carbon footprint for cop17/cmp7 event - durban · carbon foot print calculated by icologie into the...

eThekwini Municipality

Carbon Footprint for COP17/CMP7 Event

Carbon Footprint Report for COP17

216938-00

Rev 3 | 25 May 2012

Arup (Pty) Ltd Reg. No. 1994/004081/07 Registered Firm Consulting Engineers South Africa

This report takes into account the particular

instructions and requirements of our client.

It is not intended for and should not be relied

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undertaken to any third party.

Job number 216938-00

Arup (Pty) Ltd

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eThekwini Municipality Carbon Footprint Report for COP17/CMP7 Event

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Contents

Page

Executive Summary ii

1 Introduction 1

2 Measuring the Carbon Footprint 2

2.1 Purpose 2

2.2 Process 2

2.3 Scope 3

2.4 Data Sources and Assumptions 6

3 Calculations & Results 9

3.1 General Data 9

3.2 Delegate Accommodation 9

3.3 Venues 10

3.4 Intra-City Transport 12

3.5 Transport of Waste 14

3.6 Logistics Transport 15

3.7 Macro Summary of Total Local Carbon Footprint 16

4 Results for Core and Non-Core Areas 16

5 Summary 18

6 Emissions Avoidance / Reduction Efforts 19

Tables

Table 1: Summary of the local COP17/CMP7 Carbon Footprint

Table 2: Scope of the Carbon Footprint Calculation

Table 3: Actual Recorded Delegate Numbers within UNFCCC Precinct

Table 4: Emissions from Accommodation

Table 5: Emissions from Venues

Table 6: Emissions per Sub-Category Venues

Table 7: Emissions from Intra-City Transport

Table 8: Emissions from Transport of Waste

Table 9: Emissions from Logistics Transport

Table 10: Total Emissions for Core Area

Table 11: Summary of the Local Carbon Footprint for COP17/CMP7

eThekwini Municipality Carbon Footprint Report for COP17/CMP7 Event

216938-00 | Rev 3 | 15 May 2012

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Figures

Figure 1: Percentage Contribution to the local footprint

Figure 2 GHG Protocol: Emissions Scoping

Figure 3: Aerial Map of Some of the key sites in an around Durban

Figure 4: Hierarchical Approach to Data Sources

Figure 5: Previous COP Participation Breakdown

Figure 6: Locations of some of the main Durban hotels

Figure 7: UNFCCC Precinct

Figure 8: Summary of Total Local Emissions

Attachments

Attachment A: Summary of Coefficients

Attachment B: Data Quality Assessment

eThekwini Municipality Carbon Footprint Report for COP17/CMP7-CMP7 Event

Page i of 31

Acknowledgements

This report would not have been possible without the support and guidance from Dr. Debra Roberts

(eThekwini), Nicci Diederichs (Future Works!); the eThekwini team that assisted in obtaining the data; and

the Arup team in South Africa & the UK which include Yusuf Raja, Desiree Carolus, Georgina Smit, George

Vergoulas, Chris Burgess and Adele Samuels.

Disclaimer

The carbon footprint calculation contained in this report must be read in the context of the report together

with the underlying assumptions. Arup cannot be held responsible should there be errors or omissions should

the results be extracted for use in other reports or publications.


Page ii of 31

Executive Summary

This report presents the local carbon footprint calculation for the COP17/CMP7

event and associated activities that were undertaken in Durban during November

and December 2011. The following major areas were considered in the

calculation:

Energy and water consumption related to delegate accommodation; the

UNFCCC precinct (which includes the International Convention Centre Durban (ICC) and Durban Exhibition Centre (DEC)); specific activities at other conference venues; and associated open air events within the confines of the eThekwini Municipality.

Transport emissions related to intra-eThekwini Municipality travel of delegates, volunteers, and staff specifically employed for the event; transport of waste from accommodation and venues; transport of plant and equipment to and from conference venues and open air events; transport of virgin paper and catering to the UNFCCC precinct; and transport of major items required to set up and take down temporary venues.

The calculation excludes international travel to South Africa and national travel to Durban as this is the responsibility of sustainability consultants Icologie, who have been appointed separately by the National Department of Environmental Affairs. The eThekwini Municipality has indicated that it intends to include the carbon foot print calculated by Icologie into the foot print presented in this report prior to external communication, depending on availability of information and timelines. The carbon foot print information presented in this report is therefore inclusive of the “local” emissions associated with COP17/CMP7.

The estimated total carbon footprint for COP14 (Poznan Poland), which

accommodated 8,000 delegates, was approximately 13,000 tCO2eq1 and 40,500

tCO2eq for 15,000 delegates at Copenhagen (COP15)2. For both of these events

3,

the largest component of the carbon footprint was as a result of international

flights, followed by local accommodation and local travel.

Figure 1 and Table 1 summarise the local carbon footprint calculation for the

COP17/CMP7 event. Because international and national travel to Durban is not

included in the calculation, accommodation is the largest contributor which is in

line with previous events. The total local carbon footprint for the COP17/CMP7

event is 9,289 tCO2e which includes a +10% contingency to compensate for gaps

and uncertainty.

There is a noticeable difference between the first pass estimate and the final calculated local foot print. The main contributors to this difference were the rather over-estimated assumptions that were used for the first pass estimate. The main difference being the estimated versus actual number of delegates that attended the

1 http://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/fact_sheet_poznan_cop_14_cmp_4.pdf

2 http://unfccc.int/files/press/application/pdf/fact_sheet_copenhagen_background_information.pdf

3 The foot prints for both these events need to be considered in terms of their scope & boundary.

http://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/fact_sheet_poznan_cop_14_cmp_4.pdf

http://unfccc.int/files/press/application/pdf/fact_sheet_copenhagen_background_information.pdf


Page iii of 31

event. The first pass estimate foot print calculation accounted for 25,000 delegates per day whilst the actual average was 14,123 delegates per day. Table 1: Summary of the local COP17/CMP7 Carbon Footprint below details the calculated footprint for the event.

Table 1: Summary of the local COP17/CMP7 Carbon Footprint

CONTRIBUTION

TOTAL Tonnes CO2e ASPECT

Tonnes CO2e

Individual % Contribution

Total %

Accommodation 4,444

Energy 4,362.13 46.96

47.84 Water 36.36 0.39

LPG 45.71 0.49

Venues 2,421

UNFCCC Energy 1,212.71 13.06

26.06

UNFCCC Water 6.18 0.07

UNFCCC LPG 0.29 0.00

UNFCCC Generators 0.59 0.01

Other Venues Energy 1,188.44 12.79

Other Venues Water 3.38 0.04

Other Venues LPG 8.74 0.09

Other Generators 0.28 0.00

Intra City Transport

2,169

City Shuttle (Bus & Taxi) 410.14 4.42

23.35

Local Residents 307.19 3.31

Hotel Shuttle 7.60 0.08

Registered Metered Taxi 44.22 0.48

Green Tours 0.82 0.01

Paradise Valley & City Hall 1.32 0.01

Transport Hub 0.03 0.00

Volunteers 214.14 2.31

Car Hire 1,181.51 12.72

City Staff at Airport 1.98 0.02

Transport of Waste

21

Accommodation 2.55 0.03

0.23 UNFCCC Precinct 0.46 0.00

Other Venues 18.11 0.20

Logistics Transport

234

UNFCCC Precinct 6.22 0.07

2.52 Other Venues 218.82 2.36

Paper 0.14 0.00

Catering 8.97 0.10

TOTAL FOOTPRINT 9,289 100 100


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Figure 1: Percentage Contribution to the local footprint

The eThekwini Municipality embarked on a process of identifying what aspects of

the carbon footprint they would undertake to offset. The aspects of the footprint

which the eThekwini Municipality would assume responsibility for offsetting is

discussed in greater detail under Section 4 of the report and is referred to as the

core area of the carbon footprint. This core area has been calculated as being

7,638 tCO2e as contained within Table 10. The strategy that will be employed for

offsetting this core area of the footprint falls outside the scope of this report.

There were challenges experienced with data collection across each of the

categories, which is expected for an event such as the COP. There was high

confidence relating to data for delegate transport whilst data relating to conference

venues was especially difficult due to lack of reliable data.


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1 Introduction

The aim of this report is to explain the considerations, measurement, calculations, and results of the carbon foot print calculation for the COP17/CMP7 event that was held in Durban.

“A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment,

and in particular climate change. The carbon footprint is a measurement of all

greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tonnes (or kg) of carbon

dioxide equivalent”4.

Carbon footprint measurements are recommended as part of the climate strategies for organizations, projects or events to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG). The measurement can act as a tool to determine the most significant sources of GHG emissions, to prioritize reduction initiatives, and finally to offset the emissions in order to achieve carbon neutrality.

The GHG Protocol is the most internationally recognized protocol for inventorying emissions and provides clear standards for measuring and documenting greenhouse gas emissions. It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol — carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

The GHG Protocol defines three types of contributions to GHG emissions, as defined in Figure 2 below. Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions, Scope 2 are emissions produced indirectly from out-sourced power generation (purchased electricity), and Scope 3 emissions are indirect emissions from sources not controlled by the business (for example, emissions associated with transportation of goods delivered by suppliers).

Figure 2 GHG Protocol: Emissions Scoping 4 Source www.carbonfootprint.com

http://www.carbonfootprint.com/


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This report describes the methodology and results of the local carbon footprint calculation for the COP17/CMP7 climate summit in Durban which was held between 18 November and 09 December 2011. This assessment was commissioned by the eThekwini Municipality which represents the host City of Durban.

2 Measuring the Carbon Footprint

Measuring carbon footprints is an international, rapidly evolving discipline, and for events such as the COP, there are no detailed standards or accepted methods for defining scope, calculating, making assumptions and presenting results. Therefore, the compilation of a carbon footprint can have many quantitative results, and the differences between the results can vary significantly depending on the choice of scope, method and assumptions. The COP17/CMP7 carbon footprint is therefore not necessarily directly comparable with other carbon footprint statements and must be read in conjunction with the carbon footprint approach and methodology contained below.

This carbon footprint report is considered a good basis for communicating the emissions impact of the different areas and sub areas of the COP17/CMP7 meeting, and to identify and prioritize areas for improvement (if possible). We however caution when communicating the results, as it should be accompanied by "cautionary language". This is primarily due to the difficulty experienced with getting accurate and reliable data during the data collection processes. With that said, this carbon footprint calculation is considered a reasonably accurate estimate of the actual footprint of the event.

2.1 Purpose

The carbon footprint calculation is required by the eThekwini Municipality to understand the extent of the footprint so that a strategy for offsets can be implemented. In addition, this exercise will highlight focus areas for emissions avoidance and reduction (where possible) for future events. The report will also serve as a guide for planning and resourcing during future events and be used as a basis for adding to the current body of knowledge. It can also be used for education and awareness building following the event under the direction and guidance of the eThekwini Municipality.

2.2 Process

A literature review was conducted on:

Past COP events;

Initial desktop first pass estimate for COP17/CMP7 conducted by eThekwini Municipality Energy Office;

Football World Cup 2010 carbon footprint (Durban and National); and

Diana Concert held at Wembley Stadium.


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These provided a good basis for establishing the scope and boundaries of the local

carbon footprint for the COP17/CMP7 event. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

Protocol was used to determine the scope of study. The first pass estimate

compiled by Arup in November 2011 was used as the starting point and this report

builds on the work completed during the first pass estimate exercise.

2.3 Scope

The COP17/CMP7 local carbon footprint calculation uses a control based approach. This means that the scope primarily includes activities whose GHG emissions to a certain degree can be controlled by either the organizers or the delegates of COP17/CMP7. Emissions from delegates’ travel to and from Durban is not included in the scope as those are separately calculated by the National Department of Environmental Affairs under a separate commission with sustainability consultants Icologie. This approach has been reviewed in consultation with the Arup panel of global practitioners, who have extensive experience in the application of GHG accounting and reporting methodologies, as well as with the client during the initial scoping exercise following Arup’s appointment.

Figure 3: Aerial Map of Some of the key sites in an around Durban5

Table 2 below describes the scope of the carbon footprint assessment.

5 Map provided by the eThekwini Municipality Strategic Projects Unit in its 1 September 2011 Progress and

Current Status Report

Climate Change Response Expo


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Table 2: Scope of the Carbon Footprint Calculation

Area Sub Area GHG Sources Data Sources Scope (1, 2 or 3)

UNFCCC

Precinct

ICC

DEC

Energy consumption for

operations (electricity, fuel, gas)

Water consumption for operations

ICC staff

Data collection templates completed

by data collection team

Waste contractor (Re-ethical) reports

UNFCCC secretariat

eThekwini COP17/CMP7 Debrief

report

Electricity = Scope 2

LPG = Scope 1

Water = Scope 3

Delegate

Accommodation

Hotels

B&B’s

Self Catering





by accommodation managers and

data collection team

Metro billing

Booking info from municipality

appointed accommodation provider

for COP17/CMP7 (Thompsons

Travel)

Arup Infrastructure Guidance note

eThekwini Strategic Projects Unit

World Cup 2010 Report


LPG = Scope 3

Water = Scope 3

Venues Selected internal conference venues

Selected external venues

(see Attachment C for more details on these

venues)




Metro billing



Sans 204-1: 2008

Arup benchmarks

Booking info from municipality

appointed accommodation provider

for COP17/CMP7 (Thompsons

Travel)

eThekwini Strategic Projects Unit

DSW (Durban Solid Waste)


LPG = Scope 3

Water = Scope 3

Staff Travel = Scope 3

Intra City

Transport

City Shuttles for delegates

Hotel Airport Shuttles

Locals (non-stay over) conference travel

Car Hire & Metered Taxis

Volunteers

Energy consumption (fuel) Data collection templates completed


Illiso/Arup Transport Operating Plan

Service providers

eThekwini – for City Hall and

City shuttle = Scope 1

Hotel Shuttle = Scope 3

Locals travels = Scope 3

Volunteers = Scope 3

Temp Staff = Scope 3


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City Staff at airport desk

Temp staff travel for all sites

Green Tours & shuttles to eThekwini events

Paradise Valley events

Internet

Green Tours = Scope 1

Car Hire = Scope 3

Logistics

Transport

Venue logistics & construction items coming in

Catering and paper into the UNFCCC precinct

Energy consumption (fuel) Data collection templates completed


ICC staff

Venue

Transport of goods = Scope 3

Catering and Paper = Scope 3

Transport of

Waste

Transport of waste from UNFCCC Precinct,

accommodation, and venues to landfills /

recycling centres

Energy consumption (fuel) DSW (Durban Solid Waste) reports

Waste contractor (Re-ethical reports)



Interviews with DSW staff

eThekwini COP17/CMP7 Debrief

Report

Transport of waste = Scope 3


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2.4 Data Sources and Assumptions

Arup applied a hierarchical approach for obtaining data. The following hierarchy for obtaining data was applied:

Figure 4: Hierarchical Approach to Data Sources

The UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), in partnership with the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), publishes annually a dataset of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Conversion Factors for company reporting. This dataset includes calorific values for various fuels as well as emissions regarding personal transport, logistics and embodied carbon from various materials. Even though these conversion factors are developed based on UK data, they are used internationally, particularly where no local data is available. The July 2011 published dataset was used in this study.

The Defra / DECC GHG Conversion Factor dataset also includes carbon emission values associated with electrical power generation. For this particular item, UK values and South African values will differ significantly due to the source of the generated power. In the UK, a significant portion of power generation is nuclear, however in South Africa almost all electrical power is coal generated. Eskom published an overall carbon emission factor of 0.99kgCO2/kWh

6 which is the

factor used in this study.

There is no published national, provincial or eThekwini Municipality data on energy consumption in hotels or other commercial buildings. However, the results of an energy consumption survey of 47 hotels in South Africa by Energy Resource Optimizers cc. showed the average daily consumption of 63 kWh/room

7

at a 70% occupancy rate. This was used as a guide to compare the accommodation data that was received through the data collection process which was used in calculating the accommodation related emissions. For some of the hotel establishments, data was obtained directly from the eThekwini Municipality billing office.

The co-efficient factor used for water consumption includes the emissions related to the abstraction of raw water; treatment of raw water, distribution of potable water; collection of waste water; and the treatment of waste water. In terms of

6 Eskom Integrated Report 2011

7 Report 2007-081: 2010 FIFA World Cup Durban Carbon Final Report


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waste, the emissions calculated only related to the transportation of the waste from source to either a landfill or recycling facility. Landfill emissions or emissions from the energy used in recycling were not part of the scope and not included in the footprint. During the benchmarking exercise it was evident that only the Diana Concert considered the transport and disposal of waste to landfill. All other events including COP15 excluded waste from their carbon foot print calculations altogether. During the scoping exercise for this project only the transport of waste was included due to the main service provider being controlled by the eThekwini Municipality, i.e. Durban Solid Waste. Although not factored into any of the calculations it should be noted that the Bisasar Road landfill (which will be the main landfill used during the event for general waste) operates an energy from waste (EfW) facility.

Data based on models and generic data (normative factors8) have been applied in

the calculations. If more than one source of data or methods of calculation are available, the most confident is chosen, while alternative sources of data or methods are used for controlling the calculations. The assumptions and data are described in more detail under each area in the following sections.

The confidence of the data is discussed below. The assessment is based on a qualitative judgment of the assumptions and the quality of information and data used in the calculation. To compensate for uncertainties a contingency of +10% has been added to the total calculated footprint

9.

The following assumptions should be noted:

The total number of delegates used in the calculation, specifically for the accommodation aspect of the local carbon footprint, is per the official numbers for delegates entering the UNFCCC precinct daily and not calculated on the total number of official badges that were issued. This local carbon footprint did not therefore account for any additional non-delegates that may have travelled to the COP17/CMP7 event.

The total number of registrations was 24203 with a total of 17423 badges issued. However the average daily attendance was 14123. The total delegates entering the UNFCCC Precinct over the duration of the conference is contained in Table 3 below

10.

The delegate badges issued included a small percentage (±3.5%) of staff employed within the UNFCCC precinct. These staff were included within the local carbon footprint calculation.

The calculation did not account for the overtime weekend when deliberations took place beyond the 9 December 2011 official closing of the event

8 Normative databases are public databases containing acknowledged generic data such as emission factors

9 A +10% buffer is considered a reasonable contingency based on the data obtained

10 Day 7 was a day off for the conference delegates


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Table 3: Actual Recorded Delegate Numbers within UNFCCC Precinct

In terms of attendance figures based on previous events, the following poster which was located within the Durban Exhibition Centre and provides an overview of past attendance.

Figure 5: Previous COP Participation Breakdown

The highest attendance to any COP has been COP15 whilst the COP17/CMP7 attendance figures are more in line with COP16.


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3 Calculations & Results

3.1 General Data

The delegate numbers and length of stay are key factors in the carbon footprint calculations. The number of delegates is defined by the actual number of activated badges at COP17/CMP7 and which have been provided by the UNFCCC and the host City. The numbers were used to calculate the number of room nights of accommodation amongst other aspects.

3.2 Delegate Accommodation

There was an average of 14,123 delegates per night staying for the duration of 15 nights in and around Durban between 26 November and 11 December 2011. Based on the data collected through the data collection processes, a range of kWh / room / night

11; Kilolitres / room / night

12;

and kg / room / night (for LPG)13

figures were obtained based on the range of available accommodation present in Durban, i.e. Hotels range from 1 Star to 5 Star and types of accommodation range from hotels to Bed & Breakfast to self catering apartments. The data from this process was used to determine the daily averages for the different hotel gradings. The data provided directed the team to group the accommodation into 3 categories, viz. 1, 2, and 3 Star; 4 & 5 Star; and Ungraded. The average figure received during the data collection process was 31.02kWh/room/night based on an average occupancy of between 1.5 – 2.25 persons/room.

Figure 6: Locations of some of the main Durban hotels14

11 SA hotels report on a rooms/night basis and therefore calculations were on a kWh/room/night basis.

12 Range between 0.41 – 0.52 Kl/room/night

13 Based on limited info from data templates received an average of 0.1 kg/room/night was used.

14 It should be noted that the number of rooms depicted on Figure 5 may not be 100% accurate


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Results for Delegate Accommodation

The total emissions related to delegate accommodation is contained below.

Emissions tCO215

e % Contribution16

Electricity 4,362 46.96

Water 36.36 0.39

LPG 45.71 0.49

TOTAL 4,444 47.84

Table 4: Emissions from Accommodation

Emissions related electricity usage (4,362 tCO2e) accounts for 98% of the total accommodation emissions of 4,444 tCO2e, whilst the accommodation emissions as a whole accounts for 47.84% of the total emissions calculated. Emission related to accommodation is therefore the greatest single contributor to the total local carbon footprint, excluding international travel to South Africa which is covered by sustainability consultants Icologie and reported separately.

3.3 Venues

The venues have been divided into 2 categories:

1. The UNFCCC precinct – which includes the Durban International Convention Centre (ICC) and associated Durban Exhibition Centre (DEC) sites.

2. Other Venues – this includes the Moses Mabhida Stadium; Elangeni Hotel; Suncoast Casino; City Hall; DLI Hall; Paradise Valley and the Centrum site (Climate Change Response Expo). These also include the open air sites such as the Green Festival on the beachfront promenade; Durban Botanical Gardens; Kings Park Stadium; and temporary venues set up to administer the Transport Operating Plan (i.e. Drive-in Park and Ride; Remote Search Park; Transport Hub)

The identification and selection of the ‘Other Venues’ was based on information provided by the eThekwini Strategic Projects Unit and during the scoping discussion with the client.

The Green Festival was City initiated (together with private sector and NGO

initiated activities) and included a series of fun and entertaining activities along

the central beachfront area from Blue Lagoon to Ushaka. These activities included

amongst other activities:-

a. Green Hub – a full programme of activities for the whole family

b. Suncoast Suncafe – relaxation area

c. Pedal Power Boabab – Amphitheatre

d. Vegan Fun Educational Facility – Amphitheatre

15 All emissions quoted include a 10% contingency

16 This is the % Contribution to the total footprint


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e. Green Peace Solar Cinema – Bay Lawns

f. Craft Market – Bay Lawns

g. Kids Zone – Bay Lawns

h. Entertainment stage – Bay Lawns

i. Beach and Water Sports – central beach areas

j. Entertainment Zone – New Beach (included food and beverage

outlets,

k. New Beach – City/NGO social event for accredited delegates

l. Photo shoots – OXFAM, GREENPEACE – beachfront areas

It was challenging to obtain consumption and logistics data for the venues. In some instances data was simply not available and in other instances it was difficult to determine which physical areas the data was applicable to. An important point to note is that logistical emissions for elements of the Green Festival that the eThekwini Municipality was in control of were included e.g. the tents and facilities that were erected, but that there is uncertainty regarding logistics emissions from non municipal activities. Assumptions were made based on consultation within Arup; the data collectors; representatives from the venues; and relevant eThekwini Municipality officials. In many instances the assumptions made during the first pass estimate were carried through to ensure consistency.

There is a potential for double counting for the “Other Internal Conference Venues” as some of these venues are located within hotels and therefore the energy consumption data could have been accounted for in the kWh/room/night figure calculated for the “Delegate Accommodation”. The Arup team has decided to be conservative and to include the estimated energy emissions for these venues in the calculation.

Figure 7: UNFCCC Precinct

Results for Venues

Total emissions related to Venues are contained in Table 5. It is important to note that the figures contained below represent the total energy emissions from all the venues described above. The venue energy related emissions can be considered in


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terms of the areas as contained in Table 6. The figures represent the electricity, water, and LPG emissions for the UNFCCC Precinct and all the other venue sites.

Emission tCO2e

% Contribution

To Local Carbon

Footprint

Electricity 2,401 25.85

Water 9.56 0.1

LPG 9.03 0.1

Generators 0.87 0.01

TOTAL 2,420 26.06

Sub-

Category tCO2e

%

Contribution

UNFCCC

Precinct

1,220 13.13

Other

Venues

1,200 12.93

TOTAL 2,420 26.06

Table 5: Emissions from Venues Table 6: Emissions per Sub-Category Venues

3.4 Intra-City Transport

Transport emissions factors are generally given as tCO2e per passenger.km, vehicle.km or tonnes.km for freight transport. The emissions factors were sourced from the DEFRA database

17. This dataset for calculating emissions from

transport, with generic emission factors are widely applicable.

The data for the transport component was obtained from the consulting team appointed by the eThekwini Municipality to develop and monitor implementation the transport operating plan. Therefore there is a high level of confidence in the data.

The transport component of the calculation took into account the following:

Intra-City delegate transport provided by the municipality. This includes an extensive bus and taxi shuttle service that covered all accommodation routes including an airport shuttle service. The data relating to exact routes; number of vehicles; duration of service etc. was obtained via the transport consultant team appointed by the eThekwini Municipality to develop the Transport Operating Plan (TOP) for the event.

Locals travelling to and from the event on a daily basis. The TOP estimated 6,000 vehicles travelled on a daily basis of which an estimated 3,500 were hire cars.

Shuttle services provided by hotels. Based on the feedback during the data collection process and the availability of extensive shuttle services provided by the eThekwini Municipality this mode of transport is assumed to be limited.

There was a total of 894 volunteers and temporary staff appointed during the event. These include volunteers appointed by the eThekwini Municipality and the national Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA). It was assumed that all volunteers and temporary staff reside within the eThekwini Municipality

17 Defra Final version 1 (2011)


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and predominantly utilised taxi’s to commute to and from work. In addition to this there were 4 people stationed permanently at the airport to man an information kiosk for arriving delegates. Their travel to and from the airport has been included.

There are currently 131 registered metered taxis within Durban. Although the eThekwini Municipality provided extensive shuttle services, the use of metered taxis should not be discounted. As such, it is assumed that delegates utilised metered taxis during the event

18.

The eThekwini Municipality provided transport for Green Tours for delegates. There were 3 types of tours of offer, i.e. Mitigation tours (which is a 25km round trip); Adaptation tours (which is an 80km round trip); and Ministerial tours, with a total of 68 trips being completed.

Finally, the eThekwini Municipality provided shuttle transport to events held at Paradise Valley and at the City Hall. These have been included in the calculations.

The eThekwini Traffic and Transportation Authority (ETA) took responsibility for managing the various shuttles deployed during COP17/CMP7, this included the formulation of a new shuttle services plan to accommodate congress members, the inclusion of 42 stops at key nodes and the formalisation of eleven routes across the metro and a new people mover diversion. Nine property walking routes, linking key nodes in the City (as per the plan

developed for the 2010 World Cup), were reactivated. As part of the Non-

motorised Transport Plan (NMT), ETA instituted a new bicycle sharing service to

the COP17/CMP7 delegates with a total of 730 bicycles being made available.

This service required additional infrastructure to be put into place for the delegate

bicycles to be truly effective. An electronic bicycle management system as well

as four bike stations and four bike parking areas and remote hire and return points

were established. A total of 1300 bicycle hire transactions were recorded.

Results for Intra-City Transport

The total emissions related to transport is contained in Table 7 below. The three major contributors to transport related emissions are:

1. From the eThekwini Municipality provided delegate shuttle service that operated between 06h00 and 00h00 in the lead up to, during, and after the conference;

2. Private transport; and 3. Car hire.

18 Due to only 131 registered metered taxis being available within Durban it was assumed that all 131 would

be used by delegates for the 2 weeks of the conference and each taxi travelling on average 100km/day.


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Table 7: Emissions from Intra-City Transport

3.5 Transport of Waste

There were various inputs into the waste calculation. Waste was generated by delegates at their accommodation and whilst they were at the conference venues. Waste was also generated by non-delegates that attended the open air public events across Durban. General waste was routinely collected by Durban Solid Waste (DSW) with various recycling companies servicing the different accommodation and conference venues. Waste servicing (general and recycling) for the UNFCCC precinct and Climate Change Response Expo was done by Re-ethical.

The waste data and information obtained directly from DSW and Re-ethical was considered accurate and reliable and these were therefore used, e.g. the average recycling rate within the eThekwini Municipal Area is 11%

19. This recycling rate

was applied across all areas where recycling rates were unknown or data was not available. The waste generation rates employed were on a kg/person/day rate

20.

The average tonnage of waste transported per typical load to landfill sites was estimated at 4 tonnes

21 and the two landfills that were used were Bisasar Road and

Buffelsdraai with the Bisasar Road landfill being the main destination for general waste generated during the event due to its proximity to the UNFCCC precinct and CBD. The calculation of the waste footprint was divided into 3 areas, viz. Delegate accommodation; the UNFCCC precinct; and other venues.

Results for Transport of Waste

The total emissions related to the transport of waste is contained in Table 8 below.

19 As obtained from Robert Abbu of DSW in data collection template 20 Delegate accommodation (1.2kg/person/day); waste from venues (0.036kg/person/day); waste from open

air venues (0.8kg/person/day) 21 As obtained via interview with Logan Moodley of DSW – Bisasar Rd Landfill

Emission tCO2e % Contribution

eThekwini Municipality Provided Delegate Shuttles 412.31 4.44

Local Private Transport 307.19 3.31


Metered Taxi 44.22 0.48


Car Hire 1,181.51 12.72

Airport Staff 1.98 0.02

TOTAL 2,168 23.35


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UNFCCC

Precinct

0.46 0.00


TOTALS 21 0.23

Table 8: Emissions from Transport of Waste

The emissions related to the transport of waste from source to either a registered general landfill or recycler contributes only a fraction to the total estimated emissions, i.e. only 0.23%.

3.6 Logistics Transport

These emissions relate to the transport of logistics and construction items to and from the venues as well as the delivery of virgin paper and catering to the UNFCCC Precinct.

There were transport related emissions in the setting up of venues, e.g. in bringing in temporary structures (marquees, tents, stage, porta loos etc.) and the removal of these temporary items following the event. It was extremely challenging to calculate the number of vehicles; payloads; trip lengths etc. However, the eThekwini Municipality employed Oasys to manage the logistical arrangements for the event and the supplier database provided by this contractor was used.

Data for virgin paper usage was obtained through the benchmarking exercise and specifically the COP15 event where 8 million sheets of paper were used during the event. It was not possible to determine the exact amount of virgin paper utilised during the event and therefore the COP15 estimate was employed for COP17/CMP7. Data for catering and the expected number of deliveries was obtained from the Senior Sous Chef of the ICC as well as via the ecological footprint that is being completed by FutureWorks.

Results for Logistics Transport

The total estimated emissions related to logistic transport is contained in Table 9 below.


Logistics Related to UNFCCC Precinct 6.22 0.07

Logistics Related to Other Venues 218.82 2.36

Paper to UNFCCC Precinct 0.14 0.00

Catering to UNFCCC Precinct 8.97 0.10

TOTAL 234 2.52

Table 9: Emissions from Logistics Transport


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3.7 Macro Summary of Total Local Carbon Footprint

The summary of the preceding discussion results in the following figure which indicates the contribution of the different aspects of the total local carbon footprint for COP17/CMP7. The emissions are contained in the figure below.

Figure 8: Summary of Total Local Emissions

4 Results for Core and Non-Core Areas

In order for eThekwini Municipality to determine what aspects of the carbon footprint it would accept responsibility for offsetting, this section attempts to divide the calculated footprint into core and non-core areas.

The core areas are those parts of the carbon footprint which the eThekwini Municipality has indicated is willing to take responsibility for offsetting and includes those related COP17/CMP7 activities which are controlled by the eThekwini Municipality or forms part of the host city agreement. It includes the following:

a. All emissions related to the UNFCCC Precinct

b. The transport related emissions from the provision of delegate shuttles by the eThekwini Municipality

c. The transport related emissions from the movement of volunteers and transport of staff to and from the airport

d. Emissions associated with municipality organised / controlled / funded events and facilities at other venues which are associated with the COP17/CMP7

e. All the emissions related to delegate accommodation.

It should be noted that delegate accommodation is not technically considered as a core area. The eThekwini Municipality has indicated during discussion on offsets that they may be willing to offset the emissions associated with delegate


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accommodation for this specific event. However, in terms of future planning and offsetting for major events the eThekwini Municipality may exclude delegate accommodation as their responsibility for offsetting. The inclusion of delegate accommodation in the core area in this instance, and for the purposes of the carbon footprint calculation, is therefore in response to the specific discussions with the eThekwini Municipality and should not be considered as the municipality’s official position on the matter.

The eThekwini Municipality will also take responsibility for offsetting the emissions from the other conference venues which are under its control and which hosted COP17/CMP7 related events. These include the City Hall, Paradise Valley, the Transport Hub (including Remote Search Park & Drive-in site), and the Green Festival held on the Durban beachfront and at Blue Lagoon. For these venues the energy, transport of waste, and logistics transport were calculated and included.

The calculated footprint for the above core areas is 7,747 tCO2e as depicted in Table 10 below. The total emissions for the non-core area is simply the balance of the footprint and equals 1,542 tCO2e.

Table 10: Total Emissions for Core Area

Core Area Category tCO2e22

a. UNFCCC

Precinct

Energy (electricity, water &

LPG – incl use of generators)

1,220

Transport Logistics 6.22

Transport of Waste 0.46

Transport of Paper 0.14

Transport of Catering 8.97

b. & c. Intra City

Travel

Delegate Shuttles 410

Volunteer Transport 216

Green Tours & City Event

Related Travel (City Hall and

Paradise Valley events)

2.14

d. Other Municipal

Controlled

Events

(Incl. The City Hall,

Paradise Valley,

Transport Hub, and


LPG)

1,200


Transport Logistics 218.82

22 Figures have been rounded off where appropriate


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Beachfront Green

Festival)

e. Delegate

Accommodation


LPG)

4,444


TOTAL 7,74723

The calculated footprint for the core area represents approximately 83% of the total calculated footprint.

The non-core portion of the footprint is attributed to those emissions which are not under the control of the eThekwini Municipality and relate specifically to the intra-city transport emissions for car hire; the use of registered taxis; the use of private vehicles by local residents; and the use of hotel shuttles.

5 Summary

The above discussion is summarised in

Table 11 below. The table allows the eThekwini Municipality to determine the breakdown of the foot print in greater detail.

Table 11: Summary of the Local Carbon Footprint for COP17/CMP7

CONTRIBUTION TOTALS ASPECT Tonnes CO2e

Individual % Contribution

Total %

Accommodation 4444

Energy 4,362.13 46.96

47.84 Water 36.36 0.39

LPG 45.71 0.49

Venues 2421

UNFCCC Energy 1,212.71 13.06

26.06

UNFCCC Water 6.18 0.07

UNFCCC LPG 0.29 0.00

UNFCCC Generators 0.59 0.01

Other Venues Energy 1,188.44 12.79

Other Venues Water 3.38 0.04

Other Venues LPG 8.74 0.09

Other Generators 0.28 0.00

23 This figure has been rounded to the nearest whole number


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Intra City Transport

2169

City Shuttle (Bus & Taxi) 410.14 4.42

23.35

Local Residents 307.19 3.31


Registered Metered Taxi 44.22 0.48

Green Tours 0.82 0.01

Paradise Valley & City Hall 1.32 0.01

Transport Hub 0.03 0.00


Car Hire 1,181.51 12.72

City Staff at Airport 1.98 0.02

Transport of Waste

21


0.23 UNFCCC Precinct 0.46 0.00


Logistics Transport

234

UNFCCC Precinct 6.22 0.07

2.52 Other Venues 218.82 2.36

Paper 0.14 0.00

Catering 8.97 0.10

TOTAL FOOTPRINT 9,289 100 100

6 Emissions Avoidance / Reduction Efforts

During the study it became apparent that the eThekwini Municipality made a considerable effort in emissions avoidance and reductions. An example of this was the use of non-motorised transport as part of the Transport Operating Plan, i.e. use of bicycles for delegates to move between the beachfront and conference venues. In addition, the extensive intra-city transport shuttle services resulted in overall reduced emissions, i.e. there would be greater emissions if delegates did not have the luxury of having this shuttle service at their disposal and convenience.

There were other initiatives undertaken by the eThekwini Municipality, businesses, and civil society which, if documented and communicated accordingly, would help demonstrate the efforts in avoiding and reducing emissions.

Some of the projects undertaken by eThekwini towards this goal of emissions

reductions were the following24

:

A R1.5 million energy efficiency retrofit of the ICC and DEC buildings which is estimated to reduce the total energy demand of these buildings by up to 7%.

24 Extracted from the City COP17/CMP7 Debrief Report


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Establishment of the Green Event Guideline (Hosting Green Events in Durban 2011 / 2012). This was developed and distributed to event organisers and hotels hosting events.

Responsible Accommodation Campaign to ensure that Durban’s accommodation establishments were provided with information on how they could minimise their carbon footprint and increase their environmental efficiency. This consisted of two meetings and the production of a toolkit for use by the accommodation establishments. The forums were attended by 132 people representing 20 hotels and 31 B&B's / guest houses.

Ecological Foot-printing study was undertaken and resulted in solid waste and food consumption awareness campaigns.

The transport system for the event was reviewed and planned to ensure the highest level of efficiency. This was done both for the non-motorised transport and public transport system for the event.

Recycling initiatives were encouraged in all event locations. Additional recycling bins were provided along the beachfront.

At the ICC, an energy efficiency and recycling focus saw the introduction of a number of new measures to ensure energy and water efficiency and increased recycling.

Provision of free bicycle hire for delegates proved to be successful.

In terms of legacy, the Public Awareness around Climate Change provided

inspirational and motivational initiatives for everyday lifestyles. The Green

Festival is planned to be an annual event aimed at providing continuous climate

change awareness messaging and initiatives. All Green Festival Branding will be

recycled to produce school bags for less fortunate scholars. The Green Hub, as a

zone will now be incorporated in future Green Festivals, creating additional

awareness of the area as well as the valuable information and activities available

in this area.

The Siemens Baobab tree has been donated to the City as a continuous reminder

of just one positive initiative in addressing climate change. UNESCO – World

Heritage Site images are to remain in the City for an extended period which will

provide the City an educational opportunity addressing Climate Change and the

impact on the earth.


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Attachment A: Summary of Coefficients

Area Activity Coefficient Used Source

Accommodation

Electricity 0.99 kgCO2/kWh Eskom annual report 2011

Water 0.925 kgCO2e / kl Friedrich E., Pillay S. and Buckley CA. The use of LCA in the water industry and the case for an environmental performance indicator, in Water SA. Vol 33 No.4, July 2007, page 449, Table 6

LPG 2.942 kgCO2e /kg Defra: Taken from table 1b and converted from litres to kg. (1 kg LPG = 1.968 litres. 1 Litre LPG = 1.495 kgCO2. So 1kg LPG = 2.942 kgCO2/kg) See table 11 and table 12

Travel

Bus 957.7 grams/km from http://naei.defra.gov.uk/datachunk.php?f_datachunk_id=307

Taxi / temp staff travel / Green Tours 0.21775 kgCO2e/km Defra 6f

Hotel Shuttle / Local travel / Car hire / metered taxi 0.20459 kgCO2e/km Defra 6e

Logistics 0.83098 kgCO2e/km Defra 7d

Waste Transport 0.26181 kgCO2e/tonne.km Defra 7e

Paper & Catering Transport 0.19838 kgCO2e/tonne.km Defra 7e

http://naei.defra.gov.uk/datachunk.php?f_datachunk_id=307


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Attachment B: Data Quality Assessment

DATA QUALITY Relevance – ensure the data collected appropriately reflects the key activities of the COP17/CMP7 event and will assist and inform eThekwini Municipality in its offset decision-making. For example, is the data S.A. specific or was international data (i.e. UK sources) used instead?

Good A Completeness – does the data cover all activities and boundaries allowing you to report on all GHG emissions sources and activities within the chosen inventory boundary (e.g. Transport, or

energy). Any exclusions should be reported and justified.

Acceptable B Consistency – assessments should use consistent data sets to allow for meaningful comparisons of emissions over time. Any changes in data sets should be recorded and disclosed for transparency reasons.

Gaps C Transparency – address all the relevant issues in a factual and coherent manner, based on a clear audit trail. Disclose any relevant assumptions and make appropriate references to the

accounting and calculation methodology and data sources used.

Accuracy – ensure that the quantification of GHG emission is systematically neither over or underestimated for the actual emissions as far as you can judge, and that uncertainties are reduced as far as possible. Achieve sufficient accuracy to enable users to make decisions with reasonable assurance as to the integrity of the reported information.

Availability – was data readily available, whether via publically available sources or through survey/ data collection process? Any data gaps due to unavailable information should be

recorded along with any assumptions used to replace these data gaps.

Source: The GHG Protocol (WRI WBCSD)

1 = high 2 = medium 3 = low

Data Source Data Set Data Quality

Relevance Completeness Consistency Transparency Accuracy Availability Comments / Gaps

Defra Emissions fuels for fuel, electricity, transport

A 1 2 1 1 2 1 Primary source of co-efficient factors especially for transport.

Arup Infrastructure

Guidance Note

Summary table for

water, gas and electricity

demands B 2 2 1 1 2 1

Utilised for the gap in data relating to small hotels /

B&B’s / Guest houses.

SANS 204-1: 2008 Electricity A 1 2 1 1 2 1

Consulted due to lack of data on beachfront electricity

consumption data

Eskom 2011 Annual

Report

Electricity co-efficient A 1 1 1 1 2 1

Used to obtain electricity co-efficient

Internet Venues and

accommodation B 1 2 2 2 2 1

Used to obtain venue and accommodation specific data

such as floor areas; travel distances etc.

Thompsons Accommodation A 1 2 1 1 2 1

Official accommodation service provider for the event. Information provided was based on actual figures

eThekwini Strategic

Projects Unit

Open air events C 2 3 2 1 2 2

Used to determine data for SPU controlled venues.

DSW & Re-Ethical Waste reports A 1 2 1 1 1 2

Data related to UNFCCC, CCR Expo and waste collected and recorded from other areas within the City

eThekwini COP17/CMP7

Debrief Report

Specific to waste,

numbers and transport B 1 2 1 2 2 1

Report was useful in making more accurate assumptions

and in obtaining actual data

ICC Staff Energy, water, waste,

logistics, catering, paper B 1 2 1 2 2 2

Paper consumption is unknown at this stage and needs

to be monitored during the event.

Illiso/Arup transport

Operating Plan

Delegate Intra-city

Transport A 1 1 1 1 1 1

Accurate transport travel distances were provided

eThekwini Water Dept Beachfront water consumption data C 2 2 1 2 2 2

Determining what is measured and for which area is a challenge. There are also certain water uses that are not

measured by the eThekwini Municipality.


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Oasys Report Logistics Transport A 1 1 1 1 1 1 Official services provider for the event

Information from Data

Gathering / Templates

Accommodation

B 1 2 1 2 2 2 Not all establishments selected had available info or

was willing to participate. There were certain gaps in

info which assumptions had to be made.

Venues C 2 3 2 3 3 3

There were quite a few gaps in info relating to both the

internal conference venues as well as the open air sites.

Transport

A 1 1 1 1 1 1 Information provided by eThekwini Municipality

appointed consulting team. Good data for core emissions

Waste B 2 2 2 2 2 2

Gaps in waste data for the open air venues. Arup team

had to make many assumptions related to waste

Logistics B 2 2 2 2 2 2

It was difficult to determine all logistics related emissions for non-UNFCCC precinct areas.

carbon footprint for cop17/cmp7 event - durban · carbon foot print calculated by icologie into the...

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