CAPITA SELECTA ON GRAMMAR

SENTENCE

By : Fitri hidayati20110540058

SENTENCES Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex

sentences Positive/affirmative

sentences Negative sentences Interrogative sentences Negative-interrogatie

sentences Verbal sentences Nominal sentences Active sentences Passive sentences

Command sentences Imperrative sentences Question tag Declarative sentences Request sentences Transitive sentences Intransitive sentences Dirrect sentences Indirrect sentences Conditional sentences Causatives sentences Subjunctives sentences

SIMPLE SENTENCEsimple sentenceis one independent clause in a subjectverb pattern and it expresses a complete thought.

Example :Icha play badminton every morning.Some peoples like to wear jacket.

COMPOUND SENTENCEcontains two independent

clauses joined by a coordinator:

for, and, no, but, or, yet, and so.

Example : Rani clean the floor but his sister play

the games Alejandro played football, so Maria went

shopping. 

COMPLEX SENTENCEcomplex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses, and it always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or relative pronoun.

Example: I was washing my clothes when Dani came

to my boarding house. Although I was younger than him, but I m

taller than him. Qori and Fidya went to bookstore because

they have to buy some book.

EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with because,

when, or that.1. He showed me _______ we could be

successful if we were willing to work hard.

2. I learned from him and ______ he was too old, I took over from him.

3. It was happened _______ I meet Mrs Darsih.

4. She is rich ________ she has chocolate factory.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES

The combination of compound sentence and complex sentence. You can combine the subjunction from compound and complex sentence.

Example:1. I could not explain to Uci about sentence so

she was dissaponted yesterday because I didn’t understand.

2. Although my parents are javaness, I can’t speak javaness language for formal setting.

POSITIVE SENTENCE   Positive sentences means

yes ( or statement) states that something is true or correct tell us what

something is, has or does.  

Example  : 1.   The cat is black. 2.   Fany go to Pudja Fashion store. 3.   Beni drive his car very fast.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE

  Negative sentences means NO ( or statement ) states that something is not true or Incorrect.tell us the opposite. The word not is included in the sentence. Don't forget that not is often shortened to n't. For example, can not becomes can't, does not becomes doesn't and so on.

Negative are words Like:1.No 5. Never2.Not 6.

None3. Neither 7.

Nothing4. Nor 8.

hardly 

Example :1.   The cat isn't black2.   Fany didn’t go to Pudja fashion store. 3.   Beni hasn't driven his car very fast.

Kind of Type Interogative Sentence

1.  Yes / No Question = Is the Question whose answer yes / No.

Example :A.  Is Hani a teacher.?B.  Can you speak English.?C.  Has she called the police.?

2.  WH – Question = Invite the speakers to learn more about a topic of Conversation

Example :1.  What is your name?2.  Where do you live?3.  Which one is your book?

NEGATIVE INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE

Negative Interogative Sentence    To form a negative question, the verb is placed before the

subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of "not" immediately follows the verb.

                                Example:    1) Without Without Contractions

    A. Were they not ready?     B. Did she not want to learn proper English?  

      2) With Contractions               A. Weren't they ready?

                                                                     B.  Didn't she want to learn?                                   

VERBAL SENTENCE

A Sentence with verb as the predicate.For example:She studies hard every day. I like to listen the jazz musicWe watch television together

KIND OF VERBAL SENTENCE

a. Positive verbal sentenceThis sentence is often also called affirmative sentence, in general, this phrase is used to declare an event or action.For example:

 They walk to the school

b. Negative verbal sentenceThis will be negative sentences by adding 'do / does / did + not' before verb.For example:

The do not (don’t) walk to the school

c. Interrogative verbal sentenceInterrogative verbal sentences are form by putting ‘do/does /did’ at the beginning of sentence.For example:

 Do they walk to school?

NOMINAL SENTENCE

Nominal sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a verb, , but can be an adjective, noun or adverb, then the nominal sentence should be inserted auxiliary verb to be like 'is, am, areand were the resource persons / was (which is used in the past )

He / She / It      = IsI                       = AmYou/ They / we = Are

For example: She is an actress in Hollywood.They are clever student. If I were a boy, I will be able to beat you.

KIND OF NOMINAL SENTENCEa. Positive nomnal sentenceThis sentence is often also called affirmative sentence, in general, this phrase is used to situation, position or rank.For example:

 Emi is a beautiful girl.

b. Negative nominal sentenceThis will be negative sentences by adding ‘not' after to be.For example:

Emi is not a beautiful girl.

c. Interrogative nominal sentenceInterrogative nominal sentences are form by putting ‘to be’ at the beginning of sentence.For example:

Is Emi a beautiful girl?

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES Active Sentense is a

sentence which the subject is doer.

Pattern Sub. + V1 +

Object + Adverb

Passive Sentense is a Sentence which the subject is the recipient.

Pattern Sub. + is/ are/ am

+ Verb 3 + BP + Adverb

notes : Sub = Subyek Bp = By Phrase ( Obyek

pelaku )

THE REGULATION OF THE CHANGE1. Subject active become object passive2. Object active become subject passive3. The additional of preposition “ by ‘’ before the

object4. Prediate / verb become : Be + V3

Be Is, am,are was,were Been Being

EXAMPLE Active She sweeps the floor every morning

subj V obj

Passive The floor is swept by her every

morning subj be V obj

EXERCISE Adjust the form of the verbs in brackets.1. Our cash flow ________ (review) at present.2. The total cost for the product’s promotion

__________ (calculate) right now.3. Hartati ________ and ________ (fire;send) to

jail because she was caught shoplifting.4. When we received our bonus, half of it

_________ (put aside) to buy a gold coin.

COMMAND SENTENCES

DefinitionA command is a sentence that is used

to tell someone to do something, or to give an order. Commands can end with a period, or with an exclamation mark.

EXAMPLES Here are two examples of commands: 1. Bring me the book. In this command, the author uses a period to

show that he/she is giving an order calmly. 2. Bring me the book!. In this command, the author is using an

exclamation mark to show that he really wants the book, and that he doesn't want to wait for it. When you read a command that ends in an exclamation mark aloud, you should read it with very strong emotion.

IMPERATIVE

DEFINITION EXAMPLES

A type of sentence that give advice or intructions or that expresses a request or command.

An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You) go now!

Give us the gate key.

Buy me some peanuts and Crackers.

Wash the white clothes on Monday.

QUESTION TAGQuestion Tags are short questions at the end of the sentence.In the Indonesian language, we may often hear people say, “kamu terlambat, kan?”

Well the word “KAN" here called the question tags in English.

There are two kind of question tag, positive and negative

QUESTION TAG - POSITIVE STATEMENTTHE FORMULA IS: (+) STATEMENT, (-) TAG?

1. With the Auxiliary (Kata Bantu)Example: You are the secretary, aren’t you?Susi can swim well, can’t she?They should go to the campus now, shouldn’t they?

*NOTES* If you can see the auxiliary (is, am, are, was, were, do, does,

did, has, have, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must) so you can use them as the TAG

Negative Tag should be formed by the acronym. Use the word ‘not’ that separated with Auxiliary is not common.

Like this -> I have a good skill, Have not I? -> I have a good skill, haven’t I?

QUESTION TAG – NEGATIVE STATEMENT THE FORMULA IS: (-) STATEMENT, (+) TAG?Negative statements are much more easily than with

a positive statement because we've seen a Auxiliary in his statement. Help us move the words into the TAG.

Negative statements are frequently used to ask for help or ask for information about something / someone.

Example: There is not any bags, is there? My parents will not go to Bali, will they? Nobody wants follow our group, do they? Everybody does not bring theis tasks, do they? You never leave her alone, do you?

*NOTES* Nobody, Nothing considered negative

Nobody considered THEY in the TAG, and Nothing considered IT in the TAG

BE CAREFUL!!! With the auxiliary that show in the statement. See the third example: nobody wants follow our group, do they?Why the tag use DO? Although there is WANTS (though as

single) but there is NOBODY considered THEY, so we use DO.

Never, seldom, barely, little, few, considered negative (fifth example)

You never leave her alone, do you?

But REMEMBER!!!!!, a few, and a little considered POSITIVE STATEMENT

DECLARATIVE SENTENCEIs the statement sentence or news statement

either positive of negativeStates idea, not a question, not an

exclamation, or not an order (imperative)Declarative Sentence ends with a full stop (.)Example: I bring a bag. I am studying english with my boyfriend. She is not absent everyday. I have study for the exam.

REQUEST SENTENCEAlmost the same with IMPERRATIVE SENTENCE.But REQUEST SENTENCE more polite, and it

used for formal setting.You can add the words:Please, Will, Would, Would you mind

Example: Would you mind if I copy your file, sir? Will you join with us, please?

WHEN A VERB HAS AN OBJECT THAT RECEIVES THE ACTION OF THE VERB, WE SAY THAT THE VERB IS TRANSITIVE.

TRANSITIVE

examples of transitive verbs with their objects: In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon.Will run = transitive verb marathon = direct object.

And the other of examples :I sold some books. I took the bus. I bought a radio. I understood her question. I wrote a letter.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doble activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have a direct object receiving the action.

examples of intransitive verbs :

Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare.

Arrived = intransitive verb. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl

of squid eyeball stew. Went = intransitive verb.

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect speech or reported speech is used when we want to retell one’s opinion or someone’s talk to another person.

Reported speech is usually started by introducing verbs such as; say, tell, answer, inform, explain, add, order, and command.

reported speech can be formed from; statement, command/imperative, question.

1. STATEMENTPRESENT TENSE (verb -1) become PRESENT TENSE ( verb-1) ‘’I am very happy now ‘’ become -> alda says THAT she is very happy.

‘’I work hard’’ -> he says THAT he works hard ‘’I am busy ‘’ -> she says THAT she is busy

‘’today is fine’’ -> jason says THAT today is fine

PRESENT TENSE (verb -1) become -> PAST TENSE (verb-2) ‘’I am very happy now ‘’ become -> alda said THAT she was very happy then .

‘’ I work hard’’ -> he said that he worked hard.‘’I am busy ‘’ -> she said that she was busy.

It is fine today’’ -> jason said that it was fine that today .

PAST TENSE (verb-2) become -> PAST PERFECT TENSE (verb-3)‘’I was very happy yesterday’’ become -> alda said THAT she had been very happy the day before yesterday.

‘’ I worked hard ‘’ -> he said that he had worked hard.‘’ I was busy ‘’ -> she said THAT she had been busy.

‘’it was fine last night’’ -> jason said THAT it had been the previous night.

THE CHANGE OF TIME ON REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH

Today become -> that day

Now become -> then

Here become -> there

….ago become -> the previous…

Last…. Become -> the previous..

Next… become -> the following…

Yesterday become -> the day before

Tomorrow become -> the next/following day

The day before yesterday become -> two days before or in two day’s time

DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT / REPORTED

SPEECHPRESENT TENSE ( verb-1 ) become -> PAST TENSE ( verb-2 )‘’ are you busy today ? ‘’ Rina asked me IF / WHETER

I was busy that day.‘’ do you attend the meeting ? ‘’

Miranda wanted to know IF / WHETHER I attended the meeting

PAST TENSE ( verb-2 ) become -> PAST PERFECT TENSE ( verb-3 )‘’ was shinta interested in music ? ‘’

Susanna asked me IF / WHETHER shinta had been interested in music.

‘’ did you attend the meeting ? ‘’

Miranda wanted to know IF / WHETHER I had attended the meeting.

THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

I She / he

You Me / he / she / them / I / her

My His / her

Our Their / our

We They

your My / his / her

EXERCISE Change into indirect speech

1. Mike said, “I wiil come to your house”.

2. He says, “I write the letter to my girlfriend”.

3. “Do you need a pen?” Ani asked.4. John asked, “What do you want?”.

IMPERATIVE/COMMAND

a. Positive commandex : ‘’come in, please’’, tom asked.

tom asked her TO COME INb. Negative command

ex : ‘’ don’t go out’’ Mr. simon told me NOT TO GO OUT

QUESTIONYes, no question are question that

are started with auxiliary verbs such as : is, am, are, do, does, did, has, have, had, can-could, may-might , will-would, shall-should, etc, and the answer is yes or no.

in yes/no question, the reported speech is started with if or whether+subyek+verb.

WH/HOW QUESTION ARE QUESTION THAT ARE STARTED WITH WH/HOW-QUESTION SUCH US : WHAT, WHY, WHERE, WHOSE, WHO, HOW+SUBYEK+VERB.EXAMPLE :

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT / REPOTED SPEECH

PRESENT TENSE ( verb-1) become -> PAST TENSE ( verb-2)

‘’where does Rita live ?’’ Diana wanted to know WHERE Rita lived.

PAST TENSE ( verb-2) become -> PAST PERFECT TENSE ( verb-3)

‘’how did they get here?’’ The cop asked the local leader HOW they had got there.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Type 1.Pattern:IF + S + V1/s/es/be, S + will + V1 (On going)Example:If i pass the final exam, i will continue my study to university

EXERCISE If a ruby is heated, it ____

temporarily lose its color.a. wouldb. willc. doesd. has

If calcium oxide remains exposed to air, _____ to calcium carbonate.a. turningb. turnsc. It turnd. the turn

______ two waves pass a given point simultaneously, they will have no effect on each other’s subsequent motion.a. So thatb. They arec. Thatd. If

If services are increased, taxes ____________a. will probably go upb. probably go upc. probably upd. going up probably

CAUSATIVEHAVE AND GET(ASK AND PERSUADE)

1. CAUSATIVE HAVE IS FOLLOWED BY THE SIMPLE FORM A VERB, NOT AN INFINITIVE. CAUSATIVE HAVE MEANS THAT SOMEONE ASKS ANOTHER PERSON TO DO SOMETHING.

Subject Have/has/had

Object (active)

Verb base

Dr. Abi has his nurse take The patient’s temperature

I have the mechanic

check The brakes

The director had his secretary

fax the information

Example: The teacher had all student submit the papers before holiday The parents have their children wake up early every morning. Yesterday, he had the woman wash the shirt.

Pattern :Subject + have/had/has + object(active) +

V (base)

2. CAUSATIVE GET IS FOLLOWED BY TO INFINITIVE. CAUSATIVE GET MEANS THAT SOMEONE PERSUADES OTHER PEOPLE TO DO SOMETHING.

Subject Get/gets/got Object(active)

To infinitive

Mrs. Candra gets her son to move the chairParents get their

childrento stay at home

My mother got me to clean the dining table

Pattern :Subject + get/gets/got + object(active) +

to infinitiveExample :Hilda gets her mother to explain how to make a barbecue lambI get my friend to help me do the assignmentThe teacher gets all students to submit the papers tomorrow

3. CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET IS FOLLOWED BY THE PAST PARTICIPLE TO GIVE A PASSIVE MEANING

Subject Have/has/had

Object(active)

Past participle

I have my room cleanedWati has her books boundMr. and Mrs. candra

had their house improve

Pattern (have): S + Have/has/had+ object(active) + past

participleExample :My father had the car fixedMy mother has the egg friedThe farmers have the field cleared from pets

3. CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET IS FOLLOWED BY THE PAST PARTICIPLE TO GIVE A PASSIVE MEANING

Subject Get/gets/got Object(active)

Past participle

I get my tank filledRio got his shirt washedYour sister gets her dress altered

Pattern (get): S + get/gets/got+ object(active) + past

participleExample :I get my bike repairedMrs. Chandra got her goods brought to the car

SUBJUNCTIVEWISH, IF ONLY, AS IF, WOULD RATHER, AS THOUGH

We use subjunctive when talking about the events that somebody:

Want to happen, Hopes will happen, Imagines happening.

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").

WISHUnreality as contrary to the reality in present and future

Unreality as contrary to the reality past

S + wish (that) + S + past tense

Example: I wish I knew her address.Fact: I don’t know her address.

S + wish + S + past perfect

Example: I wish my sister had gone to Semarang.Fact: My sister didn’t go to Semarang.

IF ONLYUnreality as contrary to the reality in present, past and

futureIF ONLY + S + past tense

Example: if only I had a free time, I would be able to go to the party.Fact: I don’t have free time, so I am not able to go to the party.

IF ONLY + S + past tense

Example : if only the students had started early, they would have finished the work.Fact : They didn’t start early, so they didn’t finish the work

WOULD RATHER To say state choices which are different from the reality

Unreality as contrary to the reality in present and future

Unreality as contrary to the reality past

S + WOULD RATHER + S + past tense

Example: I would rather my brother went home now. Fact : my brother doesn’t go home now

S + WOULD RATHER + S + past perfect

Example : my mother would rather I had saved all my moneyFact : I didn’t save all my money

AS IF / AS THOUGHTo say how someone or something looks

S + V + AS IF + S + past tense AS THOUGH

Example : Mrs. Andre acts as if she were a rich woman.Fact : she isn’t a rich woman

S + V + AS IF + S + past perfect AS THOUGH

Example : that man talks as though he had known all about the problem.Fact : that man didn’t know all about the problem

Subjunctive usually use two structure:

Verb : ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that

Express: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

NOTE The reality in present and future

Example: I would rather my brother went home now. : use positive verb 2

Fact : my brother doesn’t go home now. :use negative verb 1

Note: if in a subjunctive use positive verb so in a fact must use negative verb, and the opposite

The reality past

Example :my mother would rather I had saved all my money. :use positive verb 3 (had+pp)

Fact : I didn’t save all my money. :use negative verb 2

Note: if in a subjunctive use positive verb so in a fact must use negative verb, and the opposite

THAT IS ALL

Thanks for your attention