cancer - diagnostic examination

8/14/2019 Cancer - Diagnostic Examination

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CANCERCANCER

DiagnosticDiagnostic

ExaminationsExaminations



Diagnostic Examinations areDiagnostic Examinations are

done to:done to:

Determine the presence of tumor and1. Determine the presence of tumor and .1 چits extent.its extent.

Identify possible spread (metastasis) of 2. Identify possible spread (metastasis) of .2 چdisease or invasion of other body tissues.disease or invasion of other body tissues.

Evaluate the function of involved and3. Evaluate the function of involved and .3 چuninvolved body systems and organs.uninvolved body systems and organs.

,Obtain tissue and cells for analysis,4. Obtain tissue and cells for analysis .4 چincluding evaluation of tumor stage andincluding evaluation of tumor stage andgrade.grade.



Tumor Marker Tumor Marker

IdentificationIdentification:Description:Descriptionچ

Analysis of Analysis of

substances foundsubstances foundin blood or otherin blood or otherbody fluids that arebody fluids that aremade by the tumormade by the tumor

or by in responseor by in responseto tumorto tumor

:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Usesچ

چ BreastBreast

چ ColonColonچ LungLung

چ OvarianOvarian

Testicular Testicular چچ Prostate CancerProstate Cancer



Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI)(MRI):Description:Description چ

Use of magneticUse of magnetic

fields andfields andradiofrequencyradiofrequencysignals to createsignals to createsectioned imagessectioned imagesof various bodyof various bodystructures.structures.

:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses چ

NeurologicNeurologic چ

PelvicPelvic چ AbdominalAbdominal چ

Thoracic Cancers Thoracic Cancers چ



Computed Tomography (CT)Computed Tomography (CT)

Description:Description:

Use of narrow-Use of narrow-

beam x-ray to scanbeam x-ray to scansuccessive layerssuccessive layersof tissue for cross-of tissue for cross-sectional view.sectional view.

Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:NeurologicNeurologic

PelvicPelvicSkeletalSkeletal

AbdominalAbdominal

Thoracic Cancers Thoracic Cancers



FluroscopyFluroscopy


Uses of X-rayUses of X-ray

that identifythat identifycontrast in bodycontrast in bodytissue densities;tissue densities;may involve themay involve theuse of contrastuse of contrastagents.agents.

Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:SkeletalSkeletal

LungLungGastrointestinalGastrointestinal

CancersCancers



UltrasonographyUltrasonography

(Ultrasound)(Ultrasound):Description:Descriptionچ

High-frequencyHigh-frequency

sound wavessound wavesechoing off bodyechoing off bodytissues aretissues areconvertedconverted

electronically intoelectronically intoimages; used toimages; used toasses tissue deepasses tissue deepwithin the body.within the body.

:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Usesچ

چ AbdominalAbdominal

چ Pelvic CancersPelvic Cancers



EndoscopyEndoscopy

:Description:DescriptionتDirectDirect

visualization of bodyvisualization of bodycavity or passagewaycavity or passagewayby insertion of anby insertion of anendoscope into theendoscope into thebody cavity orbody cavity or

opening; allows tissueopening; allows tissuebiopsy, fluidbiopsy, fluidaspiration, andaspiration, andexcision of smallexcision of smalltumors; bothtumors; both

diagnostic anddiagnostic and

:DiagnosticDiagnostic Uses:UsesتBronchialBronchialت

GastrointestinalGastrointestinalتCancersCancers



Nuclear Medicine ImagingNuclear Medicine Imaging

۞ Description:Description:

UsesUses

intravenousintravenousinjection orinjection oringestion of ingestion of radioisotoperadioisotope

substancessubstancesfollowed byfollowed byimaging of tissuesimaging of tissuesthat havethat haveconcentrated theconcentrated theradioisotopes.radioisotopes.

۞ Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:۞ BoneBone

۞LiverLiver

۞ KidneyKidney

۞ SpleenSpleen

۞ BrainBrain

۞ Thyroid Cancers Thyroid Cancers



Positron Emission TomographyPositron Emission Tomography( PET)( PET)

۩Description:Description: Through the use of Through the use of

a tracer; providesa tracer; provides

black and white orblack and white orcolor-coded images of color-coded images of the biologic activity of the biologic activity of a particular area,a particular area,rather than it’srather than it’s

structure; used instructure; used indetection of cancer ordetection of cancer orit’s response toit’s response totreatment.treatment.

۩Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:۩LungLung

۩ColonColon

۩LiverLiver

۩PancreaticPancreatic

۩Head and NeckHead and Neck

۩Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin and Non-HodgkinHodgkin

۩Lymphoma andLymphoma andMelanoma CancersMelanoma Cancers



PET FusionPET Fusion


Use of a PETUse of a PETscanner and a CTscanner and a CTscanner in onescanner in onemachine to provide anmachine to provide animage combiningimage combininganatomic detail,anatomic detail,

spatial resolution, andspatial resolution, andfunctional metabolicfunctional metabolicabnormalities.abnormalities.

Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:

The same as PET. The same as PET.



Nursing Responsibilities:Nursing Responsibilities:

Have a complete history andHave a complete history andتphysical examination.physical examination.

: Relieve patients anxiety through:Relieve patients anxiety throughت*Explaining the test to be performed.*Explaining the test to be performed.

*The sensations likely to be experienced.*The sensations likely to be experienced.

*Patients role in the test procedure.*Patients role in the test procedure.



Nursing Responsibilities:Nursing Responsibilities:

Encourage the patient and family to voiceEncourage the patient and family to voiceتtheir fears about test results.their fears about test results.

Support the family throughout the testSupport the family throughout the testتperiod.period.

Reinforce and clarify informationReinforce and clarify informationتconveyed by the physician.conveyed by the physician.

Encourage patient and family toEncourage patient and family tocommunicate and share concerns and tocommunicate and share concerns and toتdiscuss their questions and concerns withdiscuss their questions and concerns witheach other.each other.

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