.3 Frequency Data Distribution on Quality of Parent-Children Relationship...... 63 4.4 Frequency Data Distribution of Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness ............ 64 4.5 Cross tabulation of Sex Differences and Verbal Aggressiveness .................... 66 4.6 Cross tabulation of Sex Differences and Physical Aggressiveness ................. 67 4.7 The Gender Differences on Verbal and Physical Aggressiveness................... 68 4.8 Pearson Correlation between Sex Roles Awareness and Verbal Aggressiveness................................................................................................. 72 4.9 Pearson Correlation between Sex Roles Awareness and Physical Aggressiveness................................................................................................. 73 4.10 The Pearson Correlation between Quality of Parent-Children Relationship and Verbal Aggressiveness .............................................................................. 75 4.11 The Pearson Correlation between Quality of Parent-Children Relationship and Physical Aggressiveness ........................................................................... 77 4.12 Model of Multiple Regressions of Verbal Aggressiveness,Physical Aggres- siveness, Sex Roles Awareness and Quality of Parent-Children Relationship 83
xiii
4.13 Parent’s and Adolescent’s Point of View on Aggressiveness.......................... 98 5.1 The Comparison of parents’ and adolescents’ view on Types of Aggressive- ness................................................................................................................. 105
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Prostitution in Indonesia has been around since the emperor of ancient Majapahit.
Several findings about deceitful couple life have been found in the ancient book of
Mahabarata (Koentjoro, 2004). Moreover, Ingleson (1986) mentioned that
prostitution in Java have increased steadily during the 18th century. At that time, the
venereal diseases spread rapidly. The colonial government had set up rules and
regulation regarding prostitution from time to time, under the management known as
induk semang and the agencies.
Koentjoro (2004) confirmed that prostitution in Indramayu and Karawang,
both in West Java, have been going on since the mega project of Deandles inter-
province road in 1820 followed by railway mega project in 1825. Those two of mega-
projects were managed by Dutch colonialism. While in Pati and Jepara, both are
Middle Java, prostitution were highly developed since 1870 during Portuguese
colonialism.
According to Koentjoro (2004) further, during Japanese colonization in 1941-
1945, prostitution cases were greater and wider in term of location than before. There
were a lot of adolescents and students who had been forced to be prostitutes. The
statement of two Japanese veteran soldiers strengthened this historical fact that in
1942, there were 29 brothels with more than 280 prostitutes in South Sulawesi.
One of the popular prostitution industries was in Soerabaia (Surabaya), East
Java. Widodo (1999) mentioned that prostitution in Soerabaia (Surabaya) had already
become a problem since the 18th century and above. As a famous maritime city,
2
Tanjung Perak harbor in Soerabaia (Indonesian old spelling for Surabaya) became the
main port of loading and unloading activities. Therefore, foreign sailors were in and
out dynamically. The desire to fulfil their sexual drives urged them to find prostitutes,
at the same time, as a colonized nation, poverty was widespread in all regions. It was
becoming so difficult to fulfil even the basic needs. Therefore, the ordinary women
accomplished their family’s economical needs by being prostitutes. There was a
reciprocal needs between the prostitute and the customer who just arrived after several
months at the sea. To minimize the negative effects of these activities, the Dutch
colonial government re-located them in a specific area, out of the ordinary society.
The most well known relocated prostitution area in 1864 was Kampung Bandaran
located next to the fortress of Prins Hendrik in North Soerabaia. As documented in
the Oud Soerabaia, there were around 228 prostitutes under 18 germo management in
year 1866 (Widodo, 1999)
As a result, demand for prostitution increased and became another social
disease. Koentjoro (2004) mentioned that one of the negative social effects of
petroleum industry booming during the seventies (1970) was the increase of
prostitution due its increasing demand, directly and indirectly. In the eighties era, the
entertainment club centers such as karaoke, discotheques, and short time motels grew
very fast. It has become an industrial activity that involved many aspects such as
economy, social, culture and even morale.
The Indonesian legal status categorized prostitution as strictly prohibited.
Therefore, there must be several efforts to, at least, minimize it and its social effects,
even though it is not an easy job to completely abolish the activities. In the national
context, to separate those prostitution activities from the societies, Indonesian
government implements several rehabilitation programs. One of the popular
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rehabilitation programs is re-socialization centre program. This program involving
relocating the prostitutes and all parties involved to a specific area out of ordinary
society life (Ministry of Social Welfare of Indonesia, 1984). In this centre,
government has relocated the prostitutes, given medical check-up and provided them
with vocational skills. The programs are intended to minimize the negative effects of
prostitution to the society, preventing venereal disease contamination and preparing
them to compete with others in industrial sectors with the final intention is taking
them out of these social diseases. Unfortunately, the prostitutes under the re-
socialization program still practice their prostitution, even in those centers. Social
activists commented that the re-socialization centre shows the uncertainty and
ambiguity of legal system in Indonesia in preventing and removing prostitutions.
According to them, the re-socialization program was just to legalize the prostitution
activities themselves.
According to Purnomo, (1980), there are several purposes of a relocated
prostitution area in Indonesia. They are:
1. To give a psychological pressure to those who involved in prostitution
activities, whether the prostitutes, the manager or to the customers.
2. To keep them distance from other ordinary communities in order to
prevent any negative effects caused by prostitution activities.
3. To wipe out the prostitution activities from the street and other public area.
4. To ease the authority in monitoring and controlling the hygiene of the
prostitutes with respect to infections sexual diseases.
The government of East Java province also has established re-socialization
program centers. The biggest re-socialization center in East Java is in Putat Jaya,
Sawahan, Surabaya which is named as Gang Dolly. To ease the discussion of this
4
research, the term re-socialization center will be simplified namely to “relocated
prostitution area”. Nowadays, this area is very well known as the biggest relocated
prostitution complex area in Southeast Asia. Gang Dolly is a constriction of three
prostitution areas, which is inherited by Dutch colonialism. They were Tambak Rejo,
Pulo Wonokromo and Kembang Kuning, since the government has closed down those
mentioned three complexes.
In the beginning of its relocation, Dolly prostitution area was considered as out
of city center. However, after more than 40 years, the increase of Surabaya
population cannot be avoided anymore. Especially, the unemployment of rural
inhabitants has motivated them to migrate to Surabaya. Almost of them stayed out of
city centre since it is cheap. As result, Dolly prostitution area is no longer in the
outskirt of society complex. The ordinary society is mixed in the relocated
prostitution area. Unlike some prostitution areas in Manila, Philippine and Bangkok,
Thailand, the prostitution area in Dolly, Surabaya has its own unique daily life
(Truong, 1990; Koentjoro, 2004). Exclusively, at noon, this area at a glance is similar
to other ordinary urban area with the common life beat and daily life activities.
(Please refer to appendix 5). But after working hours, this relocated prostitution area
is like has been magically changed to a centre of sexual transaction and other types of
entertainment
However, Dolly becomes a special society’s phenomena and has specific
differences from other ordinary society system. The people who live in that area have
their own unique characteristics. The children are raised with risks. Their attitudes
are also sharpened by the negative environmental influence. One of its negative
effects is the level of aggressiveness such as physical, verbal and indirect
aggressiveness.
5
From a board perspective, the rate of aggressiveness shown by adolescence is
progressing steadily. Adolescence is responsible for many offences committed in the
United States. FBI’s Uniform Crime Report had shown that 49 % of motor vehicle
theft had been performed by adolescents, followed by 42 % robbery, 40 % Burglary,
35 % murder, 26 % Arson, 25 % rape and 22 % assault (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000).
According to former Inspector General of Police of Malaysia, Datuk Seri
Mohd Bakri Omar, crimes involving adolescent aged between seven and eighteen rose
by 22.7 % in 2003 over the previous year. There were 3,627 cases or 10 cases per
day, compared with 2,955 cases or 8 cases per day in 2002. The number of youth and
students arrested also rose to 5,326 youths arrested in 2003 compared to 4.200 in 2002
(Harian Metro, 2004). It is clearly stated that there are some increase of adolescent’s
delinquencies per year. Thus, this research is attempted to find the factors that
contribute to these mentioned phenomena.
Since adolescence is the next generation who will contribute actively in
building and developing a country, therefore, several efforts must be taken to prevent
the increasing rate of those crimes. At the same time, there must be some specific
policies from a particular authorized institution toward this aggressiveness indication.
Based on the mentioned argument, the researcher has enthusiastically wished
to study the factors that contribute to verbal and physical aggressiveness among
adolescence especially in the vicinity of a specific area.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Basically, behaviors which are shaped by the society roles are distinguished based on
gender. Furthermore, those distinctions will lead to roles division. The different
gender should behave in the different roles. As result, the male should behave
6
differently than the female do and vise versa. The roles as female will influence
female to become patient, cooperative and have passive personalities (Lefrancois,
1996). Furthermore, he added that in contrast, as males, they tend to be rude, active
and posses straight personalities as what the society demands. At the end, the types of
behavior will commonly differ between male and female. The self-tendency in
choosing the particular behavior based on self-gendered sense is called sex roles
awareness (Devine, P.E and Devine,C.W, 2003 ). However, Kinney, Smith and
Donzella (2001) asserted that male U.S college students are claimed to be more
verbally aggressive than their female counterparts. Thus, gender and sex roles
awareness are assumed as factors that strongly influence verbal and physical
aggressiveness among adolescence.
Another factor that is found to be an important aspect in shaping behavior is
the quality of parent-children relationship. However, parent is being the first
controller and develop-builder in the family. At a larger view, family is the first
society recognized by the children itself. On the other hand, the quality of parent-
children relationship may vary based on parenting styles (Baron, 1997). Some parents
have a close relationship with their children, some of them are at the moderate level
and others are at low quality level of relationship. These different types of parent-
children relationship will result in different types of children in term of behaviour and
attitude, the way of thinking, decision-making, and so forth. Therefore, for this
research, quality of parent-children relationship is also considered as one of the
significant factors that have an effect on verbal and physical aggressiveness among
adolescents.
With regard to adolescents’ aggressiveness, there were some studies focusing
on aggressiveness which had been done before. Such as studies done by United
7
Stated and Australia (Giancola & Zheiner, 1995, Owens & McMullin, 1995), Tonga
(Olson, 1994), Argentina (Hiries & Fry, 1994) and Scandinavia (Björkqvist, 1994).
But the study that is specifically taking gender, sex roles awareness and quality of
parent-children relationship as independent variables that influence verbal and
physical aggressiveness among adolescence in the specific area had not been
investigated, especially in the vicinity of prostitution area.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are:
1. To investigate the existence of gender differences at the level of verbal
and physical aggressiveness among adolescence in the vicinity of Dolly
relocated prostitution area.
2. To examine the relationship between quality of parent-children
relationship with verbal and physical aggressiveness among adolescence
in the particular vicinity.
3. To investigate the variance in verbal aggressiveness that can be explained
by sex roles awareness and quality of parent children relationship and at
the same time, to predict physical aggressiveness of adolescent based on
the regression model obtained.
4. To obtain the view of parent and adolescent itself on the influence of
prostitution environment in shaping verbal and physical aggressiveness.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. Is there a significant difference between males and females in verbal
aggressiveness?
8
2. Is there a significant difference between males and females in expressing
their physical aggressiveness?
3. What is the relationship between sex roles awareness and verbal
aggressiveness?
4. What is the relationship between sex roles awareness and physical
aggressiveness?
5. What is the relationship between quality of parent-children relationship
and verbal aggressiveness?
6. What is the relationship between quality of parent-children relationship
and physical aggressiveness?
7. How much variance in verbal aggressiveness can be explained by sex
roles awareness and quality of parent children relationship?
8. How well do the sex roles awareness and quality of parent children
relationship predict physical aggressiveness?
9. How do parents and adolescents view their living in the vicinity of Dolly,
the prostitution area in shaping verbal and physical aggressiveness?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Based on the information revealed above, it becomes significant to investigate about
factors influencing adolescence’s antisocial behaviors especially aggressiveness.
What is inadequate in the previous researches is that many of them publicized the
form and caused of aggressiveness among adolescence but failed to directly point out
the specific area as being the social factors. So, this study aims to fill those
weaknesses.
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This research would be an important study for teacher, parent and other
authorities to look into gender differences at the level of verbal and behavioral
aggressiveness among adolescence with the intention of finding the most excellent
technique to handle their verbal and behavioral aggressiveness based on the gender
distinction itself. At the same time, parent and the authorized institution, such as
Ministry of Women and Family Affairs, will benefit from the finding on the quality of
parent- children relationship and its role in shaping verbal and behavioral
aggressiveness. Moreover, this study would allow the agents dealing with adolescents
to assist them in developing positive image with the aim of decreasing the level of
aggressiveness.
Furthermore, the study would be beneficial to the social and community affairs
authority in evaluating their policies regarding relocated prostitution area. This study
therefore would be significant to help the parent exploring and implementing the best
form of parent-children relationship and maximize their upbringing-style to minimize
verbal and behavioural aggressiveness.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research will undertake the study of the factors that influence verbal and physical
aggressiveness among adolescence in Dolly relocated prostitution area. Although
many factors could influence the verbal and physical aggressiveness, headed for
giving a clear limitation, it will only be gender differences, sex roles awareness and
quality of parent-children relationship as the independent variables, while other
variables are excluded in this study.
This study will only cover adolescence at the age between 12 to 17 years old in
Putat Jaya Sawahan, Surabaya. It will not include those who are under 12 years old
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since they are still in their late childhood or pre-adolescence stage. This exception is
based on the consideration that in the pre-adolescence stage, one’s awareness toward
their sex roles as a gendered person is still low. They still discern themselves based
on their biological sex differences only. Moreover, the sex roles demanded in the
previous stage is not much different from each other. This study will also exclude
those who are more than 17 years old since they are considered as late adolescence
and on their way toward adulthood (Hurlock, 1974).
The location selected for this study is Gang Dolly in Dukuh Kupang Guning I
street. The south part border is street. It will not include Genjeran and Bambu
Runcing Surabaya or even Indramayu, Western Java which is a famous city of the
prostitutes origin.
The sample will be selected based on their schools’ locations. The schools’
location must be in the surrounding area of Dolly, Sawahan Surabaya itself. The
maximum distance is within the radius of 2 (two) kilometers from the prostitution
complex area. This procedure is taken due to the movement of residents in Surabaya,
which is highly dynamic. Consequently, the selected sample will not simply be based
on the neighborhood area of Putat Jaya Sawahan Surabaya. Furthermore, this
procedure is taken in order to evade the possibility of new residents that accidentally
become the sample in this research. It is believed that the new residents will not be
actively involved and interacted directly with the environment yet. As a result, the
main purpose of this research could be not achieved. Researcher also assumed that as
the culture of Indonesians, adolescents should be predisposed to study closely to their
home, above all because their parents encourage them to do so.