Calcium Requirements Beef Cattle - 1996

Maintenance: 15.4 mg Ca/kg body wtGain: 7.1 g Ca/100 g protein gainLactation: 1.23 g Ca/kg milkPregnancy: 13.7 g Ca/kg fetal wt

Distributed over last 3 months

Correct for percentage of dietary Ca absorbedTrue absorption = 50%

Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.5

Calcium Requirements Dairy Cattle - 2001

Requirements as absorbed Ca, g/d

MaintenanceNonlactating: 0.0154g/kg body wtLactating: 0.031g/kg body wt

Growth(9.83*(mature wt0.22)*(body wt-0.22))*wt gain

Calcium Requirements Dairy Cattle - 2001

PregnancySee publication

Lactationg/kg milk: 1.22 Holstein, 1.45 Jersey,1.37 other

Absorption of CaForages - 30%Concentrates - 60%Inorganic Ca - 75%

Calcium

Absorbed from duodenum and jejunum.Active and passive absorption.

Vitamin D required for active absorption.

Efficiency of Ca absorption declines withage and increases during lactation.

Some forms of Ca not readily absorbedOxylates - found in legumes.

Fat can reduce Ca absorption.

Calcium

Ca deficiencyRickets (abnormal bone development)in youngOsteomalacia (demineralized bone)in adultBlood Ca not adequate indicator

Sources of Calcium

Feeds:Forages (leaves) tend to be highGrains tend to be low

Supplemental: % CaCa carbonate 39.4Ground limestone - Ca carbonate 34.0Bone meal 30.7Dicalcium phosphate 22.0Ca sulfate 23.3

Phosphorus RequirementsBeef cattle - 1996

Maintenance: 16.0 mg P/kg body wtGain: 3.9 g P/100 g protein gainLactation: .95g P/kg milkPregnancy: 7.6 g P/kg fetal wt

Distributed over last 3 months

Correct for percentage of dietary P absorbedTrue absorption = 68%

Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.68

Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001

Requirements as absorbed P, g/d

MaintenanceLactating &nonlactating: 1.0 g/kg DM intake

Growth(1.2 + (4.635*mature wt0.22)*(bodywt-0.22)))*wt gain

Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001

Pregnancy:See publication

Lactation:0.90 g of P/kg milk

Absorption of PForages - 64%Concentrates - 70%Inorganic Ca - 70%

Phosphorus

Absorption occurs from small intestine.

Absorption is an active process.

Active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy) stimulates.

Influenced by source, Ca, intestinal pH, Fe, Al, Mn, K, Mg, fat.

Phosphorus

Deficiency:Poor appetiteWeak fragile bonesLow conceptionPoor growthPoor feed efficiencyLow blood P

Sources of Phosphorus

Feeds:Forages tend to be low - dependenton soil P.Grains tend to be moderate to high.

Phytate P is utilized by ruminants.

Supplemental: % PDicalcium phosphate 19.3Bone meal 12.9Ammonium P (Mono) 24.7

Calcium and Phosphorus

Ruminants will tolerate Ca:P ratios of1:1 to 7:1.

At ratios above and below this range,there is poor growth and decreasednutrient utilization.

Feeding too much P may cause boneresorption, elevated plasma P and urinarycalculi.

Magnesium Requirement Beef cattle

Growing and finishing: 0.10 % of dietGestating cows: 0.12 % of dietLactating cows: 0.20 % of diet

Growth 0.45 mg/kg gainLactation 0.12 mg/kg milkPregnancy 0.12, 0.21 and 0.33 mg/d for early, mid and late pregnancy

Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001

Requirements as absorbed Mg, g/d

MaintenanceLactating & nonlactating: 3 mg/kg body wt

Growth0.45 g/kg body wt

Pregnancy0.33 g/day

Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001

Lactation0.15 g/kg milk

Absorption of MgFeedstuffs 16%Mg oxide 50%

Magnesium

Deficiencies:Young calves kept on milk diet:

Loss of appetite, poor performance, increased excitability, tetany Young: anorexia, convulsions, profuse

salivation, excitableLactating cows grazing lush pasture:

Tetany (grass tetany), poor absorptionof Mg

Magnesium

Mg is absorbed from the rumen.

Absorption is high in young animalsfed milk and declines with age.

Mg in grains more available thanMg in forages.

Excess Mg is excreted in urine. Cattleand sheep will tolerate 0.4 %to 0.5% Mg.

Magnesium

Feeds: Plants are quite variable depending on species, soil concentrations, stage of growth, environmental temperature.

Legumes higher than grasses.Grains usually contain 0.11 to 0.17 %.Plant proteins sources 0.20 to 0.35 %.

Supplemental: %MgO 56.2MgSO4 9.7MgCO3 30.2

Mg in dolmitic limestone is poorly available.

Potassium RequirementBeef - 1996

Growing 0.6 % of dietBeef cows 0.5 to 0.7 % of dietLactation Increase 0.1 %

DeficiencyReduced feed intake, poor growth,rough hair coat, chewing on wood,reduced milk production

K absorbed from rumen and omasumas well as intestine.

Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001

Growing and nonlactating0.038 g/kg body wt + 2.6 g/kg DM intakeLactating0.038 g/kg body wt + 6.1 g/kg DM intake

Growth1.6 g/kg gain

Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001

PregnancySee publicationLactation1.5 g/kg milk

Dietary K 90% available

Potassium

Forages are excellent sources of K, >1%.Decreases with maturity.

Grains are often poorer sources of K, 0.4%.

SupplementalPotassium chloride 47.3 %Potassium bicarbonate 39.0 %Potassium sulfate 44.9 %

Stress Heat - Transportation

Performance improved by levels of1.0% to 1.2% of diet DM.

SodiumBeef - 1996

Requirement

Nonlactating 0.06% - 0.08% of diet DM

Lactating 0.10% of diet DM

SodiumDairy - 2001

MaintenanceGrowing and nonlactating

1.5 g/100 kg body wtLactating

3.8 g/100kg body wtGrowth 1.40 g/kg of daily gainPregnancy See publicationLactation 0.63 g/kg milk

Dietary Na 100% available

Sodium

DeficiencyChewing wood, licking dirt, reducedfeed intake, reduced gain.

ToxicityRuminants tolerate high concentrationsof salt in feeds - up to 9 to 10% of feed DM.

1.25 to 2.0% salt in water will reduce waterand feed intake, weight loss and physicalcollapse.

Sodium

Feeds of plant origin usually have inadequatesodium. Feeds of animal origin have higherconcentrations of sodium.

% Na %ClNaCl 39.3 60.7NaCHO3 27.0

Feed 0.2% to 0.3% of total diet as NaCl.

If NaCl is fed, Cl requirements are met.

ChlorineDairy - 2001

Maintenance2.25 g/100 kg body wtGrowth 1.0 g/kg of daily gainPregnancy See publicationLactation 1.15 g/kg milk

Dietary Cl 90% available

Cation - AnionBalance of diet

Meq((Na+K) - (Cl))/kg Diet DM

Meq ((Na+K) - (Cl+S))/kg Diet DM

Meq((Na+K+0.15Ca+0.15Mg) - (Cl+0.6S+0.5P))/kg Diet DM

Cation - AnionBalance of diet

If negative there tends to be metabolic acidosis• Decreased feed intake and

performance - All animals

• Strategy used in dairy cows prior to calving to prevent milk fever

• Feed:Ammonium chloride, Calcium chloride,Magnesium chloride, hydrochloric acid

Cation - AnionBalance of diet

If positive there tends to be metabolicalkalosis

Benefits to having positive CAB forgrowing animals and lactating cows

Do not know what ratio should befor beef cattle in feedlot.

+200 to +300 Meq/kg feed DM forlactating cows and young calves

Grass Tetany

Result of low blood MgLactating cows grazing lush springforage and 1 to 3 weeks into lactation

Forage low in Mg & Na, high in K & NRemoval of 0.15 g Mg for each liter of milk

Poor absorption of MgLoss of coordination, coma, death

Treatment: Intravenous Ca and MgPrevent: Supplement Mg

Trace MineralsSulfur

Requirement: 0.15 to 0.2% of diet is adequate.N:S ratio of 10:1.

Required for synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids by rumen organisms.

Poor growth, excessive salvation, reducedwool growth, reduced rumen function.

Trace MineralsSulfur

Toxicity: > 0.5% of dietReduced feed intake, restlessness, diarrhea.Water may contain high concentrations ofsulfates. Up to 5,000 ppm.

Supplemental sources: Sulfates, elementalS, sulfur amino acids.

Trace MineralsCobaltRequirement: 0.08 to 0.2 mg/kg diet DMis adequate. Dairy-2001 indicates 0.11mg/kg

Poor growth lack of appetite, weakness,decreased wool growth, decreased useof propionate (Vitamin B12 not produced inthe rumen)

Toxicity: In excess of 10 mg/kg diet DM

Supplemental sources: Co sulfate, Co carbonate

Co supply is limited, very expensive

Trace MineralsZincRequirement: Growing: 30 mg/kg feed DM

Lactating: 60 mg/kg feed DMPoor growth, listlessness, loss of wool,poor reproduction, perakaratotic lesions

Toxicity: > 500 mg/kg feedReduced feed intake, Cu deficiency

Supplemental sources: Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, Zn oxide

Efficiency of absorption is 15%

Trace MineralsIodine

Requirement: 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg diet DMis adequate. Greater requirement forlactation than growth, not increased bypregnancy. Dry cow - 0.33 mg/kg DMLactating cow - 0.45 mg/kg

Deficiency: Less thyroid hormones, enlargedthyroid glands, weak or dead lambs, calvesborn hairless, weak or dead

Goitrogens in feed can increase requirement.

Trace MineralsIodine

Toxicity: In excess of 5 mg/kg diet DM.Reduced feed intake, less gain, nasaldischarge, salvation, decreased milk production.

Supplemental sources: Ethylenediaminedihydroiodine (often fed to reduce foot rotin cattle, predominant source of I forruminants), iodides of Ca, Na & K (Oftenadded to salt)

80 to 90% of dietary I is absorbed.

Trace MineralsCopperRequirement:

Beef cattle8 to 10 mg/kg diet DM is adequate.

Dairy cattleEndogeous loss - 7.1 ug/kg body wtLactation - 0.15 mg/kg milkGestation - 0.5 to 1.5 mg/day

Dietary Cu 4% available

Absorption is decreased by sulfur (>.20%), Mo (2 mg/kg), Fe (500-800 mg/kg), Zn (>40 mg/kg) in the feed.

Trace MineralsCopper

Deficiency: Loss of hair pigment, anemia,poor growth, muscle incoordination, stringywool, weak lambs, reduced growth, roughhair coat, scours.

Toxicity: Sheep - 10 - 35 mg/kg feed DM Cattle - 40 to 100 mg/kg feed DM

Supplemental sources: Cu sulfate (mostavailable), Cu carbonate, Cu oxide (notreadily available, lowest cost, mostoften used).

Trace MineralsIron

Requirement: Sheep - 30 mg/kg feed DM Cattle - 50 to 100 mg/kg feed DM

Anemia, poor growth, listlessness,increased respiration.

Most feeds have adequate Fe for adults.

Milk-fed calves require supplemental Fe.

Fe+++ poorly absorbed.

Trace MineralsIron

Toxicity: > 1000 mg/kg feed250 to 500 mg/kg feed may reduce Cuabsorption.

Reduced feed intake, diarrhea, poor growth

Supplemental sources: Fe sulfate (mostavailable), Fe chloride, Fe carbonate (most used by feed industry), Fe oxide (leastavailable - should not be used)

Trace MineralsManganese

Requirement: 20 mg/kg feed DMRequirement affected by high Ca andFe - Increased excretion in fecesPoor growth, skeletal abnormalities, poor reproduction

Toxicity: > 1000 ppmReduced feed intake, diarrhea

Supplemental sources: Mn sulfate (most available, more expensive), Mn oxide (most often used). Forages contain more Mn than grains, corn is low. Absorption - <1.0%

Trace MineralsMolybdenum

Requirement: Sheep - 0.5 mg/kg feed DMRequirement affected by high S.Deficiency not observed in cattle.

Toxicity: 5 to 20 mg/kg dietCu deficiency, (anemia), reduced growth, infertility, diarrhea

Supplemental sources: Most feeds are adequate.

Trace MineralsSelenium

Requirement: 0.1 mg/kg feed DMSupplementation in Se deficient areas

0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg feed DM

Absorption is 45 to 60%

Degeneration of heart and skeletal muscles (white muscle disease - young calves and lambs), embryonic deaths, slow growth.High sulfur may reduce absorption. Related to vitamin E.

Trace Minerals Selenium

Toxicity: > 2 mg/kg dietBlind staggers, sulleness, head lowered,ears drooped, loss of hair from tail,swollen feet, sloughing of hooves

Supplemental sources: Na selenite,Na selenate (not used very much)

FDA:Supplement up to 0.3 mg/kg diet DM

Trace MineralsNickel

Requirement: Not established.Component of urease in bacteria.May be important for urease activityin the rumen

Toxicity: > 50 mg/kg diet

Toxic MineralsMaximum TolerableConcentrations

mg/kg feedAluminum 1,000Arsenic 50Bromine 200Cadmium 0.5Fluorine 40Lead 30Mercury 2

Vitamins

Fat solubleVitamins A, D, E and K

Water solubleThiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine,pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline

Water soluble vitamins synthesized in the rumen or in body tissues

Vitamin A (Retinol)

Vitamin of most practical importance inruminant feeds

Deficiency most likely:High concentrate feedsMature - drought pasturesLong stored feeds

Sunlight, air, high temperaturesHeavily process feeds

Ruminants do not efficiently convertcarotene to vitamin A.1 mg carotene 400 IU vitamin A

Vitamin A

DeficiencyReduced feed intake - slow growthRough hair coatEdema of joints and brisketWatery eyesNight blindnessLow conceptionStill births

Vitamin A

RequirementsCattle IU/kg feed DM

Growing 2,200Pregnant beef cows 2,800Pregnant dairy cows 4,000Lactating cows 3,900

SheepGrowing lambs 1,500Gestating ewes 3,300Lactating ewes 2,700

Vitamin A

RequirementsDairy cattle

110 IU/kg body wt

Supplemental Vitamin A (retinol)1 IU of Vit A activity =

0.344 ug of all-trans retinyl acetate0.550 ug all-trans retinyl palmitate

Vitamin A

Vitamin A stored in the liver when intake of vitamin A or carotene is high.

Vitamin A in the liver has about 4 weeks ofhalf life.

Should not depend on more that 2 to 4 months of protection from storage of vitamin A in the liver.

Ruminants have a high tolerance forvitamin A.

Vitamin D

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) - found in plantsCholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) - found in animals

Vit D2 25-hydroxy-vit D3 (in liver)1, 25-dihydroxy-vit D3 (in kidney)

1,25-dihydroxy-vit D3 is active form of vitamin.

Vitamin D not stored in the body in any quantity

Vitamin DDeficiency

Rickets in calvesSwollen and stiff jointsReduced feed intakeTetanyWeak bones

Vitamin D can be toxicHigh blood CaCalcification of soft tissuesLoss of appetite

Vitamin D

Requirement IU/kg Feed DMAll beef cattle 275Growing lambs 185Gestating ewes 216Lactating ewes 148Lactating dairy 30 IU/kg body wtDry pregnant cows 30 IU/kg body wt

Animals fed sun cured hays and/or keptin sunlight have limited needs for supplemental vitamin D

Vitamin E (Tocopherols)

DeficiencyWhite muscle diseaseWeak musclesRetained placentaReduced reproductionReduced disease resistance

Toxicity not demonstrated in ruminants

Vitamin E not extensively stored in thebody

Vitamin E

Requirement IU/kg feed DMAll beef cattle 15 to 60Pregnant and lactating cows 20Growing heifers 25All sheep 15Related to adequacy of selenium

Feedlot cattleFeed 500 IU/day for 100 days.Extend shelf life of beef cuts in the sales case

Vitamin EDairy - 2001• Dry cows 60 days before calving

80 IU/kg feed DMBased on reduction in mastitis andimmune function

• Lactating cows20 IU/kg feed DM

Needs to be increased when poor qualityforage is fed or feeds have low Se content

Vitamin K

Adequate vitamin K (menaquinones) synthesized by bacteria in the rumen

No established requirement

Cattle fed moldy sweet clover haveprolonged clotting of blood - “sweetclover disease”. A fungus produces dicoumarol that is a metabolicantagonist of vitamin K.

Thiamin

Adequate quantities normally produced by the bacteria in the rumen.

Thiaminase and thiamin antimetabolites producedin ruminants fed rapidly fermented diets.

Infrequently polioencephalomalacia (PEM), a disorder of the central nervous system, develops.

Retracted head, weakness, collapse, blindnessare symptoms.

Thiamin

Benefits from supplementation with thiaminare inconsistent. 100 to 500 mg thiamin/dayRecommended.

It has long been speculated that feeding highlevels of sulfur (greater than 0.5% of diet) willalso cause PEM. It is recommended to feedthiamin to prevent.

Thiamin

Feeding high amounts of sulfur does not reduce blood thiamin.

Feeding sulfur causes a transient increase inhydrogen sulfide concentrations in the rumen.

During this time cattle are subject to a condition resembling PEM.

Other Water Soluble VitaminsNot required in diet of ruminants

RiboflavinNiacin ----------Supplementation may benefit Pyridoxine high producing animalsPantothenic acidBiotinFolic acidVitamin B12Vitamin CCholine

Ruminants with functional rumens obtain water soluble vitamins from the digestive tract.