cancer treatment types

7/29/2019 Cancer Treatment Types

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CANCER TREATMENT

TYPES

P. Sahithi

09C21A04A2


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CONTENTS

What is Cancer ?

Types of Cancer

Causes of Cancer

Lung Cancer

Blood Cancer

Skin Cancer

Modalities of treatment

Surgery


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Radiation Therapy

Nuclear Medicine

Chemotherapy

Endocrine Therapy

Biologic Therapy


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WHAT IS CANCER EXACTLY

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of the

cells in the body. It may occur in any part of

the body.

The growth of cells may be dangerous if it

breaks away from the place of initialdevelopment and travels through the blood

stream to strike on organ and continue with

its unwarranted and uncontrollable growth.


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TYPES OF CANCER

There are more then 200 types of cancer the

most common ones are lung cancer, blood

cancer and skin cancer. These major typesdivided into further sub categories

Benign cancer and Malignant cancer.


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Benign cancer are harmless unlike

malignant cancer.

It is difficult to control the malignant

cancerous cells and it needs an

immediate medical attention and

treatment


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CAUSES OF CANCER

There are various causes of uncontrolled

growth of cells in the body.

Genetics may be one of such causes,though to a small percentage.

Certain life styles like use of tobacco

exposure to radiation, obesity or someinfections may lead to cancer.


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Cancer may be sound like incurable

disease but it can be cured if it is detected

at the early stage.

By capturing early symptoms cancer can

be curable.


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CANCER SPREAD STEP BY STEP


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LUNG CANCER


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Lung cancer is the most common type of

cancer and is the major cause of the overall

cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thedisease can be cured only if detected in the

early phase.

Unfortunately, in most of the cases, thecancer is detected at a late stage and thus,

the chances of survival decrease

considerably. Cancer of the lungs can be either primary or

secondary in nature.


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The primary cancer of the lungs develops

mainly in the lungs and spreads to other

parts of the body later.

Secondary cancer of the lungs is the one in

which the origin of cancer is located in

areas other than the lungs and reaches thelungs at a later stage.

Cancer of the lungs can be primarily of two

distinct types as the small-cell lung cancer(SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer

(NSCLC).


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Apart from NSCLC and SCLC, there is

another type of cancer known as bronchial

characinoid. This is the only type of cancer

occurring in lungs, which is not directly

related to smoking.

The main cause of lung cancer is addiction

of smoking.


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BLOOD CANCER


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Blood cancer is one of the most common

forms of cancer and is detected mainly in

the adults. The cancerous cells develop primarily in the

bone marrow or the bloodstream. Abnormal

growth of the WBC is the main cause ofthe disease.

The cancer is of three main types; multiple

myeloma, lymphoma and leukemia. These cancer cells damage the adjacent

tissues and disturb the overall cell-growth

mechanism.


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The cells are also known as the tumor cells or the

malignant cells.

The Chronic leukemia further classified into

Chronic myeloid- Mainly detected in adults and affects the

myeloid cells.

Chronic lymphocytic- Occurring mostly in the adultsabove 55 years and very rarely detected in children.

Acute myeloid- Detected in both children and adults.

Acute lymphocytic- Most common leukemia detected in

children.


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SKIN CANCER


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The cancer is also known as skin neoplasia.

The cancer is of three main types as

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma andsquamous cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell

carcinoma are also known as non-melanomacancers of the skin.

Melanoma is the deadliest of the three

types of cancers and causes maximumnumber of deaths due to cancer of the skin.


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Surgery:

Surgery can be used to

diagnose, treat, or even

prevent cancer in some cases.

Most people with cancer willhave some type of surgery.

Having surgery for cancer is

different for every patient,

depending on the type ofsurgery, the type of cancer,

and the patients health.


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Types of surgery:- Diagnostic surgery:

This helps to determine whether cells are

cancerous or not, identify the type of cancer and to

determine the stage of the cancer.

Curative surgery:

It removes the cancerous tumor or growth

from the body. This type of treatment is often considered

the primary treatment.

Debunking surgery:

Debunking surgery removes a portion,

though not all, of a cancer tumor. It is used in certain

situations when removing an entire tumor may cause

damage to an organ or the body.


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There are several specialized surgeries used during cancer

treatment.

Cryosurgery :

this surgery technique uses extremely cold

temperatures to kill cancer cells. It is used most often withskin cancer.

Laser surgery:

this technique uses beams of light energy insteadof instruments to remove very small cancers, to destroy

tumors, or to activate drugs to kill cancer cells.

Electro surgery:

skin and oral cancer are some times treated withelectro surgery. This technique uses electrical current to

kill cancer cells.


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Radiation therapy


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Radiation therapy:

The use of high energyradiation from x-rays,

gamma rays, neutrons,and other sources tokill cancer cells andshrink tumors.


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Rational for radiotherapy:-

Purpose: To eradicate tumors at primary

stage and in some cases regional lymph

nodes. Principle advantage: spares normal tissue

function.

For example, preservation ofnatural voice in advance laryngeal cancer.


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How radiotherapy works ??

Radiation causes damage to DNA in both normal

and malignant cells.

Cells unable to repair this damage by time of next

division, then they die in MITOSIS.


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Nuclear medicine


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Radio nuclides:

For decades have been used systemically to treatmalignant disorders.

They are administer by specialists in nuclearmedicine or radiation oncologist.

Radioactive iodine in the from of131I is effectivetherapy for well differentiated thyroid ca

Strontium-89. Is used for the treatment of bodymetastasis. It is an alkaline earth element in thesame family as calcium


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Chemotherapy


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Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals

(medication) to treat disease - more

specifically, it usually refers to thedestruction of cancer cells. However,

chemotherapy may also includes the use of

antibiotics or other medications to treat anyillness or infection


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How does chemotherapy work ? When our body cells are

damaged or die we producenew ones to replace them.This is done in an orderlyway, in a balanced way.

Cancer cells do not havethat orderly capacity - theirreproduction (division andgrowth) is out of control -more and more of them are

produced and they start tooccupy more and morespace, until eventually they

push out space occupied byuseful cells.


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Chemotherapy (chemo)

drugs interfere with a

cancer cell's ability todivide and reproduce.

Chemo drugs may be

applied into thebloodstream to attack

cancer cells throughout

the body, or they can be

delivered directly to

specific cancer sites.


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Goals of chemotherapy:-

Total remission - to cure the patient completely. In some

cases chemotherapy alone can get rid of the cancer

completely.

Prevent recurrence - chemotherapy, when used to prevent

the return of a cancer, is most often used after a tumor isremoved surgically

Slow down cancer progression - used mainly when the

cancer is in its advanced stages and a cure is unlikely.

Chemotherapy can slow down the advancement of thecancer.

To relieve symptoms - also more frequently used for

patients with advanced cancer.


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What are the chemotherapeuticagent.?


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Complication of Chemotherapy:

Every chemotherapeutic will have some

deleterious side effect on normal tissue .

E.G; Myelo suppression, nausea& vomiting,

Stomatitis, and alopecia are the most

frequently observed side effects.


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Criteria used to describe response

are:

Complete response (complete remission)is thedisappearance of all detectable malignant disease.

Partial response: is decrease by more than 50% inthe sum of the products of the perpendiculardiameters of all measurable lesions.

Stable disease: no increase in size of any lesionnor the appearance of any new lesions.

Progressive disease: means an increase by at least25% in the sum of the products of the

perpendicular diameters of measurable lesion orthe appearance of new lesions.


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Endocrine therapy:


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Endocrine therapy:

Many hormonal antitumor agents are functional agonist orantagonist of the steroid hormone family.

Adrenocorticoids:

Ant androgen:

Estrogen:

Ant estrogen:

Progestin's

Aromatize :

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists:

Somatostatiinhibitorn analogues:


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Adrenocorticosteroid:

Are frequently used in combination regimen for

the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia and

lymphoma.

They function by binding to glucocorticoid-

specific receptors present in lymphoid cells and

initiate programmed cell death

They most commonly used agent are prednisone,methyl prednisone , dexamethosone.


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Ant androgens:

Flu amide

Effectively blocks the binding of androgen

to its receptor in the peripheral tissue .

It is used in the treatment of disseminated

prostate ca


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CONCLUSION

Increase your life span by preventing this

dreadful disease.

Maintain a healthy diet.


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