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AMERICAN

SOCIETY IN

THEINDUSTRIAL

AGE

Chapter 19

The American Nation, 12e

Mark C. Carnes&

John A. Garraty

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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE

Took aspects of romanticismenshrinementof human potential, the relentless striving forpersonal betterment, the zest for competition

and excitementand tempered them with apassion for self-control and regularity

Civil War sapped middle class culture of itsreforming zeal

The fervor of the individual was channeled intoinstitutions

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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE

Middle class mothers atthe end of the centuryhad two or three children

Married later in life Practiced abstinence

Dissemination ofcontraceptive devices

and the practice ofabortion in latter half ofcentury

W.H. JACKSON FAMILY [grandchildren with nurse] 1900-1920

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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE

Middle-class children were carefullysupervised, though parents no longerinterfered with the course of true love for

materialistic or purely social reasons An annual income of $1,000 in the 1880s

meant no need to skimp on food, shelter,

or clothing A quarter of all urban families employed at

least one servant

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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE

Middle-class family life was defined in terms oftangible goodsfashionable clothes, large homecrowded with furniture, books, lamps, and allmanner of bibelots

H. CLARK RESIDENCE INTERIOR,1895-1910

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Photographs Division, DetroitPublishing Company Collection

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SKILLED AND UNSKILLED

WORKERS

Number of workers in mining andmanufacturing increased 1860: 885,000

1890: 3.2 million More efficient methods of production

increased output and allowed for a betterstandard of living for workers 1860, average workday was 11 hours

By 1880 only one worker in four labored over10 hours

Increasingly workers talked of 8 hour day

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WORKERS

While skilled workers improvedtheir positions relatively, theincreased use of machinery hadeffects

Jobs more monotonous Mechanization undermined artisan

pride in work and bargaining power

As expensive machinery becamemore important, the worker seemedless important

Machines increasingly controlled

pace of worker which was fasterand more dangerous

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WORKERS

Personal contact between employer and workerdisappeared with increase in business size

Relations increasingly ruthless

Larger enterprises employed a higher number ofmanagerial and clerical workers

More workers could rise from blue collar to white

collar jobs

Fewer workers could become independentmanufacturers

Industrialization accentuated business cycleswings

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WORKING WOMEN

More women worked outside their homes in

factories (though half of working womenwere domestic servants)

Women were paid substantially lower thanmen

New jobs for women Salespersons and cashiers in department stores Nursing (especially popular with educated,

middle-class women) which expanded withmedical profession and establishment of urbanhospitals

Middle class women also became teachers Clerks and secretaries in government

departments and business offices

Department store clerks and typewritersearned more money than factory workersbut had limited opportunities for promotion

WOMAN IN RED CROSS NURSES

UNIFORM, 1900-1915

Library of Congress, Prints andPhotographs Division, Detroit PublishingCompany Collection

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FARMERS

Number of farmers and volume ofagricultural production rose butagricultures relative place in economy

declined

Between 1860 and 1890 number of farmsrose from 2 million to 4.5 million

Wheat output rose from 173 million bushelsto 449 million

Cotton from 5.3 million bales to 8.5 million

Rural population increased from 25 millionto 40.8 million

But urban population quadrupled and

industry expanded even faster

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FARMERS

Farmers suffered decline in statusseemed provincial and behind the times

Farmers were angered and frustrated;waves of radicalism swept countryside

Farmers in newer areas were usuallyworse off than those in older areas Higher debt due to set up costs

Price decline that made fixed interest ratesmore expensive every year

1870s farmers in Illinois and Iowa sufferedmost

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FARMERS

By the late 1880s farmers in the old Middle Westhad also become better established

When depression hit, they were able to weatherit due to

Lower transportation costs Better farm machinery New fertilizers and insecticides Shift from wheat to corn, oats, hogs, and cattle

Less fortunate on agricultural frontier from Texasto the Dakotas and in old states of Confederacy Crop-lien system kept thousands of southern farmers

in penury

Plains life was a succession of hardships

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WORKING-CLASS FAMILY LIFE

Early social workers stated that workerhome life varied due to Health

Intelligence Wifes ability as a homemaker

Degree of the familys commitment to middleclass values

Pure luck Family incomes varied due to

Steadiness of employment

Number of family members holding jobs

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WORKING-CLASS ATTITUDES

While there was considerable variation inworker opinion it is clear that there wasconsiderable dissatisfaction amongworkers Poverty was still chief problem

For some, rising aspirations caused problems

Workers wanted to believe in classless

society and that no one had to remain ahired laborer

Gap between rich and ordinary citizen was

growing

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WORKING YOUR WAY UP

Only about half the Americans in a censuswere in the same place for the next census

In most cities, mobility was accompanied bysome social and economic improvement On average, 25% of manual laborers rose to

middle-class status during their lives

Sons of manual laborers were still more likely toimprove their place in society

New York City: one third of Italian and Jewishimmigrants in 1890s had risen from unskilled to skilled

jobs in a decade

Newburyport, Massachusetts, which was more of an

economic backwater, saw less improvement

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WORKING YOUR WAY UP

Progress was result of overall economicgrowth combined with energy and ambition ofindividual workers and public education

State supported public education onlybecame compulsory after the Civil War whengrowth of cities provided concentration ofpopulation and financial resources necessaryfor economical mass education

Attendance increased from 6.8 million in 1870 to15.5 million in 1900

Public expenditures for education quadrupled

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WORKING YOUR WAY UP

Industrialization increased demands forvocational and technical training

Secondary education was still assumed to be

for those with special abilities and youthswhose families did not need them to work

1890 fewer than 300,000 of 14.3 million childrenattending public and private schools had

progressed beyond the eighth grade

Nearly a third of these were attending privateinstitutions

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WORKING YOUR WAY UP

1880 Manual TrainingSchool opened in St. Louis By 1890, 36 cities had

vocational public high schools

By 1910 AFL was supportingvocational schooling

Still almost all businessleaders came from well-to-domiddle-class families Were better educated

Belonged to Protestant churchof some denomination

Myth of rags to riches, ratherthan reality, maintainedworker hope and belief in

hard work and thrift

TECHNICAL SCHOOL, Springfield, Mass, 1905-1915

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

Between 1865 and 1915about 25 million foreignersentered U.S.

Perfection of steamshipmade Atlantic crossing safeand speedy

Competition between the

great packet lines drovedown prices

Advertisement by the lines

further stimulated traffic

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

Push pressures Cheap wheat from Russia, U.S., and other parts of

the world poured into Europe with new cheapertransportation and undermined livelihood of many

farmers Spreading industrial revolution and increased use of

farm machinery led to collapse of peasant economyof central and southern Europeloss of self-

sufficiency and fragmentation of landholdings Political and religious persecutions pushed others

Main reason remained hope of economicbetterment

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

In 1870 one industrial worker in three wasforeign born

By early 20th century, over half the labor force

had not been born in United States Most entered by way of New York

Before 1882 (when criminals, persons

mentally defective or liable to become publiccharges and the Chinese were no longerallowed to enter) entry into the United States

was almost unrestricted

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

Until 1891, Atlanticcoast states, notfederalgovernment,

exercisedwhatever controlsthere were

Medical inspection

was perfunctory Only oneimmigrant in 50was rejected INSPECTION ROOM, Ellis Island, New York, 1910-1920

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

Private agencies, philanthropic andcommercial, linked immigrants to employerslooking for labor Until Foran Act of 1885 outlawed practice, a few

companies brought in skilled workers undercontract, advancing them passage money andcollecting it in installments from their pay

Numerous nationality groups organized

immigrant banks that recruited labor in the oldcountry, arranged transportation and then housednewcomers in boardinghouses while finding them

jobs for a fee

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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

Beginning in 1880s, immigration shifted fromnorthern and western to southern and easternEurope 1882: 789,000 immigrants entered U.S.

350,000 came from Great Britain and Germany

32,000 from Italy

Fewer than 17,000 from Russia

1907: 1,285,000 immigrants Great Britain and Germany had less than half 1882 number

Russia and Italy supplied 11 times as many Up to 1880 only 200,000 southern and eastern

Europeans had immigrated but between 1880 and1910 about 8.4 million did

NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW

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NATIVISM New immigrants were

mostly peasants and wereextremely clannish

While some immigrants cameto work only temporarily

before returning to homecountry, many sought to saveto bring over other familymembers

Many also came as familygroups

Some, like eastern EuropeanJews, were eager to becomeAmericans

PEASANT, 1900-1920

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NATIVISM

Differences among immigrants Italians adjusted relatively smoothly to urban

industrial life because of their close family and kinshipties

Polish immigrants, with different traditions, found itmore difficult

German American and Irish American Catholicsclashed over such matters as the policies of the

Catholic University in Washington Many older Americans viewed these

differences and conflicts and concluded that newimmigrants could not make good citizens and

should be excluded


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NATIVISM

During 1880s, large numbers of social workers,economists and church leaders wantedimmigration restrictions

Social Darwinists and people obsessed with

racial purity also found new immigrationalarming Attributed social problems of new immigrants to

supposed psychological characteristics of newcomers

Workers worried about competition from peoplewith low living standard and no bargaining power

While employers liked influx of new workers,they were concerned about supposed immigrant

radicalism


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NATIVISM

Nativism flared Disliked Catholics and other minority groups

rather than immigrants as such

Protestant majority treated new

immigrants as underlings, tried to keepthem out of the best jobs, discouragedtheir efforts to climb the social ladder

Functioned at social and economic level butdid not result in interference with religiouspractice

Neither labor leaders nor important

industrialists took broadly anti-foreign position


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NATIVISM

Restrictions Exclusion Act of 1882

1885: meaninglessban on importing

contract labor 1890s: Immigration

Restriction Leaguepushed for literacy

tests 1897: literacy bill

passed Congress butPresident Cleveland

vetoed

THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS

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PROBLEMS

Urban problems Housing Public health Crime

Immorality While the United States was sparsely populated

it was one of the most urban nations in the worldeven before the Civil War

Expansion of industry was main cause of urbangrowth In 1890 one person in three lived in a city In 1910 it was nearly one in two Increasing proportion of urban population was

immigrants


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PROBLEMS

After 1890 urban immigrant concentrationbecame even greater as migrants from easternand southern Europe lacked the resources totravel beyond the city

Cities developed ethnic neighborhoods Most newcomers intended to become U.S. citizens

while maintaining their cultures Supported national churches and schools

Read newspapers in their native languages

Organized social groups

Immigrant neighborhoods were not Europeanghettos because immigrants could, and did,leave

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TEEMING TENEMENTS

As cities grew, sewer andwater facilities could notkeep up

Fire protection became

increasingly inadequate Garbage piled up in

streets

Streets crumbled under

increased traffic Housing was inadequate

and encouraged diseaseand disintegration of

family life

FAMILY IN ATTIC WITH DRYING LAUNDRY, 1900-1910


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TEEMING TENEMENTS

New York City created a MetropolitanHealth Board in 1866

1879 law placed a limit on the percentageof lot space that could be covered by newconstruction and established minimalstandards of plumbing and ventilation

Contest for best design for a new tenement

was won by James E. Ware and hisdumbbell apartment house whichcrowded 24 to 32 four-room apartments ona plot only 25 by 100 feet

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TEEMING TENEMENTS

In 1890 more than 1.4million people lived onManhattan Island

In some sections, density

exceeded 900 personsper acre

As late as 1900 aboutthree fourths of the

residents of New YorkCitys East Side lackedindoor toilets and had touse backyard outhouses

YARD OF TENEMENT, New York 1900-1910

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit

Publishing Company Collection

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TEEMING TENEMENTS

Overcrowding impactedmorals of tenementdwellers Number of prison inmates

increased by 50% in the

1880s Homicide rate nearly

tripled

Youths formed gangs

Slums also drove well-to-do residents intoexclusive sections and tothe suburbs

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THE CITIES MODERNIZE

Businesses wanted efficient and honestgovernment in order to reduce their taxbills

In many communities public-spiritedgroups formed societies to plant trees,clean up littered areas and developrecreational facilities

Gradually basic facilities were improved Streets were paved

Lighting was added making law enforcementeasier, stimulating nightlife, and permitting

factories and shops to operate after sunset

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Urban transportationunderwent enormouschanges Until 1880s horse drawn

cars running on tracks

flush with streets werethe main means of urbantransportation

Large number of horseswere needed causing highstable costs and lots of

pollution from droppings 1880s electric trolley car

invented Cheaper Less unsightly

Quieter than steam trains

THE BELMONT COACH, New York 1900-1910


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STREET CARS

Growth of electric trolleys By 1895 some 850 lines

operated over 10,000 milesof track

Mileage tripled in thefollowing decade

Ownership of streetrailways becamecentralized until a fewcompanies controlledtrolleys of more than 100

eastern cities and towns

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STREET CARS

Streetcars changed big city life Previously walking city could not extend more than

two and a half miles from its center

Streetcars increased this radius to 6 miles or more

Better off moved to away from center in search ofair and space

Economic segregation speeded growth of ghettos

Older peripheral towns became metropolitan centers

Speeded suburban growth

Low fares enabled poor people to escape to the

countryside on holidays

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BRIDGES

Advances in bridgedesign, especially steel-cable suspension bridge,aided flow of population

Brooklyn Bridge completedin 1883 at a cost $15million

Carried 33 million people ayear

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SKYSCRAPERS

High cost of urban realestate led architects tobuild up First stone and brick

apartments replaceddumbbell tenements

Then Chicago architectsdeveloped the iron

skeleton which freedwalls from being loadbearing and allowedbuildings to become

taller

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Pioneer of new skyscrapers was LouisSullivan Early 1890s: Wainwright Building in St. Louis and

Prudential Building in Buffalo

Combined spare beauty, modest constructioncosts and efficient use of space

City Beautiful movement started by WhiteCity of 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair Broad vistas

Open space

Development of public parks such as Central Park

designed by Frederick Law Olmstead

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Attempts to relieve congestion in slum district madelittle headway

1877 Alfred T. White established Home Buildings, a 40-family model tenement in 1877 in Brooklyn

Eventually expanded it to include 267 apartments Each unit had plenty of light and air and contained its own sink and

toilet

Similar projects were developed in Manhattan in the 1890s

The landlords were essentially philanthropists sotheir work had no significant impact on housing in the19th century

LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

MORE FUN AND GAMES

Cities wereunsurpassed centers ofartistic and intellectuallife New York established

1870 American Museumof Natural History

1870 MetropolitanMuseum of Art

1883 Metropolitan Opera Boston 1870 Museum of Fine

Arts 1881 Boston Symphony

ART MUSEUM, Boston, 1890-1901


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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: SALOONS

During the last third of the centurynumber of saloons in country tripled Strictly male working-class institutions

where working men gathered to drink,meet friends, exchange news, gossip,gamble, and eat

Employers of large numbers of workers

tended to forbid consumption of alcohol onpremises

Reduction of workday left men with more

free time

LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

MORE FUN AND GAMES

Sports moved from frivolous waste ofvaluable time to middle class realizationthat games like golf and tennis were

healthy occupations for mind and body Bicycling became a fad

To get from place to place

As a form of recreation and exercise Streetcar companies built picnic

grounds and amusement parks at their

outer limits

LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

MORE FUN AND GAMES

Spectator sports Horse racing developed as upper-class sport but

racetracks attracted large crowds of ordinarypeople who saw it as betting opportunity

Professional boxing was a hobby of the rich butthe audiences were overwhelmingly youngworking class males

John L. Sullivan was first popular pugilist whenbecame heavy weight champion in 1882

Boxing remained raffish, clandestine occupation

LEISURE ACTIVITIES BASEBALL

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: BASEBALL

Baseball

Organized teams, mostlyupper-class amateurs,emerged in 1840s

Became popular during CivilWar

After the war, professionalteams developed

1876: eight teams formed theNational League

American League followed in1901

First World Series in 1903

LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:

MORE FUN AND GAMES

Organized play led to codification of rulesand improvements in technique and strategy Development of minor leagues Impartial umpires

Use of catchers masks and padded gloves Invention of various kinds of curves and othererratic pitches

By 1870s had become a working class

pastime and attracted heavy betting James Naismith invented basketball in 1891while a student at YMCA While popular was not really a spectator sport

originally since played indoors

LEISURE ACTIVITIES FOOTBALL

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: FOOTBALL

Football evolvedout of Englishrugby andoriginated as a

college sport First intercollegiate

match wasbetween Princeton

and Rutgers in1869

By 1880s collegefootball was

popular

FOOTBALL TEAM, 1895-1910

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Company

Collection

LEISURE ACTIVITIES FOOTBALL

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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: FOOTBALL

Footballs modern character was the work ofWalter Camp, athletic director of Yale

Cut size of teams from 15 to 11

Invented scrimmage line, four-down system, keyposition of quarterback, and publicized the gamein a series of books

Camp claimed amateur sports taught the value

of hard work, cooperation, and fair play thoughhis practice did not follow what he preached

Sports were a manly activity that women did

not participate in

CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND

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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND

THE SOCIAL GOSPEL Church leaders who preached a better

existence to the poor in the afterlife andresponsibility for behavior brought meagercomfort to residents of slums and the church

lost influence Church leaders followed better off residents out

of the city New York: 17 Protestant congregations abandoned

depressed areas of lower Manhattan between 1868and 1888

As pastors catered to middle and upper classworshippers, they became even more conservative


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THE SOCIAL GOSPEL

Increasing proportion of blighted districts wereCatholics and the church devoted much effort todistributing alms, maintaining homes fororphans and old people, and other forms of

social welfare But church leaders were unconcerned with

social causes of blight, believing sin and vice

were personal and poverty was an act of God Despite the conservatism of leaders, some

earnest preachers worked to improved the lot of

the city poor


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THE SOCIAL GOSPEL Dwight L. Moody became famous in the U.S.

and Great Britain in the 1870s for conducting avigorous campaign to persuade the poor toabandon their sinful ways

Evangelists founded mission schools in theslums and tried to provide spiritual andrecreational facilities Established American branches of YMCA (1851)

and Salvation Army (1880) Still paid little attention to causes of urban poverty

and vice believing faith would enable poor totranscend the material difficulties of life


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THE SOCIAL GOSPEL

Some ministers, believing cause ofproblems rested in environment, preacheda Social Gospel that focused on

improving living conditions rather thansaving souls

People must have enough to eat, decent

homes, and opportunities to develop talents Advocated civil service reform, child labor

legislation, regulation of big corporations andheavy taxes on incomes and inheritances


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THE SOCIAL GOSPEL

Most influential preacher was Washington Gladdenwho favored factory inspection laws, strictregulation of public utilities and other reforms butnever questioned basic values of capitalism

Others went to socialism D.P. Bliss founded the Society of Christian Socialists

(1889)

Advocated nationalizing industry, governmentunemployment relief programs and other measures

designed to aid poor Charles M. Sheldon wrote In His Steps(1896) and

a follower undertook a successful slum clearanceproject

THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES

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Settlement houses were organized to grapple with

slum problems Community centers located in poor districts and provided

guidance and services Settlement workers were mostly idealistic, well-to-do young

people who lived in the houses and were active inneighborhood affairs

American versions of British Toynbee Hall (founded inearly 1880s) soon appeared with 100 by turn ofcentury

Neighborhood Guild (1886), Lower East Side of New York,Dr. Stanton Coit Hull House (1889), Chicago, Jane Addams South End House (1892), Boston, Robert A. Woods Henry Street Settlement (1893), New York, Lillian Wald


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Most important settlement workers were womenfresh from college who had no other outlet fortheir energies and skills

Settlement workers tried to interpret American waysto the new immigrants and to create a communityspirit in order to teach right living through social

relations

Expected to benefit morally and intellectuallythemselves by experiencing a way of life differentfrom their own and by obtaining first handknowledge


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Soon settlement workers found attentionsabsorbed by practical problems and agitated for Tenement house laws

Regulation of the labor of women and children

Better schools They employed private resources to establish

playgrounds, libraries, classes, social clubs,

and day-care centers When felt poor families were neglecting orabandoning children they tried to place themwith foster families in the country


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By the end of the century Catholics were joiningthe movement First Catholic-run settlement house was founded in

1898 in an Italian district in New York

1900 Brownstone House in Los Angeles wasfounded to cater to Mexican immigrants

Nonetheless, settlement houses seemed to befighting a losing battle

Result was that it became clear authority ofstate must be brought to bear for improvementto happen

CIVILIZATION AND ITS

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DISCONTENTS

As century ended, majority of Americansremained optimistic and uncritical admirers oftheir civilization

Blacks, immigrants and others who failed to

share equitably in the good things of life, alongwith a growing number of reformers, found muchto lament in increasingly industrialized society More and more materialism

Increasing divorce and taste for luxury Rise in heart disease and mental illness

Lawlessness of modern plutocrat and disregard ofrights of others

WEBSITES

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WEBSITES

Coal Mining During the Gilded Age and ProgressiveEra

http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htm

Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs

from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.html

Inside an American Factory: The WestinghouseWorks, 1904

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.html

Thorsten Veblens The Theory of the Leisure Class

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.ht
http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htmhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.htmlhttp://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htm

car ppt ch19(1)

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