Phytopathology News 89

July 2015 • Volume 49 • Number 7

In This IssueEditor’s Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Leadership Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94Public Policy Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95Outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96Office of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96APS Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99Classifieds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Research Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Calendar of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

www.apsnet.org

CADRE: The Professional Development Website for All APS MembersChristopher M. Wallis, CADRE Chair, cadre .aps@gmail .com, and Renee Rioux, Mentoring Initiative Chair, rriox@newleafsym .com

In February 2013, APS Council approved an initiative from the APS Graduate Student, Early Career Professionals, and Diversity and Equality Committees to fund a new professional development website, Career Advancement and Development Resources and Education (CADRE) . Originally envisioned as an archive of workshops and presentations related to professional development taken from APS annual meetings, the CADRE concept has since expanded into a member-only platform that combines a variety of useful resources, ranging from APS webinars to interviews and Leadership Institute articles, into one easily accessible spot within the APS website .

CADRE provides career-based information for the current and next generation of plant pathologists . All content is organized into three major categories:

• Launch Your Career (advice pertaining tograduate school and job searches);

• Keep Your Career Moving (suggestions onstarting a lab, hiring personnel, gainingtenure, etc .); and

• Building a Bright Future (information onpublic relations, youth leadership, and otherplant pathology outreach) . More categories will be added as needed .

In addition to helpful information for plant pathologist career development, CADRE will have a mentoring connection site as part

of the APS Mentoring Initiative . The mentoring area of the site will serve two primary purposes . The first will be to foster mentoring relationships by connecting graduate student and early career members with experienced plant pathologists through a mentor-matching program . The second purpose will be to provide a forum for APS members to seek career and professional development advice from experienced plant pathology professionals . CADRE will monitor and regularly post to the online forum to keep participants up to date on the latest news in mentoring and professional development .

The CADRE leadership team is requesting help from all APS members for producing new content and volunteering to mentor . Please e-mail cadre .aps@gmail .com if you would like to volunteer as a mentor or be a regular contributor to the mentoring forum .

We are excited to launch this new addition to the APS website, and we hope this becomes a valuable resource for plant pathologists at any stage in their career . Visit www .apsnet .org/careers/CADRE to check it out today! n

Palm and Vincelli Elected to APS Council

Please welcome our newest council members Mary Palm, APHIS PPQ, who was elected as incoming vice president and will serve as president for the 2017–2018 term, and Paul Vincelli, University of Kentucky, who will serve as councilor-at-large for the 2015–2018 term . Thanks to all the candidates and everyone who voted! Both officers will begin their terms following the 2015 APS Annual Meeting in Pasadena, CA .

Palm serves as national coordinator of Citrus Pest Programs, USDA APHIS, Plant Protection and

Quarantine (PPQ), where she specializes in systematics of plant-pathogenic fungi, diagnostics of regulatory pathogens, and invasive and emerging plant diseases . Vincelli is extension professor and provost’s distinguished service professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Kentucky, specializing in the management of plant diseases, molecular detection of pathogens, sustainability of food systems, climate change and agriculture, genetically engineered crops, and international agriculture . Complete biographic sketches, as well as personal statements of leadership, appeared in the May 2014 issue of Phytopathology News (Vol . 49, No . 5) . Please join us in welcoming these new members to APS Council at the APS Annual Meeting . n

Catch Up on May’s WebinarsAPS, with funding provided by the USDA Office of Pest Management Policy, recently held two well-attended webinars . The first discussed zebra chip research in the United States, and the second covered the exotic Cowpea mild mottle virus . The recorded open-access presentations are now available at www .apsnet .org/publications/webcasts/scientificpresentations . APS provides various solutions to increase the impact and usage of grant-funded outreach information, including webcasts, websites, promotional materials, and more . Contact Phil Bogdan at +1 .651 .994 .3859 or pbogdan@scisoc .org to learn more how APS can help you . n

Paul Vincelli

Mary Palm

90 July 2015

Editor’s Corner

How Will We Access Today’s Information in the Future?Doug Jardine, Kansas State University, PhytoNewsEditor@scisoc .org

In the April 1990 issue of Phytopathology News, future Editor-in-Chief Lee Campbell wrote a guest editorial entitled “Preserving Historical Resources—How Can You Help?” In it, he brings to the membership his intent to write the book which was eventually published as The Formative Years of Plant Pathology in the United States (available from APS PRESS) and cowritten by current APS Historian Paul Peterson and Clay Griffith . The essence of the editorial was that Campbell was making a plea for assistance from the membership . He wrote, “To accomplish our goal, we need your assistance in this project . Do you have information concerning the history of research, teaching, extension, or private consulting activities in your company,

department, agency, or foundation concerning the development of plant pathology in the United States?… Do you know of archives in which records and manuscripts on plant pathology are kept?”

His mention of archives triggered the memory of a recent discussion I had with Kansas State University archivist Cliff Height . One of my other responsibilities is that I serve as the archivist for the Alpha Rho Chapter of Epsilon Sigma Phi, the extension professional development fraternity . While perusing the Alpha Rho Chapter archives for information I could use for an article I was writing for the chapter’s newsletter, I asked him how archivists were dealing with the digital age . He indicated that it is a problem that archivists are currently wrestling with . As an example, even as little as 30 years ago, when a faculty member retired or passed away, it would be common to find file cabinets full of old correspondence, research data, and slides that could be used to piece together biographies or other documents of historical relevance . But what happens today when those file drawers are empty because correspondence is now in e-mails that may not have been saved? Even if saved, they could be in the “Cloud” or buried on some hard drive or server behind a password where they might not be readily accessible .

One example of approaching this problem comes from the National Archives of the United Kingdom . From their website, they state, “Everyone relies on the integrity of digital information, from the citizen to heads of government . It is essential that this information is preserved for future generations, just as traditional records have been preserved for us on paper and parchment .” They then present the challenges as follows: “Digital preservation is the care and management of original electronic records . These records are sometimes described as ‘born-digital .’ These are different from scanned copies of paper or parchment records and include emails, websites, databases and digital images and video .

The preservation of digital records presents a number of challenges because:• the equipment and software needed to view digital records may become obsolete• media such as tapes and discs deteriorate very quickly even if they do not appear to be

damaged• the context of a digital record and its relation to other records can easily be lost”

If you are interested, a link to their approach to digital preservation can be found at www .nationalarchives .gov .uk/documents/information-management/parsimonious-preservation .pdf .

If you are like me, preserving your information is challenging . When I started as a faculty member, I kept my documents stored on 5¼-inch floppy disks . As technology changed I went to 3½-inch disks to Iomega Zip disks to CD-ROM disks and finally to external hard drives and network backups . That’s only part of the problem, however . My original word processor was WordStar, then I progressed to WordPerfect, and today I use Microsoft Word (currently at Word 2010 and counting) . WordStar files are no longer even functional in the current Microsoft Windows environment, so any information in those files is essentially lost .

I would encourage everyone to think about how your work, beyond journal manuscripts, will be made available to future plant pathologists, biographers, and historians . The obsolescence of equipment, software, and formats will continue . How will we deal with it? n

Editor-in-Chief: Doug JardineManaging Editor: Michelle BjerknessEditor: Amanda BaumannDesign: Dawn MathersAdvertising Sales: Rhonda WilkiePhytopathology News (ISSN 0278-0267) is published eleven times per year by The American Phytopathological Society (APS) at 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St . Paul, MN 55121 U .S .A . Phone: +1 .651 .454 .7250, Fax: +1 .651 .454 .0766, E-mail: aps@scisoc .org, Web: www .apsnet .org . Phytopathology News is distributed to all APS members . Subscription price to nonmembers is $88 U .S ./$104 Elsewhere . Periodicals paid at St . Paul, MN . CPC Intl Pub Mail #0969249 . Postmaster: Send address changes to Phytopathology News, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St . Paul, MN 55121 U .S .A .

Submission GuidelinesAddress all editorial correspondence to: Doug Jardine, Department of Plant Pathology, 4024 Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5502 U .S .A . Phone: +1 .785 .532 .1386; Fax: +1 .785 .532 .5692; E-mail: PhytoNewsEditor@scisoc .org . In order to ensure timely publication of your news items and announcements, please send in material six weeks prior to the date of publication . Material should be no more than six months old when submitted . Submission of materials as electronic files, via e-mail, will speed processing . For information on submitting electronic images contact Amanda Baumann at amanda@scisoc .org . Deadline for submitting items for the August/September 2015 issue is July 15, 2015 .

APS LeadershipCouncil

President: A . Rick BennettPresident-Elect: Sally A . MillerVice President: Timothy D . MurrayImmediate Past President: George S . AbawiInternal Communications Officer: David M . GadouryTreasurer: Steven A . SlackSenior Councilor-at-Large: Mary E . PalmCouncilor-at-Large: Eric C . TedfordCouncilor-at-Large: Lindsey J . du ToitDivisional Councilor: Lawrence E . DatnoffPublications Councilor: Niklaus GrunwaldExecutive Vice President: Amy L . Hope

Editors-in-Chief APS PRESS: Timothy C . Paulitz MPMI: Jane Glazebrook Phytopathology: Krishna Subbarao Phytopathology News: Doug J . Jardine Plant Disease: Mark L . Gleason Plant Disease Management Reports: Kenneth W . Seebold Plant Health Progress: Pamela Roberts The Plant Health Instructor: Katherine L . Stevenson Plant Management Network: Cristi PalmerBoard and Office Chairs and Directors Academic Unit Leader Forum Chair: James R . Bradeen APS Foundation Chair: Ray D . Martyn Divisional Forum Chair: Jay W . Pscheidt PPB Chair: Jan E . Leach Publications Board Chair: Niklaus Grunwald OE Director: Tom Mitchell OIP Director: Marcial A . Pastor-Corrales OPSR Director: Courtney A . Gallup OPRO Director: Monica L . Elliott AMB Director: Amy O . CharkowskiDivision OfficersCaribbean Divisional Forum Rep.: Ronald French-Monar President: Hilda Victoria Silva-Rojas Secretary-Treasurer: Consuelo Estevez De JensenNorth Central Divisional Forum Rep.: Amanda Gevens President: Angela Orshinsky Secretary-Treasurer: Kiersten WiseNortheastern Divisional Forum Rep.: David Rosenberger President: Francis Ferrandino Vice President: Steven Johnson Secretary-Treasurer: Margaret McGrathPacific Divisional Forum Rep.: Jay Pscheidt President: Juliet Marshall President-Elect: David Gent Secretary-Treasurer: Soumaila SanogoPotomac Divisional Forum Rep.: Yilmaz Balci President: Jo Anne Crouch Vice President: Mizuho Nita Secretary-Treasurer: Mahfuzur RahmanSouthern Divisional Forum Rep.: Kenneth Seebold President: Nicole Ward-Gauthier President-Elect: Kevin Ong Vice President: Travis Faske Secretary-Treasurer: Rebecca Melanson

www.apsnet.org

Phytopathology News 91

Learn More about the Recent APS Constitutional ChangesA change to the APS Constitution and Bylaws was recently passed in the 2015 APS Election . With these changes, APS will no longer offer a group membership and instead a new program will be initiated that will provide a discounted regular membership with APS for current and prospective APS members employed or residing in economies with low or lower-middle incomes .

This recommendation was put forward after seeking input from the current group leaders and members who strongly indicated preference for an individual discount rather than the current group requirement . The concept was also vetted with the Office of International Programs and received full support .

The purpose of this amendment is to expand the current membership to be more inclusive of plant health scientists living in developing nations by classifying them as regular members . New members will be able to join APS with a discount by completing the online PDF application . Current group members will transition to the new membership beginning in fall 2015 . Watch for updates in upcoming issues of Phytopathology News . n

Online Nominations for Officers The success of APS depends on having excellent officers . Active APS members know that our society is involved in numerous activities, from fostering the highest scientific standards in publications to promoting education in plant pathology at annual meetings . We need experienced leaders who are committed to working diligently for the success of our scientific society and our profession .

It is easy to nominate someone for the positions of vice president and councilor-at-large! The Council Nomination website provides both the job descriptions for these positions and a link to the online form to submit your nomination . At the end of the year, the Nominations Committee will meet to evaluate the nominations and to ask selected qualified individuals to prepare full applications . Ultimately, two individuals are chosen for each office, and the entire membership will vote in May 2016 .

Go to www .apsnet .org/members/apsleadership/Pages/APSCouncil Nominations .aspx for more information and submit your nominations for 2016 . n

Live Stream Select Annual Meeting SessionsIf you can’t travel to Pasadena for the 2015 APS Annual Meeting this August, you can still take part and watch a number of sessions that will be selected for live streaming . Visit www .apsnet .org/meet for up-to-date details on how to join the sessions . We look forward to making the science accessible to our global audience! n

Bring Your Worldly Itemsto the Annual Meeting

�e Office of International Programs (OIP)presents the 11th Annual Silent Auction onSunday, August 2, from 12–6 p.m. You can stillcontribute a donation to this exciting event!Bring your item with you to the meeting anddrop it off at registration by 11 a.m. on Sunday.

Sign Up for “Agriculture Counts” Workshop Check out the “Agriculture Counts” workshop at the annual meeting, which will

be led by members of the APS Public Policy Board and the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) . Learn about the NASS database, which contains extensive information on crops, soils, land

use, projections, interactive maps, and more (www .nass .usda .gov) . Join in hands-on activities with Quick Stats, the best source of county-level

data on acreage and yield maps of crop estimates . Register now for this informative workshop on the sophisticated statistical analyses that NASS

makes available to you! Already registered for the annual meeting? Simply access your registration account via your confirmation e-mail and add the workshop on

to your registration n

92 July 2015

The Top Place to Visit in Pasadena Is…The APS PRESS Bookstore! APS PRESS is releasing more exciting new titles than ever before. That’s on top of the nearly 350 titles already in stock. And we’re offering huge discounts and giveaways so you can collect the ones most important to you. You can also try the latest electronic resources and journal features at our Demonstration Station, as well as attend our book signings and other events.

All this makes the APS PRESS Bookstore your must-see destination in the City of Roses . Below is a preview of what you can expect during your visit .

These include five new compendia, as well as groundbreaking and long-awaited books in mycology, virology, bacteriology, population biology, and organic plant pathology! See sidebar for full listing .

All 350-plus titles will be on sale, but that’s just the beginning . On Sunday, order any three books and get any single t-shirt for $10 . Monday through Wednesday, buy any three books and get your choice of the Compendium of Rose Diseases and Pests, Second Edition, or Fungicides for Field Crops FREE! Buy a fourth book, and get free shipping any day!

Author Robert M. Harveson and editor Ariena van Bruggen will be signing their respective books: The Bacterium of Many Colors and Plant Diseases and Their Management in Organic Agriculture . These book signings take place on Tuesday, August 4, 2015, between 12:15 and 1:00 p .m . in the APS PRESS Bookstore .

Check out the growing collection of images and fact sheets in this peer-reviewed resource for all your teaching and extension needs . Try it for free at the APS Demonstration Station . Subscribe on site, and get a free image CD! Also make sure to attend our special 45-minute APS Image Database demo, introduced by Sally Miller, APS president . It’s on Tuesday, August 4, from 2:15 to 3:00 p .m . in Room 107 at the Pasadena Convention Center .

The diagnostic and management tools in Turf MD and Tomato MD feature high-quality, peer-reviewed images, diagnostic keys, decision support tools, tips, and recommendations for the identification and management of various turf and tomato diseases . Put them to the test at the APS Demonstration Station .

Learn how our new XML-based platform helps authors and readers alike, with features like altmetrics, ORCID support (coming soon), improved viewing on mobile devices, and subscription pairing, which allows access to APS journals from your mobile device without logging in .

APS PRESS ebooks are downloadable on Kindle, Apple, and Android devices . Just like with print books, you can bookmark pages, highlight text, make searchable notes, plus do things you can’t with traditional print . Learn what these features are at the APS Demonstration Station .

APS offers grant outreach communication services for NIFA, SARE, and other grants . Consider APS your outreach publisher and we will help build impact for of your grant-funded research .

See more new APS PRESS titles than ever before.

Take advantage of huge savings, specials, and giveaways.

Meet the authors producing some of our latest titles.

Get some visual gratification with the APS Image Database and a FREE image CD.

Put the Plant Health from APS app to the test.

Discover the latest features and functionality of APS Journals.

Try our latest eBooks.

Submitting grant proposals? Learn how APS can help build impact for outreach.

NEW TITLES FROM APS PRESS!The Bacterium of Many Colors

Biology, Detection, and Management of Plant Pathogens in Irrigation Water

Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases and Pests, Third Edition

Compendium of Coffee Diseases and Pests

Compendium of Grape Diseases, Pests, and Disorders, Second Edition

Compendium of Rhododendron and Azalea Diseases and Pests, Second Edition

Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition

Hidden Histories and Ancient Mysteries of Witches, Plants, and Fungi

Introduction to Mycology in the Tropics (English and Spanish Editions)

Mycology Reference Cards, Second Edition

Plant Diseases and Their Management in Organic Agriculture

Population Biology of Plant Pathogens

Trichoderma: Identification and Agricultural Applications

Virulence Mechanisms of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

Phytopathology News 93

July Phytopathology Focus Issue to Address Emerging, Re-Emerging Plant Diseases

Plant pathology is closely tied to human history, and plant disease outbreaks throughout the years have impacted our quality of life in countless ways—most notably the Irish Potato Famine caused by late blight of potato, which triggered starvation, death, and the migration of millions .

While new fungicides, clean seeds, host resistance, and new techniques have decreased the impact of plant disease, a more globally connected world increases

the chances of pathogens crossing our borders . As a result, historical and contemporary diseases alike are emerging as threats to modern agriculture and food security—both in the developed and developing world .

With this in mind, the editors of Phytopathology have launched a new focus issue, entitled “Emerging and Re-Emerging Plant Diseases .” It boasts a collection of 17 research articles, reviews, and perspectives on emerging and re-emerging diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral plant pathogens, including Phytophthora infestans (late blight), Pseudoperonospora cubensis (cucurbit downy mildew), Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust), Peronospora belbahrii (basil downy mildew), and much more .

Watch for announcements about limited time open access to articles in this issue next month . n

FEATURED APS PRESS TITLE

The Bacterium of Many Colors by Robert M. HarvesonThanks to the efforts of Tim Paulitz, editor-in-chief of APS PRESS, the Editorial Board, and countless authors and reviewers, APS is launching nine new titles before the end of this year. In this issue, we feature one of these new titles now shipping to purchasers.

This colorful new book chronicles the discoveries, the people, and the important lessons that helped shape plant pathology . The Bacterium of Many Colors recounts diseases and outbreaks from the obscure to the infamous, covering a range of pathogen types along the way, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, phytoplasmas, and prokaryotes . Nearly 300 images and illustrations help bring this entertaining book to life for historically minded plant pathologists, agricultural and biological science enthusiasts, and anyone

interested in plant biology and history . The Bacterium of Many Colors can serve as both a leisurely read or as an excellent textbook for nonmajor science courses . This important new historical work is now on sale through July 31, 2015, for $175, or $10 off the cover price . APS members pay just $157 .50 with their 10% membership discount included! Learn more about this and many other new books at http://shopapspress .org .

Looking to publish your book with the leading plant pathology publisher, as well as support your society and your science? Contact APS PRESS acquisitions editors Chris Mundt (mundtc@science .oregonstate .edu) or Dennis Gross (d-gross@tamu .edu) to share your ideas for a new title . n

CALL FOR PAPERS

Next MPMI Focus Issue to Highlight Latest Research on Noncoding RNAsAuthor submissions due September 30, 2015

Recent investigations have uncovered diverse and critical roles of noncoding RNA molecules, which do not encode proteins but still exert powerful effects on gene expression in both pathogenic and symbiotic interactions .

The new MPMI focus issue, “Noncoding RNA-Mediated Regulation of Plant-Microbe Interactions,” will highlight the latest discoveries and concepts from different systems to create synergy for new research, as well as help us develop new technologies that enhance beneficial plant-microbe interactions and minimize pathogen infection .

This special focus issue is expected to offer valuable references for research in diverse disciplines and for teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels . MPMI Editor-in-Chief Jane Glazebrook, as well as Focus Issue Editors Biao Ding and John Carr, encourage authors to submit their research and perspective articles on topics pertaining to RNA molecules . Visit apsjournals .apsnet .org/page/MPMIFocus_NoncodingRNA to learn more . n

94 July 2015

In 1963, B. K. Forscher wrote an article in Science called “Chaos in the Brickyard .” In it, he said “Once upon a time…there was an activity called

scientific research and the performers of this activity were called scientists . In reality, however, these men were builders who constructed edifices, called explanations or laws, by assembling bricks, called facts…” But, back then, brickmaking was slow . Forscher stated “ . . .builders realized that they were sorely hampered in their efforts by delays in obtaining bricks . And then it came to pass that a misunderstanding spread among the brickmakers…The brickmakers became obsessed with the making of bricks .”

Fast forward to 2004, when Ken Jennings began the longest winning streak in game show history on Jeopardy! But then, in 2011, he and Brad Rutter (the highest grossing player) played against the supercomputer Watson—and lost . Watson’s victory represents the culmination of a fundamental shift in how we acquire, store, use, and interact with information—or “bricks .” Jennings and Rutter have an amazing talent—how to access bricks . But their talent pales in the face of Watson . The current reality in our computer-fueled instant access online-driven world is that everyone has access to all the bricks, and facts are a readily available commodity . The new challenge is assembling well-built edifices, coalescing the facts correctly to develop explanations and laws of science .

Today, bricks aren’t just the obsession of builders, but educators . Science, as it is taught in so many schools, requires the memorization of bricks . But the bricks aren’t

Important APS Dates to RememberJuly 2015

1 Entries for 2015 Art in Phytopathology contest due

1 Donation items due for OIP Silent Auction

3 Discounted hotel rates end for 2015 APS Annual Meeting

9 Regular registation closes for 2015 APS Annual Meeting

September 2015

1 OPRO Board Member Applications due

Leadership Institute

Building Critical Thinkers Brick by BrickJanna Beckerman, Purdue University, jbeckerm@purdue .edu, and Bill Schneider, USDA ARS, william.schneider@ars.usda.gov

used for construction . They are simply bricks, perhaps beautiful bricks, but they aren’t used by students to build anything resembling knowledge . Students memorize bricks, are tested on bricks, and are told to behold the power of bricks . They were told they must accept the brick . They just don’t understand what the larger purpose of a brick is, because no one bothered to teach them that brick-making is both art and science . It takes a lot of effort to create a brick, and that making a brick is a process, and that it is part of an edifice that is an even greater process .

Unfortunately, the emphasis on the rote memorization of facts in science education has the net effect of removing critical thinking from the imparted skill set . Rote memorization is easier for students, as preparation and studying becomes predictable and easier . And it’s easier for educators, as assessing correct and incorrect becomes much clearer . But it leads to unquestioning acceptance of any information as fact, when in reality every brick needs to be checked to assure that it is actually a brick .

Some groups, empowered by their own sources of information, started creating their own building blocks—we call these cards . They never understood bricks, and really, the bricks were just in piles . And some of the bricks were like no other bricks they had ever seen: genetically modified bricks that were

conglomerates they had never seen together, but regularly used apart; other bricks were nanoscale, and some bricks, they heard, caused cancer or death . And so it came to quickly pass that many people rejected bricks, because cards were simpler . Cards made sense . The cards were made to build elaborate houses on social media to promote cards . And the ranks of card dealers soared .

Without critical thinking, it’s pretty hard to separate the house of cards from the edifices of brick, until things come crashing down around you . Science and plant pathology face a daunting challenge these days, communicating the need for science funding and science education in a world that’s increasingly filled with conflicting misinformation . Now more than ever, it’s in the best interest of scientists and plant pathologists to promote critical thinking in the general public, one class at a time . The question is “How?”

We welcome your comments and ideas on how we teach these things . Send us your ideas in 1,000 words or less and you might author the next column on leadership . n

Unfortunately, the emphasis on the rote memorization of facts in science education has the net effect of removing critical thinking from the imparted skill set.

Phytopathology News 95

Last autumn, I began a part-time appointment as the APS liaison or subject matter expert (SME) to the U .S . Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), specifically its Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) . The basic responsibility of this position, which reports to APS Council via the APS Public Policy

Board, is to serve as a technical resource to OPP on matters related to plant diseases and their control, providing the staff access to information that will improve their ability to fulfill their regulatory function from a science-based perspective . More broadly, the position is intended to function as a formalized conduit between APS and OPP, facilitating information exchange between members of the two organizations . This position had been vacant since 2011, when its original incumbent, Frank Wong, left academic employment to accept a position within private industry .

Much of the incumbent’s direct interaction with staff is within the Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD), one of nine divisions within OPP . The EPA is legally mandated to consider both risks and benefits of pesticide use in making its regulatory decisions . While some other OPP divisions (e .g ., Environmental Fate & Effects, Health Effects) focus primarily on the risk part of the equation, BEAD is responsible for, among other things, conducting benefits assessments, whereby they collect and provide information about pesticide use patterns, currently available pesticides and pest management practices, and develop cost-benefit analyses with regard to specific regulatory issues .

An Update from the PPB Subject Matter Expert at EPAWayne Wilcox, APS Public Policy Board EPA Subject Matter Expert, wfw1@cornell .edu

Public Policy Board

There is also an opportunity for the incumbent to engage in two-way educational interactions with OPP staff within other units, e .g ., the Registration Division and Pesticide Re-evaluation Division . However, such interactions are purely informational, as discussions regarding pending regulatory decisions are not allowed . One example of a pending informational exchange is a planned series of “Fungicide 101” seminars that I will be presenting to staff on topics such as biochemical and physical modes of action of various fungicide groups, fungicide resistance development and management, etc ., over the next few months .

It is envisioned that I will visit the OPP offices (located in Arlington, VA, just across the Potomac River from Washington, DC) for two- to three-day periods about four to six times per year; to date, I have already done so in October and December 2014 and this past April . The Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) and the Entomological Society of America (ESA) have similar representatives to OPP and the three SMEs try to coordinate their visits in order to discuss and address topics that cut across disciplinary lines . One current topic that fits this description is an effort to harmonize terms pertaining to pesticide resistance, or at the very least agree to have variable definitions for certain ones, across the three disciplines .

EPA has a stated goal to extend the useful life of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides by slowing the development of resistance to them . As such, resistance management is becoming an increasingly important component within the regulatory matrix . However, EPA scientists are sometimes frustrated by the use of specific terms that can have different meanings among the three

pest management disciplines or the use of different terms to convey the same concept . As such, they have asked the representatives of APS, ESA, and WSSA to work with their societies’ membership to clarify appropriate terminology . Preliminary efforts have already begun, and this is an activity that I will be coordinating with input from the APS Pathogen Resistance Committee .

Another issue: Over the years, various fungicide labels—proposed by registrants and approved by the EPA—have sometimes been inconsistent in the common names used for individual target diseases . This can lead to confusion within the regulatory community and frustrate efforts to construct databases that match target diseases with fungicides labeled for their control . Although APS does maintain lists of the approved common names for diseases of many different plant hosts, some are outdated . Maintaining these lists in a current and accurate state should better enable fungicide regulators to do their jobs from an informed perspective and a process is currently underway within APS PRESS to review and update individual lists to assure their continued accuracy . If APS members would like to volunteer service as collators to update these lists, please contact Tim Paulitz, editor-in-chief of APS PRESS (paulitz@wsu .edu) .

As APS liaison to OPP, I look forward to the opportunity to increase the value of our society to this organization and to any relevant impact that improved access to our science may have on the ability of its staff to best fulfill their function . n

One current topic ... is an effort to harmonize terms pertaining to pesticide resistance, or at the very least agree to have variable definitions for certain ones, across the three disciplines.

96 July 2015

Outreach

Office of Education

Needed by September 1: APS Government Agency Member with an Interest in Public Outreach

The Office of Public Relations and Outreach (OPRO) is seeking an APS member affiliated with a government agency (local, state, federal, or international) to join the OPRO Board . If you are interested in fostering greater public awareness and understanding of plant pathology, particularly among high school and undergraduate students, please submit a 2-page letter/CV emphasizing your experience and interest to Monica Elliott (melliott@ufl .edu), OPRO Director, by September 1, 2015 . The OPRO Board meets in person twice a year and several times throughout the year via teleconference . For more information about OPRO, visit www .apsnet .org/members/outreach/opro . n

Succession Planning Starts with UndergraduatesAlejandra Huerta, University of Wisconsin-Madison, alejandraihuerta@gmail .com; Carolee Bull, USDA ARS, cbull@csumb .edu

Tuesday’s Plenary Session at the APS Annual Meeting this summer will include generational expert Scott Zimmer, BridgeWorks, who will present “When Generations Connect: Communicating with Four Generations of Employees .” Let’s keep this in mind when we think about the next generations of plant pathologists . Our society should think broadly about the options we employ to meet the APS critical objective nested within the APS Strategic Plan: “To recruit and retain top undergraduate students into plant pathology” (www .apsnet .org/about/governance/Documents/APS_CurrentStrategicPlan .pdf ) .

APS Council and the Office of Education are working to fulfill the foregoing objective and are working with the Councilor’s Forum, APS Division leadership, and others to increase our effectiveness in this area . However, more participation is needed from a broader sector of the society to make APS as inclusive as possible . Thus, we are hoping those interested will contact us and participate in the first strategic planning meeting and future conference calls .

If you are interested in the role of APS in undergraduate education and recruitment of undergraduates to plant pathology, please contact Alejandra Huerta (alejandraihuerta@gmail .com) or Carolee Bull (cbull@csumb .edu) (subject line: APS OE Undergraduate Effort) . We will invite those who indicate interest to a one-hour brainstorming session at this summer’s meeting in Pasadena, CA .

It will be useful to first understand who is currently recruiting and working on

undergraduate education and how we can multiply their successes . One immediate goal is to document best practices for recruiting undergraduates into plant pathology from traditional and nontraditional programs . This will require that we understand which programs and individuals from outside traditional plant pathology departments are effective at recruitment for our field and identify areas for improved efforts .

So often we hear from plant pathologists that it was a special professor that sparked their interest in plant pathology . Furthermore, it is extremely valuable for younger generations to have race-, ethnicity-, or gender-matched role models, both for their academic performance and career aspiration . In APS, we know the importance of good role models, good mentorship, and hands-on independent research projects on recruitment and retention of top undergraduate students into plant pathology . One small but concrete action we can take to help with undergraduate recruitment is to engage the undergraduates who attend the APS division and national meetings . Share your academic path and discover how their interests intersect with your research and our science .

Although nothing can substitute for these one-on-one interactions, we should ask the question: What can APS do to support and help develop successful recruitment programs? Once the students identify plant pathology as a field of interest, do we provide sufficient resources to keep them interested on the APS website and APS meetings? Many individuals and groups within APS have been actively working in this area and we encourage you to attend the special session at this year’s APS meeting “You Can’t Start Too Early,” which will showcase examples of the impacts of these efforts and the role they play in forming a strong society . The Borlaug’s Army initiative sponsored by APS Council (www .apsnet .org/members/BorlaugsArmy) is one specific approach to enhance internship programs and engage undergraduates . Through this effort, students working in the field of plant pathology as part of research experience for undergraduate (REU) programs receive free membership in APS when they join Borlaug’s Army . Please share this opportunity with your university’s REU and other internship program managers for this summer’s participants . n

One immediate goal is to document best practices for recruiting undergraduates into plant pathology from traditional and nontraditional programs.

Phytopathology News 97

Schroth Faces of the Future Symposium Highlights Early Career Professionals in Nematology

APS Foundation

This year’s Schroth Faces of the Future Symposium will feature presentations by four accomplished early career professionals in nematology, including J. Alfonso

Cabrera, Shiyan Chen, Travis R. Faske, and Paulo Vieira . Scheduled for Sunday, August 1, at 1:00 p .m ., the symposium will provide the awardees with an opportunity to highlight their current work and speculate on the future directions of nematology .

The symposium was established through a generous endowment from Milt and Nancy Schroth and is organized annually by the APS Early Career Professionals Committee with assistance from the APS Foundation and relevant subject matter committees . The symposium alternates among six general research topics—bacteriology, nematology, mycology, virology, host-plant interactions, and epidemiology/disease management—and acknowledges up-and-coming APS members who are within 10 years of graduation . This year’s awardees each receive a $500 award to defray the cost of traveling to the 2015 APS Annual Meeting .

J . Alfonso Cabrera is an applied plant nematologist who has investigated nematode

management strategies using fumigants, nonfumigant nematicides, and biocontrol agents in tropical and subtropical agriculture in a variety of crops . He has numerous peer-reviewed publications,

received grants as a principal and co-principal investigator, and has participated in international nematology projects . Currently, Cabrera is a station scientist responsible for the nematology and plant pathology research at the Western Field Technology Station of Bayer CropScience, in Fresno, CA . Previously, Cabrera investigated alternatives to methyl bromide in a joint post-doctoral appointment at the University of California-Riverside and the Water Management Research Unit of USDA ARS . He also investigated the enhanced biodegradation of nonfumigant nematicides at the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre in Costa Rica . Cabrera has a B .S . degree in

agricultural sciences from Landivar University, Guatemala, and M .S . and Ph .D . degrees in nematology from the laboratory of Richard A. Sikora, University of Bonn, Germany .

Shiyan Chen was born in China . She received her B .S . degrees in genetics and

breeding of crops from the South China Agricultural University and Ph .D . degree in genetics from the Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai . In

2007, Chen started her post-doc research in Xiaohong Wang’s lab in the Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology at Cornell University, where she continues today as a research associate . In Wang’s lab, Chen studies parasitism genes from potato cyst nematodes and works to identify potato receptors that perceive nematode-secreted CLE peptides during nematode parasitism . Her recently published study in Plant Physiology has profound implications for guiding strategies to develop improved nematode resistance in crop plants .

Travis R . Faske is an assistant professor and extension plant pathologist at the University

of Arkansas, Lonoke Research and Extension Center . He received a B .S . degree in plant and soil science from Tarleton State University, an M .S . degree in plant pathology from Oklahoma

State University, and a Ph .D . degree in plant pathology from Texas A&M University . His current extension appointment includes responsibilities for many of Arkansas’s major row crops . Faske’s problem-solving research and education program in nematology has utilized various nematode management agents and cultural tactics with nematode-resistant cultivars to develop management strategies in soybean and cotton production systems . Other educational programs include the distribution and management of QoI-resistant frogeye leaf spot of soybean, foliar diseases of corn, and soilborne diseases of peanut . He is active in various regional and national extension

committees and is currently vice president of the APS Southern Division .

Paulo Vieira obtained his undergraduate degree in biology from the University of

Évora, Portugal, initiating his studies in nematology under the supervision of Manuel Mota . In Évora, his master’s research focused on the pinewood nematode and related pine wilt disease . Later,

he joined the nematology group of Sophia Agrobiotech Institute/INRA in France to obtain his Ph .D . degree in molecular and cellular biology from the University of Nice under the guidance of Janice de Almeida Engler . During this time, he performed functional studies of a plant-specific family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) using Arabidopsis thaliana and the root-knot nematode as a model host and demonstrated that by overexpressing such proteins (Kip-related proteins) on the nematode feeding site both mitotic and endoreduplication cycles are strongly inhibited, consequently blocking both development of the nematode feeding cells and nematode offspring . Since then, he has participated in several projects related to plant-nematode interaction, such as the root-knot nematode and the pinewood nematode, involving several international teams from Portugal, France, and the United States . Currently, he is the principal investigator of a NIFA project at Virginia Tech and USDA focused on migratory plant-parasitic nematodes with high economic relevance in the United States—with specific regard to genome and transcriptome data mining of essential and parasitism-related genes for control of root lesion nematodes . He has published 42 peer-reviewed articles and several book chapters, participated on the editorial board of various books regarding plant-parasitic nematodes, and is an executive member of the Society of Nematologists .

Additional contributions to the Schroth Faces of the Future Fund may be made through the APS Foundation website (www.apsnet.org/members/foundation/donate) or by sending a check to APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, MN 55121 U.S.A. n

98 July 2015

Thank You APS Foundation ContributorsMAJOR DONOR RECOGNITION

The following individuals are recognized for their significant contribution to the APS Foundation as determined by lifetime total donations as of May 15, 2015 . A comprehensive listing of all APS Foundation contributors since the inception of the foundation is available at www .apsnet .org/members/foundation/contributors .

Legacy Club$50,000 + The American Phytopathological Soc .†

Browning, J . Artie French, Edward R . Mathre, Don E . Niederhauser, John S . and Ann

Schroth, Milton N . and Nancy L .

Tarleton, Raymond J . Platinum Club$20,000 - $49,999 Alvarez, Anne M . Chase Agricultural Consulting LLC†

Dubin, H . Jesse† Gorenz, August M . Sherwood, John L .† Shurtleff, Malcolm C . Syngenta Crop Protection

Executive Club$10,000 - $19,999 Abawi, George S .† APS/APHIS Virus Committee

Aycock, Robert and Elsie Coakley, Stella Melugin Cook, R . James and Beverly

Dow AgroSciences†Draper, Martin A .† Fry, William E . Goeppinger, Mrs . Walter Gutierrez, Mario Hastings, Dwight Keen, Noel T . (Dr . and Mrs .)

Kuc, Karola*† Leach, Jan E . and Tisserat, Ned A .

Martyn, Raymond D ., Jr . Monsanto CompanyPaddock, William C .

Rowe, Randall C . Tammen, Jim and Marilyn Tolin, Sue A . Vidaver, Anne K . Wallin, Jack R . and Janet Yulee Seed Company Five K Club $5,000 - $9,999 Agdia Inc .Amador, Jose APS North Eastern Division

APS Pan American Conference/Jose Amador

BASF Corp .Brakke, Myron K . (Dr . and Mrs .)

Cali, Brant B . D’Arcy, Cleora J . Dezoeten, Gustaaf A . Eversole, Kellye A . Eyal, Yona

Fletcher, Jacqueline Flor, Harold H . Ford, Richard E . Fulton, Jeanette L . Gleason, Mark† Grogan, Raymond G . Ishimaru, Carol Jacobsen, Barry J . Kontaxis, D . G . Leavitt, George Muse, Ronald R . Nelson, Steven C . Paulus, Albert O . Quigley, Malcolm Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation

Schafer, John and Joyce Scherm, Harald Schumann, Gail L .† Seem, Robert C . Sequeira, Luis Stakman FundThomas, H . Rex

Presidents Club $2,500 - $4,999 Allen, Caitilyn American Society of Brewing Chemists

Apple, J . Lawrence ArystaAycock, Suzanne Barker, Kenneth R . Beadle, Danise Bergstrom, Gary C .† Blumenstock, John* Boehm, Michael† Carroll, Nona Beth ChemturaChevalley Hiss, Judith S . Daughtrey, Margery Deep, Ira W . DuPont Pioneer†Frank, James A . Fulton, Joseph P . Green, Ralph J ., Jr .Jones, Alan L . Kelman, Arthur

Kingsland, Graydon Landis International Inc .Litzenberger, Samuel C . MacDonald, James Madden, Laurence V . McMillan, Robert, Jr . McNabb, Harold S ., Jr . Meiners, Jack P . Metz, Paul Mitchell, John E . Moyer, James W . Ogawa, Marge Purdy, Laurence H . Steadman, James R . Tally, Allison Thomason, Ivan J . Tweedy, Billy G . Walkinshaw, Charles H ., Jr .

Williams, Paul H . Windels, Carol Zentmyer, George A . and Dorothy

2014–2015 CONTRIBUTORS

A special thanks to the following individuals who made donations to the APS Foundation between May 16, 2014, and May 15, 2015 .

APS Millennium Club$1,000 - $2,499 Becker, Christopher M . Black, Mark C . Bowen, Kira L . Cline, Molly N . Diener, Urban L . Dolezal, William E . Elliott, Monica L . Elmer, Wade H . Esker, Paul Forster, Helga C . Frank, James A . Fravel, Deborah R . Frederick, Lafayette† Garnsey, Stephen M . Gerik, James S . Gray, Stewart M . Gullino, Maria Lodovica Hammerschmidt, Raymond

Hammond, Rosemarie W . Hanson, Linda E . Harrington, Thomas C . Kommedahl, Thor Loper, Joyce E . Manion, Paul D . Maxwell, Douglas P . McBeath, Jenifer H . McManus, Patricia S . Melcher, Ulrich K . Mellinger, H . Charles Miller, Sally A . Mitchell, Thomas K . Ownley, Bonnie H . Shain, Louis Slack, Steven A .

Smart, Christine D . Stack, James P . Sumner, Donald R . Van Der Zwet, Tom Zoller, Broc G . APS Five Hundred Club $500 - $999Barnes, John M . Blanchette, Robert A . Cardwell, Kitty F .† Charudattan, Raghavan Cubeta, Marc A . Datnoff, Lawrence E . Dickerson, Ottie J . Dowler, William M . du Toit, Lindsey J . Engelhard, Arthur W . Gadoury, David M . Grunwald, Niklaus† Hiebert, Ernest Holmes, Gerald J .† Ishiguro, Kiyoshi Jardine, Douglas J .† Jia, Yulin Juzwik, Jennifer Krause, Matthew S . Kuldau, Gretchen† Labavitch, John M . Mahaffee, Walter F . Martin, Robert R . McSpadden Gardener, Brian B .

Merryfield, E . Anne† Murray, Timothy D . Palm, Mary E .†

Paul, Edyth* Signoret, Pierre A . Thomas, Samantha Tomaso-Peterson, Maria Watanabe, Tsuneo Zadoks, Jan C . APS Patron Club $250 - $499Balbalian, Clarissa J . Benson, Michael Bostock, Richard M . Bulluck, Russ Carris, Lori M . Charkowski, Amy O . Cobb, William T . Coffman, W . Ronnie† Dewdney, Megan M . Douglas, Sharon M . Gold, Scott E . Hill, John H . Jarvis, William R . Johnson, Evan G .† Kanto, Takeshi Kriss, Alissa B .† Lawn, Dennis A . Maxwell, Douglas P . Michailides, Themis J . Niblack, Terry L .† Nishijima, Wayne T . Pedersen, Wayne L . Pierson, Leland S . Shiraishi, Tomonori Sinclair, Wayne A . Sipes, Brent S .

APS Century Club $100 - $249Alleyne, Angela T . Andres, Markus Axelrood, Paige E . Bridge Club of Ithaca*Brown, Judith K . Canaday, Craig H . Correll, James C .*Davis, Eric L . Dercks, Wilhelm Donofrio, Nicole M . Frate, Carol A . French-Monar, Ronald D .* Hadwiger, Lee A . Harp, Tyler L .† Heuchelin, Scott A .† Kistler, Harold Corby Lacy, Melvyn L . Li, Sean Xiang Luster, Douglas G . Marshall, Juliet M .† Motor Board National College Senior Honor Society*

Ong, Kevin Peterson, Paul D .* Rioux, Renee† Rogers, Peter M .† Scharpf, Robert F . Schenck, Susan*Sharma Poudyal, Dipak* Sikora, Edward J .* Stewart, Jane Sundin, George W . Testen, Anna L .† Timothy, Marian W .*

Tzanetakis, Ioannis E .* Vincelli, Paul Vogler, Detlev R . Williams, Robert J .* Yeh, Ying† APS Contributor $1 - $99Alabi, Olufemi J . Allan, Elisha B .* Allende-Molar, Raul Amiri, Achour* Bhuiyan, Md Abdullahil Baki*

Bittner, Richard*Chagas Ferreira Da Silva, Eduardo*

Conrad, Anna O .* Creswell, Tom C . Crocker, Ellen* Dalla Lana, Felipe* Danies, Giovanna De La Fuente, Leonardo* Doan, Hung Kim* Dundore-Arias, Jose Pablo Dunn, Amara R .* Ferreira Dos Santos, Patricia C .*

Fulladolsa, Ana C . Gao, Qing-Ming*Gordon, Thomas R .* Haack, Stacey E .* Hermann, Dietrich Huerta, Alejandra I .* Islam, Kazi T .* Ivors, Kelly L . Kabbage, Mehdi*

Koch, Paul L .*Koehler, Alyssa*Kunjeti, Sridhara G .* Lee, Samantha* Lewis, Paul I . Lorbeer, James W .* Marroquin-Guzman, Margarita R .*

McCorkle, Kestrel L . Medina, Rachel* Mills, Karasi B .* Murillo-Williams, Adriana Oliveira, Michelle*Oyarzabal, Emilio S .* Paulitz, Timothy C . Peter, Kari A .* Pierson, Elizabeth A . Ranjan, Ashish*Saalau Rojas, Erika Salgado, Jorge David Schneider, William Shaver, J . Bradly R . Sherwood, Patrick W . Shrestha, Subidhya*Stephens, Cameron*Su, Hong Ji Sueno, Wendy S . K . Sweany, Rebecca R .* Swett, Cassandra L . Tancos, Matthew Thomas, Anna* Tian, Peng*Tran, Tien T .* Vega-Sanchez, Miguel E . Wallis, Christopher M .* Wang, Jie*Yaghmour, Mohammad*

NOTE: This listing is organized according to the honorary group to which the donor belongs as determined by lifetime total donations . (New donors are indicated by *; new club members are indicated by † .)

Phytopathology News 99

Elizabeth Kramer recently completed the requirements for her M .S . degree in plant pathology at Washington State University (WSU) . Her thesis was entitled “Interactions of wild

vineyard yeast with Botrytis cinerea and sensitivity to select fungicides in vitro .” Her committee included Dean Glawe (chair), Weidong Chen, Charles Edwards, and Lee Hadwiger . Botrytis cinerea can produce significant reductions in fruit yields and quality in Washington vineyards . Kramer screened 50 wild yeast strains from a vineyard near Prosser, WA, for suppressive activity against B. cinerea . She found that 32 strains exhibited some inhibition of B. cinerea growth, including 11 highly suppressive strains, Candida saitoana, Metschnikowia chrysoperlae, M. pulcherrima, Aureobasidium pullulans var . pullulans, Curvibasidium pallidicorallinum, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus . She evaluated these strains for sensitivity to fungicides commonly used in Washington vineyards and found them highly resistant to most fungicides . She also tested the yeast strains on detached grape berries for ability to reduce lesion size by B. cinerea . Her study provides evidence that some naturally occurring yeast strains from vineyards could be of possible use in managing Botrytis bunch rot of grape . Her results also suggest that the use of naturally occurring yeasts to help suppress B. cinerea could be compatible with fungicide-based strategies to manage powdery mildew in vineyards . Kramer grew up in Duluth, MN, and received her B .S . degree in plant biology from the University of Washington in 2008 . Before joining WSU in 2012, she was a field botanist with the U .S . Department of Interior . She is a lead biologist at NorthStar Technologies .

Xingpeng “Simon” Li recently completed requirements for his Ph .D . degree in plant and environmental sciences at Clemson University under the direction of Guido Schnabel . His

dissertation was “Characterization of a new Botrytis species and fungicide resistance in Botrytis cinerea from blackberry .” He has discovered and named a new Botrytis species Botrytis caroliniana Li & Schnabel and characterized fungicide resistance of B. cinerea

fructicola .” In the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola, microsatellite instability and transposon movement resulted after prolonged exposure to the fungicide azoxystrobin in vitro . In her work, Dowling investigated phenotypic and genotypic changes of field isolates of M. fructicola after application of azoxystrobin or propiconazole fungicides weekly to nectarine trees for two years between bloom and harvest . Her results showed no evidence of fungicide-induced microsatellite instability or reduction of sensitivity to fungicides used in the study or to unrelated chemical classes, indicating that fungicide-induced mutagenesis may not occur in field populations as readily as it does in vitro .  

Wonyong Kim recently completed the requirements for his Ph .D . degree in plant pathology at Washington State University . His dissertation was entitled “Functional characterization of polyketide-derived secondary metabolite solanapyrones produced by the chickpea blight pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei: Genetics and chemical ecology .” His committee included Weidong Chen (chair), Lee Hadwiger, George Vandemark, Tobin Peever, and Ming Xian . Solanapyrone A has long been considered a key virulence factor in the chickpea-A. rabiei interaction, due to its phytotoxicity to chickpea . To determine the role of solanapyrones during the infection process, Kim generated solanapyrone-minus mutants from A. rabiei strains of different pathotypes . He examined the phytotoxicity of solanapyrones with various legumes including chickpea plants with varying degree of resistance to the disease and expression levels of solanapyrone genes . He found that purified solanapyrone A has a broad spectrum of phytotoxicity, causing necrotic lesions on all tested plants . His results indicate that solanapyrone A is neither a host-selective toxin nor a virulence factor of A. rabiei . To investigate ecological roles of solanapyrones, he co-cultured wild-type strains or solanapyrone-minus mutants with saprobic fungi that have been isolated from chickpea debris left in a field . Wild-type strains effectively suppressed the growth of the saprobic fungi, whereas solanapyrone-minus mutants did not . These results suggest that solanapyrone A plays an important role in competition and presumably in survival of the pathogen in nature . Kim received his B .S . degree in agronomy in 2007 and an M .S . degree in plant biotechnology in 2009 from Chonnam National University, South Korea .

Student Awards & DegreesPhuong Dinh recently completed the requirements for her Ph .D . degree in plant pathology at Washington State University . Her dissertation was entitled “Plant nematode

interaction and the application of RNA interference for controlling root-knot nematodes (RKN) .” Dinh’s advisors were Axel Elling and Debbie Inglis, and her committee also included Kiwamu Tanaka, Lori Carris, and Charles Brown . Dinh developed a novel, nondestructive technique to observe the progression of nematode pathogenesis in planta . She found that overexpression of 16D10, a highly conserved RKN effector, in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced susceptibility of A. thaliana to Meloidogyne incognita . She cloned an ortholog of 16D10, Mc16D10L, from M. chitwoodi . By silencing Mc16D10L using plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi), she observed significant reduction of M. chitwoodi race 1 reproduction in A. thaliana and potato plants . Introducing 16D10 RNAi into potato breeding line PA99N82-4 also decreased reproduction of M. chitwoodi pathotype Roza . The RNAi effect of Mc16D10L was transmitted to M. chitwoodi offspring, and significantly reduced pathogenicity of nematode offspring on non-RNAi plants . The potato RNAi line D21 further proved resistant to M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, and M. hapla . Her results show that plant-mediated 16D10 RNAi offers a promising new tool for molecular breeding against RKN in potato . Dinh received her B .S . degree in biotechnology from Vietnam National University in 2004 and an M .S . degree in plant biology from Massey University, New Zealand, in 2009 . She was a research assistant at the Southern Horticultural Research Institute, Vietnam (2004–2007 and 2009–2010) . Dinh works in the institute as a plant pathologist .

Madeline Dowling recently completed requirements for her master’s degree in plant and environmental sciences at Clemson University under the direction of Guido

Schnabel . Her thesis was entitled “Influence of repeated field applications of Azoxystrobin on population diversity of Monilinia

People

People continued on page 100

100 July 2015

David N. Showalter, a Ph .D . candidate in plant pathology, was awarded the 2015 Charles E . Thorne Memorial Associateship by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center

at The Ohio State University, which honors one outstanding graduate student each year . Showalter is investigating mechanisms of ash tree resistance to emerald ash borer .  His advisor is Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello .  Showalter was also awarded a 2015 Blair F . Janson and Wilmer G . Stover Travel Scholarship by the Department of Plant Pathology .  Showalter and Michael Falk, an M .S . entomology student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, were also recognized by the Entomological Society of America with a first-place award for their outreach video, Can We Save Ash Trees from the Emerald Ash Borer? The video was part of a successful crowdfunding campaign on www .experiment .com to raise research funds .

Jinita Sthapit recently completed the requirements for her Ph .D . degree in plant pathology at Washington State University . Her dissertation was entitled “Wheat landraces for novel resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses .” Her committee included Deven See (chair), Scot Hulbert, Xianming Chen, and Michael Pumphrey . In her studies, she identified 165 accessions resistant to stripe rust and 30 of them also resistant to stem rust . She used single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to group resistant landraces into different clusters and identified genetically distinct resistant genotypes indicating potentially diverse resistance genes . She developed recombinant inbred lines from crosses of four resistant landraces with a susceptible spring wheat

genotype . By phenotyping the populations for stripe rust responses and genotyping with genotyping-by-sequencing and microsatellite markers, she mapped one to five quantitative trait loci for resistance to stripe rust in the four landraces . With winter wheat germplasm, she identified a cluster of 553 landraces from regions of >40°N using SNPs . Through testing freezing tolerance using electrolyte leakage on 192 landraces, she found that greater freezing tolerance is more prevalent in landraces from higher latitudes . She identified two chromosomal regions contributing to the adaptation to higher latitudes and conferring freezing tolerance using the genome-wide association study approach . Sthapit grew up in Kathmandu, Nepal . She received her B .S . degree in biology in 2000 and an M .S . degree in botany in 2010 from Tribhuvan University, Nepal, and an M .S . degree in plant pathology from the University of Arkansas in 2010 . She was an assistant lecturer in National Multiple College, Nepal, 2003–2007 .

Hui Yan recently completed the requirements for his Ph .D . degree in plant pathology at Washington State University . His dissertation was entitled “Effects of meteorological

factors on conidia infection and production of Erysiphe necator, Podosphaera clandestina, and Podosphaera macularis on the leaves of grape, cherry, and hop .” Yan’s major professor was Gary Grove, and his committee also included David Gent (USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR), Dennis Johnson, and Naidu Rayapati . Powdery mildews are common problems on grape, cherry, and hop in Washington State . He determined optimal conditions for conidial sporulation of P. clandestine on cherry . He conducted similar experiments to determine effects of RH on sporulation of P. macularis conidia at 20°C, and found a significant negative linear relationship between harvested conidia and RH at 80–97 .5% during 48 h incubation . In the experiments of ultraviolet radiation (UV), he found that low levels of UV resulted in higher population of E. necator conidia, while high UV had the opposite effect, and determined the thresholds of UV-A and UV-B . He described the negative relationship of UV with conidia concentration in current day (lag0) and the previous two days (lag2) using cross correlation analysis . He developed three dynamic prediction models of E. necator, P. clandestina, and P. macularis . This study suggested that the understanding

to seven classes of chemicals . The recent work presents statistical evidence that B. cinerea acquires resistance to different fungicide classes in a stepwise manner; this study was featured as key research on the Editor`s Pick in the APS news capsule in August 2014 . He has generated and annotated transcriptome sequences of Monilinia fructicola isolates that will be helpful for future investigations .

Four graduate students received their M .S . degrees in entomology and plant pathology (plant pathology option) from Oklahoma State University (OSU) in spring/summer 2015 . These included Claudia Diaz Proaño (Analysis of the Leptosphaeria maculans race structure and identification of major-gene resistance to black leg in winter canola, John Damicone, advisor); Nathalia Graf Grachet (Effect of foliar fungicides on relative chlorophyll content, green leaf area, yield, and test weight of winter wheat, Bob Hunger, advisor); Sumit Pradhan Shrestha (Fungicide-induced hormetic effects in plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, Carla Garzon, advisor); and Alix Yates-Orr (Occurrence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from grazed and non-grazed native pecan orchards, Li Ma, advisor) . Diaz is planning to pursue a training period with the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Lab at OSU starting in summer 2015 . In addition to her degree, Grachet received the 2015 Phoenix Award, which is given to the outstanding master’s student at OSU . She will be starting her Ph .D . degree in plant pathology this summer at OSU with Nathan Walker as her advisor . Shrestha has entered a Ph .D . degree program at the University of Florida under the direction of Md Ali Babar . Yates-Orr, who also was selected by the Farm Foundation to attend the 2015 Farm Foundation’s Cultivators Roundtable Conference, is finishing his thesis and applying for industry positions .

Spring/summer 2015 M.S. graduates from Oklahoma State University (left to right): Claudia Diaz Proaño, Phillip Mulder (department head), Sumit Shrestha, Alix Yates-Orr, and Nathalia Grachet.

People, continued from page 99

Phytopathology News 101

of relationship between weather variables and conidia concentration could improve the management of powdery mildew on grape, cherry, and hop . Yan grew up in China and received his M .S . degree in statistics from the University of Idaho in 2008 .

AwardsTheresa (Terry) Aveling from the University of Pretoria’s Department of Plant Science received the 2015 SANSOR-Bayer Science for a Better Life Award . The prize is awarded by the South

African National Seed Organisation and Bayer CropScience in recognition of leadership, innovation, and positive contributions to the South African seed industry and agriculture . Aveling established the Seed Science Research Unit that is now internationally recognized and locally relevant through the University of Pretoria seed science industry course, post-graduate training, and research . Her team plays a pivotal part in a global, coordinated, and multidisciplinary effort to manage seedborne diseases . The students are trained according to the methods of the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), which is responsible for standard procedures for testing seeds adopted internationally for the movement of seeds in international trade . Aveling served ISTA as vice-chair of the Storage Committee (2001–2007), member of the Seed Health Committee (2001–2007), member of the Rules Committee (2007–2013), and chair of the Seed Health Committee for the two periods . In 2013, she took up the vice-chair position in order to focus on her role of chair of the Seed Pathology Committee of the International Society for Plant Pathology (2013–2018) .

Steve Whitham received the 2015 Iowa State University (ISU) Exemplary Faculty Mentor Award on May 6 . ISU recognizes the importance of supporting all faculty through both formal and informal mentoring  along the various stages of one’s academic career . Whitham was nominated for the award by Daren Mueller, who he is currently serving as faculty mentor .

CollaborationOn May 26–29, 2015, researchers from Washington State University (Lindsey du Toit and Mike Derie), Sakata Seed Japan (Keita Goto), Sakata Seed USA (Stephanie Crane), and University of California Cooperative Extension (Steve Koike) attended a four-day workshop on Taxonomy of Bacterial Plant Pathogens hosted at the USDA ARS in Salinas . USDA ARS Research Plant Pathologist Carolee Bull presented lectures on classification, nomenclature, and identification and provided practical experience with DNA

sequence analysis . Polly Goldman, a technical scientist from USDA ARS, and Saurina Davis and Julio Martinez (CSUMB student interns at the USDA ARS) led laboratory exercises in rep-PCR and multilocus sequence typing . Whale watching, sand dollar collecting, and cultural exchange in the beautiful Monterey Bay were part of the social agenda outside of the workshop . The participants wrote the following poem as a parting gift for the workshop presenters .

Identification of Pseudomonads was failing,So to Salinas we went for training .Her vital fascinationWith bacterial classificationHelped counter our ignorant flailing .

While most run away from the rules,She uses them as practical tools .Like Grade 1 mathematics,She plays with systematics,And keeps us from looking like fools .

She ponders the origins of a name,And determines relationships like a game,The pathotype strainIs key to all gain!Her insights are bringing great fame .

She surrounds herself with good folkTo keep from having a stroke .Holy Moly!It’s not guacamole!Carolee deftly lightens the yoke .

The proficient one with no time for folly,You learn soon “Good golly, Miss Polly!Your degree of slopDoesn’t lead to flop,And you know how to keep us all jolly!”

To help assemble the ‘A’ TeamSteve Koike forms part of the dream .He has a noseThat sniffs out the rose,To sort the whey from the cream .

We’re indebted for this workshop,And know the learning will not stop,To look at species,And use the theses,Of the indeterminate bacterial taxonomy crop . n

ISU Dean Jonathan Wickert and Steve Whitham (left).

102 July 2015

Extension Seed Potato Specialist

University of Idaho, Department of Plant Soil and Entomological Sciences, is seeking an extension seed potato specialist . The successful candidate will develop an externally funded, internationally recognized research and extension program emphasizing seed potato production, seed health, and seed-related aspects of commercial potato production . Position responsibilities will be focused on providing statewide leadership and coordination in seed potato extension programming . This position will require presentation of research seminars, participation in professional meetings, and publishing in refereed journals . Research-based information will be delivered to growers and other clientele groups . Education of graduate students expected . Funding for extension and research programming will be obtained from external competitive grants . Required: A Ph .D . degree in plant pathology, agronomy, horticulture, plant physiology, or closely related field and interest in applied seed research . Desired: Demonstrated experience with seed potato production and effective collaboration in team-based research programs . Training and/or experience

Classifieds

Classified Policy: You can process your job listing at www .apsnet .org/careers/jobcenter . Please note: Your online job listing will be edited by newsletter staff to a maximum of approximately 200 words for the print listing in Phytopathology News . Fees for posting online are $25 member/$50 nonmember for graduate or post-doc positions and $200 member/$250 nonmember for all other positions . To have your job listing included in Phytopathology News, simply select the option on the online form (there is an additional $55 fee) . If you have any questions, contact the APS Placement Coordinator (apsplacement@scisoc .org) .

in pathology related to clonal propagation systems, specifically plant/virus interactions . Training or experience in mentoring graduate students . Evidence of ability to obtain external funding . Training or experience in developing and delivering extension/outreach programs . Supervisory experience . Interested individuals must complete the online application (https://uidaho .peopleadmin .com/hr/postings/8889), including a letter of application addressing the responsibilities of the position, as well as each required and desired qualification, CV, academic transcripts, three letters of reference, and contact information for references . Any required documentation that cannot be submitted online, should be sent to Stephen Love, Search Committee Chair, University of Idaho, Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Aberdeen R & E Center, 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210; slove@uidaho .edu; +1 .208 .397 .4181 .

Faculty Positions in Plant-Related Microbial Biology

The Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, is inviting applications for research-oriented faculty positions at the assistant or associate

research fellow level (equivalent to assistant or associate professors) . Applicants should hold a Ph .D . degree plus post-doctoral training, with expertise in studies of plant-related microbial biology or plant-microbe interactions . Successful candidates will receive excellent starter funds followed by annual intramural support . Academia Sinica, the foremost academic institution in Taiwan, comprises 31 world-class research institutes/centers and provides an active research environment with state-of-the-art resources . The Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology is a premier research institute with focused studies on functioning of plant and microbial biology (http://ipmb .sinica .edu .tw/index .html/?language=en) . English is the official language in scientific seminars . Proficiency in Chinese language is not essential but basic communication skill will be helpful . The application folder should include a cover letter, CV, statement of research accomplishments, and future research plans . The application folder (in PDF format) and three letters of recommendation should be sent via e-mail to Erh-Min Lai, chair of Search Committee c/o Christine Hsing (e-mail: chsing@gate .sinica .edu .tw) Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica 128, Sec 2, Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529 . The review of applications will begin on August 15, 2015, and continue until the positions are filled . Applicants should hold a Ph .D . degree plus post-doctoral training . n

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Phytopathology News 103

PhytopathologyGreen and Red Light Reduces the Disease Severity by Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1 in Tomato Plants via Upregulation of Defense-Related Gene Expression / Rajalingam Nagendran, Yong Hoon Lee

Plant DiseaseScreening Isolates of Soybean mosaic virus for Infectivity in a Model Plant, Nicotiana benthamiana / L . Gao, R . Zhai, Y . K . Zhong, A . Karthikeyan, R . Ren, K . Zhang, K . Li, H . J . ZhiFirst Report of Potato Blackleg Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in Switzerland / P . de Werra, F . Bussereau, A . Keiser, D . ZieglerFirst Report of Charcoal Rot of Sugarcane Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Mexico S . G . Leyva-Mir, G . C . Velázquez-Martínez, B . Tlapal-Bolaños, O . G . Alvarado-Gómez, J . M . Tovar-Pedraza, M . Hernández-ArenasInduction of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl and Potassium Phosphite Increases Mango Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata Infection / L . Araujo, W . M . Silva Bispo, V . S . Rios, S . A . Fernandes, F . A . RodriguesEffect of Glyphosate Application on Sudden Death Syndrome of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Under Field Conditions (Altmetric Score of 24!) / Yuba R . Kandel, Carl A . Bradley, Kiersten A . Wise, Martin I . Chilvers, Albert U . Tenuta, Vince M . Davis, Paul D . Esker, Damon L . Smith, Mark A . Licht, Daren S . Mueller

MPMIMelon necrotic spot virus Replication Occurs in Association with Altered Mitochondria Cristina Gómez-Aix, María García-García, Miguel A . Aranda, María Amelia Sánchez-Pina

Plant Health ProgressDecision Models for Fungicide Applications for Soybean Rust / H . M . Kelly, D . L . Wright, N . S . Dufault, J . J . Marois

Population Structure of the Blueberry Pathogen Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in the United States

u PHyToPATHology APRIL 2015

Nearly 1,000 people shared their thoughts and opinions about Phytopathology through a recent survey, where 88% of respondents rated Phytopathology “high” or “above average.” If you received a survey invitation, there’s still time to share your opinion .

Call for Papers Be in the Next MPMI Focus Issue

Noncoding RNA-Mediated Regulation of Plant-Microbe Interactions

ARTICLE SUBMISSION DEADLINE

September 30, 2015 FOCUS ISSUE EDITORS

Biao Ding and John Carr

July Phytopathology Focus Issue

Emerging and Re-emerging Plant Diseases

FOCUS ISSUE EDITORS

George Sundin, Krishna Subbarao, Steve Klosterman

Immediate Open Access

Resurgence of Cucurbit Downy Mildew in the United States: A Watershed Event for Research and Extension u PlAnT DISeASe FEATURE ARTICLE

SPOTLIGHT

Phytopathology July Focus Issue: Emerging and Re-emerging Plant Diseases apsjournals.apsnet.org

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PERIODICALS

Calendar of Events

Other Upcoming Events August 2015

9-13 International Congress on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . www .sipmeeting-2015 .org

10-28 2015 Rice Research to Production Course. IRRI, the Philippines . http://ricediversity .org/r2p

24-27 XVII International Plant Protection Congress. Berlin, Germany . www .ippc2015 .de

30-Sep 2 CCC/EUCHIS 2015. Münster, Germany . http://chitin2015 .eu

September 2015

6-10 International Workshop on PR Proteins and Induced Resistance. Aachen,Germany . www .prir2015 .rwth-aachen .de

14-15 Third Plant Genomics Congress: USA. St . Louis, MO . www .globalengage .co .uk/plantgenomicsusa .html

14-16 Resistance 2015. Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom . www .rothamsted .ac .uk/resistance2015

14-16 Australian Plant Pathology Conference. Fremantle, Western Australia . www .apps2015 .com .au

15-17 37th International Carrot Conference. Ontario, Canada . www .uoguelph .ca/muckcrop/carrotconf15

November 2015

29-Dec 1 36th New Phytologist Symposium—Cell Biology at the Plant–Microbe Interface.Munich, Germany . www .newphytologist .org/symposiums/view/38

December 2015

5-11 Plant-Parasitic Nematode Identification Workshop. Clemson, SC . www .clemson .edu/cafls/nematology/short_course .html

8-10 Soilborne Oomycete Conference. Hawks Cay, Florida Keys . http://oomyceteconference .org

June 2016

20-24 11th International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA 2016).Monterey, CA . www .isaa2016 .org

APS-Sponsored Events

July 2015

19-23 Caribbean Division Meeting. Mexico City, Mexico . www .apsnet .org/members/division/carib

August 2015

1-5 APS Annual Meeting. Pasadena, CA . www .apsnet .org/meet

1-5 Pacific Division Meeting (in conjunction with APS Annual Meeting)

January 2016

3-7 Northeastern Division Meeting.Philadelphia, PA . www .apsnet .org/

members/divisions/ne

February 2016

20-22 Southern Division Meeting.Balm, FL . www .apsnet .org/members/

divisions/south

March 2016

23-25 Potomac Division Meeting.Richmond, VA . www .apsnet .org/

members/divisions/pot .

July 2016

30-Aug 3 APS Annual Meeting.Tampa, FL .