cardiac xray. 1. basics of cxr 2.structures in anterior view 3.structures in lateral view ...
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESENTED BY DR SANDEEP.R
CARDIAC XRAY
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TOPICS DISCUSSED 1. BASICS OF CXR
2.STRUCTURES IN ANTERIOR VIEW
3.STRUCTURES IN LATERAL VIEW
4.CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT
5.PULMONARY CIRCULATION
6.CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
7.PERICARDIAL DISEASE
8.PACEMAKER & ICD
9.CARDIAC CALCIFICATION
10.PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE
11.DISEASES OF AORTA
12. MISCELLENOUS
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BASICS OF X-RAY TECHNICAL QUALITY
R – ROTATION I -- INSPIRATION P -- PROJECTION E -- EXPOSURE
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ROTATION
The medial ends of both clavicles should be equidistant from the spinous process of the vertebral body projected between the clavicles
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The increase in blackness of
one hemithorax is always on the side to which the patient is rotated, irrespective of whether the CXR has been taken PA or AP
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DEGREE OF INSPIRATION
It is ascertained by counting either the number of visible anterior or posterior ribs
Adequate inspiratory effort - six complete anterior or ten posterior ribs are visible
Poor inspiratory effort - fewer than six anterior ribs
Hyperinflated lung-more than six anterior ribs
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IMPORTANCE OF AN INSPIRATORY FILMPOOR INSPIRATORY FILM NORMAL INSPIRATORY FILM
1
23
1.MEDIASTINAL WIDENING 2.CMGLY 3.LOWER LOBE PATCHY OPACIFICN
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PROJECTION OF X-RAY
Projection is defined as the direction of x-ray with relation to the patient
If the direction of x-ray projection is from front – AP projection
If the direction of x-ray projection is from behind –PA projection
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AP VIEW PA VIEW
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PA VIEW AP VIEW In erect patients Vertebral spines
more prominent Scapulae clear of
lungs Clavicles are
horizontal
In supine patients Vertebral bodies clear Apparent
cardiomegaly Scapulae overlap Clavicles are oblique
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ERECT SUPINE Gas bubble in
fundus with a clear air fluid level
Gas bubble in antrum Apparent
cardiomegaly
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EXPOSURE OF X-RAY
Normal exposure - the vertebral bodies should just be visible at the lower part of cardiac shadow
Underexposed -If the vertebral bodies are not visible , insufficient number of x-ray photons have passed through the patient to reach the x-ray film
Similarly, if the film appears too ‘black’, then too many photons have resulted in overexposure of the x-ray film.
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UNDERPENETRATION
NORMAL
OVERPENETRATION
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TOPICS DISCUSSED 1. BASICS OF CXR
2 . S T R U C T U R E S I N A N T E R I O R V I E W
3.STRUCTURES IN LATERAL VIEW
4.CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT
5.PULMONARY CIRCULATION
6.CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
7.PERICARDIAL DISEASE
8.PACEMAKER & ICD
9.CARDIAC CALCIFICATION
10.PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE
11.DISEASES OF AORTA
12. MISCELLENOUS
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SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
Technical factors
Skeletal abnormalities and hardware
Situs: gastric air bubble, cardiac apex, and aortic knob
Heart: position, size, and shape
Great vessels: position, size, and shape
Lung fields and vascularity by zone
Search for calcifications
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STRUCTURES SEEN IN ANTERIOR VIEW
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STRUCTURES IN LATERAL VIEW
RV
PT
AA
LA
LV
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Gastric air bubble
Left upper lobe bronchus
IVC
Right hemidiaphragm
LV
LARV
Pulmonary outflow tract
AortaRight upper lobe bronchus
RPALPA
Confluence of pulmonary veins
Brachiocephalic vessels Trachea
Left hemidiaphragm
Sca
pula
Man
ubriu
m
Bod
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ste
rnum
Retr
oste
rnal
spac
e
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Aortic knob is the junction formed by the arch and descending aorta
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MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY
LPA
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HOW TO MEASURE MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY
If we draw atangent line from the apex of the leftventricle to theaortic knob(red line) and measure along a perpendicularto that tangentline (yellow line)
The distance between the tangent and the main pulmonary artery (between two small green arrows) falls in a range between 0 mm (touching the tangent line) to as much as 15 mm away fromthe tangent line
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PROMINENT MPA Main pulmonary
artery projects more than the tangent
Causes:1. Increased
pressure2. Increased flow
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HYPOPLASTIC PA MPA > 15 mm from
the tangent
Concave PA segment
Causes:1. TOF
2. TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
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LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE
L
LA ENLARGEMENT
HYPERTROPHIEDLA APPENDAGE
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LEFT VENTRICLE
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CARDIOMEGALY The cardiothoracic
ratio should be less than 0.5. i.e. A+B/C<0.5
A cardiothoracic ratio > 0.5 suggests cardiomegaly in adults
A cardiothoracic ratio > 0.6 suggests cardiomegaly in newborn
A
B
C
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CTR is more than 50% but heart is normal
Extracardiac causes of cardiac enlargement Portable AP films Obesity Pregnant Ascites Straight back syndrome Pectus excavatum
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CTR is less than 50% but heart is abnormal
Obstruction to outflow of the ventricles
Ventricular hypertrophy
Must look at cardiac contours
< 50%
ASCENDINGAORTA DILATED
LV CONTOUR
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CRITERIA'S FOR CARDIOMEGALY
Cardiothoracic ratio >0.5 in adults
Cardiothoracic ratio >0.6 in newborn
Any increase in transcardiac diameter > 2 cm compared to old x-ray
In old age and emphysema a transcardiac diameter more than 15.5 cm in males &>12.5 cm in females
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CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT
RA enlargement LA enlargement RV enlargement LV enlargement
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CRITERIA FOR RA ENLARGEMENT
Rt. Cardiac border becomes more convex > 50% of right border
Rt. Atrial border extends >3 intercostal spaces
Measurement from mid vertical line to max. convexity in rt. Border>5 cm in adult & >4cm in children
Lateral view – fullness in space between sternum and front of upper part of cardiac silhouette
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a b
Ab > 5cm
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CRITERIA FOR LA ENLARGEMENT
Widening of carina( normal 45-75 degree) Elevation of left bronchus Straightening of left border Double atrial shadow( shadow within shadow)
Grade 1 –double cardiac contour Grade2 - LA touches RA border Grade 3 – LA overshoots the Rt. Cardiac border
Displaces the descending aorta to the left and esophagus to right seen in barium swallow
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LA ENLARGEMENT
HYPERTROPHIEDLA APPENDAGE
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LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT
DOUBLE ATRIAL SHADOW
WIDENING OF CARINA
ELEVATION OF LEFT BRONCHUS
LAA enlargement
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Widening of carina
Elevation of lt. bronchusAneurysmal LA
Aneurysmal LA – When La enlarges to left and right and approaches within an inch of lateral chest wall
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LATERAL VIEW-LA ENLARGEMENT
LA pushing theEsophagus posterior
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LEFT VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT
PA view
(a)Left cardiac border gets enlarged and becomes more convex resulting in cardiomegaly
(b)Lt. cardiac border dips into lt. dome of diaphragm
(c) rounded apical segment
(d) cardiophrenic angle is obtuse
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Lateral view
(a) Left ventricle enlarges inferiorly and posteriorly
(b)Rigler’s measurement A is >17 mm
(c)Rigler,s measurement B is< 7.5 mm (d) Eyeler’s ratio becomes > 0.42
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RIGLER’S MEASUREMENT
Rigler’s A & B used to differentiate left ventricular and right ventricular enlargement
Possible only when IVC shadow is present
Jn. Of IVC with Lt. Atrium – J point
Rigler’s A- from J point along line of IVC draw a line of 2 cm above and mark the point X.
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Draw a horizontal line from pt. A to posterior Cardiac border and mark that pt. y
Distance between points x & y is Rigler’s measurement A
NORMAL<17 mm
Rigler’s B-from the pt. J drop a perpendicular line to the dome and this distance is Rigler’s measurement B
NORMAL>7.5 mm
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When LV enlarges, Posterior cardiac border gets
displaced posteriorly & IVC shadow gets included in cardiac shadow, without getting displaced posteriorly
Rigler’s measurement A >17 mm in lt. ventricular enlargement
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EYELER’S RATIO To differentiate lt. & rt.
Ventricular enlargement
Valid when IVC shadow is absent or cannot be visualised
Mark the pt. of jn. where postero inferior cardiac border meets the dome as B
From this pt. B draw a horizontal line to the posterior border of sternum-AB
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From pt.B - draw another horizontal line posteriorly to the inner border of the rib-BC
Ratio of AB/BC is Eyeler’s ratio < 0.42
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LA Oblique view There is a retrocardiac
space( prevertebral)
(a)Mild lt. Ventricular enlargement-obliteration of retrocardiac space
(b) mod. Lt.ventricular enlargement-cardiac shadow overlaps vertebral column
(c)Marked Lt.ventricular enlargement-cardiac shadow overshoots vertebral column
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Chest X ray shows left ventricular enlargement. Left heart border is displaced leftward, inferior and
posteriorly. Rounding of the cardiac apex.
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RV ENLARGEMENT
PA VIEW
Cardiophrenic angle is acute
Clockwise rotation of heart causes RV to form the middle portion of the left heart border.
RIGHT LATERAL VIEWObliteration of retrosternal space
LEFT LATERAL VIEWRigler’s measurement will be17mm or lessRigler’s measurement will be 7.5mm or moreEyeler’s ratio is 0.42 or less
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PERICARDIAL EFFUSION Narrow vascular pedicle
Cardiomegaly directly proportional to severity of pericardial effusion
This shadow has a rounded, globular appearance with no particular chamber enlargement
Cardiophrenic angle become more and more acute
Oligaemic pulmonary vascular markings
Marked change in cardiac silhouette in decubitus posture
‘Epicardial fat pad sign’- anterior pericardial strip bordered
by epicardial fat post. and mediastinal fat ant.>2mm
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Narrow vascular pedicle
Acute cardiophrenic angle
‘Water bottle’appearence
Pulmonary oligaemia
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DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY VS PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
Chambers can be identified
Cardiophrenic angle is obtuse
Increased pulmonary venous hypertension
No change in cardiac silhouette in decubitus
Vascular pedicle is dilated or normal
Fluoro shows cardiac pulsation
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CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
Pericardial calcification
1.Straightening of the right border
2.Pericardial thickening > 4 mm
3.Pericardial calcification (50% cases)
4.Dilatation of SVC and azygous vein
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CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF PERICARDIUM
Focal bulge in area of main pulmonary artery
Sharply marginated
Absent right cardiac border
Increased distance between sternum and heart due to absence of sterno pericardial
ligament
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PULMONARY VASCULARITY
1.RDPA<17MM
NORMAL PULMONARY CIRCULATION – 3 FEATURES
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PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION
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PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION
LARRY ELLIOT’S CLASSIFICATION OF PVH
RADIOGRAPHIC GRADE OF PVH
ACUTE DISEASE
PCWP
CHRONIC DISEASE
PCWP
1 13-17 MMHG 13-17 MMHG
2 18-25 MMHG 18-30 MMHG
3 >25 MMHG >30 MM HG
4 HEMOSIDEROSIS AND OSSIFICATION
LONG STANDING PVH
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GRADE 0 -PCWP< 12 MM HG Upper lobe pulmonary veins are less prominent than
lower lobe veins
GRADE 1- PCWP 13-17MMHG
Redistribution of blood flow with cephalization-’ANTLER SIGN’
1) increased resistance to flow due to interstitial odema
2) alveolar hypoxia in lower lobes causes reflex vasoconstriction
3) vasoconstriction of the arterioles due to LA or pulmonary vein reflex
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GRADE 2- PCWP 18-25mm hg
Interstitial edema Peribronchial cuffing Kerley A,B,C lines Interlobular effusion Pleural effusion Hilar haze
Peribronchialcuffing
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KERLEY A LINES
Distended lymphatic channels within edematous septa coursing from peripheral lymphatics to central hilar nodes
Towards the hilum
Less specific for Pulmonary venous hypertension
KERLEY A LINES
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KERLEY B LINES
Horizontal lines 1-3 mm thick Perpendicular to pleural
surface
Towards the costophrenic angle
Accumulation of fluid in interlobular septa and lymphatics
Highly specific for PVH
KERLEY B
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KERLEY C LINES
Crisscross lines seen between A &B
GRADE 3 – pcwp > 25mm hg
Alveolar odema
B/l diffuse patchy
cotton wool opacities
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PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Pulmonary plethora – features
Enlargement of central pulmonary artery , lobar and segmental artery
Prominent nodular vascular shadows in frontal CXR- shunt vessels that course ventral to dorsal
Upper & lower lobe vessels prominent
RPDA > 17mm
Right descending pulmonary artery> tracheal diameter Ratio of RPDA to diameter of trachea > 1
Plethora seen if shunt size >2:1
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PLETHORA
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Pulmonary oligaemia Decreased flow proximal to orgin of main pulmonary
artery
Small pulmonary artery
Empty pulmonary bay
Pulmonary vessels small
Lung hypertranslucent
Lateral view shows diminution of hilar vessels
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OLIGAEMIA
Empty pulmonary bay
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Pruning High pressure left to right shunts are associated with
obliterative changes in the smaller pulmonary arteries & arterioles
Large main & large central pulmonary arteries taper down rapidly to very small vessels
Seen in Eisenmenger’s syndrome Precapillary PAH
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PRUNING
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Westermark sign Hampton’s hump Fleischner’s sign-
prominent central pulmonary artery
Palla’s sign-dilated rt. Descending pulmonary artery
Chang’s sign – dilatation and abrupt change in calibre of the rt. Descending PAHamptons hump
Wedge opacity
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VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
MITRAL STENOSIS
Small aortic knob from decreased cardiac output
Features of left atrial enlargement
Right atrial enlargement from tricuspid insufficiency
Pulmonary venous hypertension
Enlarged MPA Calcified mitral valve
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Mitral regurgitation
LA enlargement
LV enlargement
Pulmonary venous hypertension
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Ascending aorta dilated
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic valve calcification
AORTIC STENOSIS
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Dilated ascending aorta
LV enlargement
AORTIC REGURGITATION
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No obvious cardiomegaly
Enlarged PA
Dilated left pulmonary artery
Normal to decreased pulmonary vasculature
VALVULAR PS
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Concave PA segment
RVH
INFUNDIBULAR PS
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CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE ASD
MPA DILATED
RV APEX
RPA DILATED
PULMONARY PLETHORA
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HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE ASD VSD PDA
DISEASE LEFT ATRIUM
AORTA
ASD
VSD
PDA
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VSD
MPA DILATED
RPADILATED
LV APEX
PLETHORA
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PDA
Linear or railroad track calcification at site of ductus may be seen in adults with PDA
PROMINENT MPA
LV APEX
PLETHORA
AORTIC KNOB
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COARCTATION OF AORTA
“FIGURE OF 3” in CXR “REVERSE 3” or “E sign” in Barium meal
SUBCLAVIANARTERY DILATION
COARCTATION
POSTSTENOTICAORTICDILATION
RIBNOTCHING
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DD OF INFERIOR RIB NOTCHING 1)Aortic obstruction- Takayasu arteritis Coarctation of aorta
2) Subclavian artery obstruction –Classic BT shunt
Takayasu arteritis
3)Chronic Svc obstruction
4)Intercostal Av fistula
5)Neurofibromatosis
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CYANOTIC CHD
Cyanosis With Decreased Vascularity
Tetralogy of Fallot
Truncus-type IV
Tricuspid atresia
Transposition of great arteries
Ebstein’s anomaly
Cyanosis With Increased Vascularity
Truncus types I, II, III
TAPVC
Tricuspid atresia
Transposition
Single ventricle
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CYANOTIC CHDTOF‘Cour en sabot’
Due to1)Rv apex
2)Underfilled LV
3)Concave pulmonary artery
4)Pulmonary oligaemia
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TGA ‘Egg on string’ 1)Narrow pedicle
2)Rt. Border RA
3)Lt. border LV
4)Increased vascularity
5)Hypoplastic thymus
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TAPVC (supracardiac) ‘figure of 8’ “snowman”
Rt border-SVC
Upper border-left innominate
Left border-left vertical vein
Body of snowman-RA
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PAPVC(Scimitar sign)
The scimitar sign is produced by an anomalous pulmonary vein that drains any or all of the lobes of the right lung.
Scimitar vein empties into the inferior vena cava
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EBSTEIN ‘Box shaped’heart
Enlarged RA
Hypoplastic pulmonary trunk
Decreased vascularity
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TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS LV apex
Rt pulmonary artery has a superior orgin (20%)
‘waterfall sign’
‘Hilar comma sign’
Associated right aortic arch (33%)
Concave PA segment
ELEVATED RIGHT HILUM
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Eisenmenger’s syndrome
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PACEMAKER
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BIVENTRICULAR PACING
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RA LEADRV LEAD
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PACEMAKER PROBLEMS
LEAD FRACTURE
DISPLACED RA LEADDISPLACED RV LEAD
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ICD
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CARDIAC CALCIFICATIONS A) Valvular – Mitral , aortic valve B)Pericardial – constrictive pericarditis
C) Myocardial – left atrial wall, LV aneurysm
D)Endocardial – Endomyocardial fibrosis
E) Intraluminal – La thrombus , La myxoma , Lv thrombus
F) Vascular – aortic calcification , coronary artery
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CARDIAC CALCIFICATION
MITRAL VALVE CALCIFICATION
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MYOCARDIAL CALCIFICATION
CALCIFIED LV APICAL ANEURYSM
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CONSTICTIVE PERICARDITIS
CALCIFIED PERICARDIUM
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PERICARDIAL VS MYOCARDIAL CALCIFICATION
PERICARDIAL SEEN IN BOTH SIDES
OF HEART MOST COMMONLY IN AV GROOVE
DIFFUSE CALCIFICATION AROUND THE HEART
CALCIFICATION IS CHUNKY & UGLY
MYOCARDIAL SEEN IN ONLY LEFT SIDE MOST COMMON SITE IS
ANT. WALL
LOCALIZED TO THE LEFT
CALCIFICATION IS FINE & CURVILINEAR
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GIANT LA CALCIFICATION
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ATRIAL MYXOMA
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PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE
TILTING DISK VALVE
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TILTING DISK VALVE
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STARR EDWARD BALL VALVE
MITRAL STAREDWARD
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STARR EDWARD PROSTHETIC VALVE
MITRAL PROSTHESIS
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ST. JUDE VALVE
ST.JUDEMITRAL PROSTHETIC
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DISEASES OF AORTA
Aneurysm of ascending &Descending aorta
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AORTIC DISSECTION
Egg shell sign
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MISCELLENOUS X-RAYS
Occurs in less than 0.5% of people
Failure of regression of L common and Ant. Cardinal veins
Drains left jugular and left subclavian vein
Most patients also have right sided SVC
Drains into dilated coronary sinus
LEFT SVC
LEFT SVC
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RIGHT AORTIC ARCH
Leftward displacement of barium filled esophagus
Rt. Indentation of trachea
Aortic knob is absent from left side
Aorta descends on right
Associated with TOF
Truncus arteriosus
RT . AORTIC ARCH
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AORTIC NIPPLE
Left superior intercostal vein
Seen in 5% of cases
To be differentiated from a mass
Also called pseudo dissection
It drains into hemiazygous vein
Hartman T .Pearls & Pitfalls in Thoracic imaging,Variants and other difficult diagnosis
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CERVICAL AORTIC ARCH
Left sided cervical aortic arch
Aortic knob at apex of lung
Descend on the left
CERVICAL AORTIC ARCH
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SITUS INVERSUS WITH DEXTROCARDIASITUS INVERSUS WITH LEVOCARDIA
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DEXTROCARDIA HYDROPNEUMOPERICARDIUM
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PDA CLIP
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BIBLIOGRAPHY(1)Jefferson K, Rees S. Clinical cardiac radiology, 2nd edition Butterworths; 1980.
(2) Lipton MJ. Plain film diagnosis of heart disease: cardiac enlargement. Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology 1988;11:1-6.
(3) Boxt LM, Reagon K, Katz J. Normal plain film examination of the heart and great arteries in the adult. J Thorac Imaging 1994;9:208-18.
(4)Murray G. Baron,Wendy M. Book .Congenital heart disease in the adult.North American Clinics of Radiology 2004;3
(5) Ramesh M. Gowda,Lawrence M. Boxt. Calcifications of the heart.North American Clinics of Radiology 2004;4
(6) Martin J. Lipton, Lawrence M. Boxt. How to approach cardiac diagnosis from the chest radiograph.North American Clinics Of Radiology 2004;5
(7) Murray G. Baron .PLAIN FILM DIAGNOSIS OF COMMON CARDIAC ANOMALIES IN THE ADULT.North American Clinics Of Radiology 2004;6
(8) Radiology imaging – sutton 6th edition
(9) Pediatric cardiology- Perloff’s clinical recognition of congenital heart disease
(10)Radiology of congenital heart disease-Amplatz
(11)Grainger & Allisons- diagnostic radiology vol1 , 4th edition
(12)Cardiac Xrays- v.Chockalingam
(13)Braunwald heart diseases 9th edition(14) Emma C. Ferguson,Rajesh Krishnamurthy,Sandra A. A.Oldham. Classic Imaging Signs of Congenital Cardiovascular Abnormalities; RadioGraphics 2007; 27:1323–1334(15)www.learningradiology.com
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QUIZ
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EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY
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8 YR OLD ACYANOTIC CHILD
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ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
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25 YR OLD LADY WITH DYSPNOEA
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MITRAL STENOSIS
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65 YR OLD MAN WITH DYSPNOEA
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PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
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35 YR OLD ACYANOTIC FEMALE
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ASD WITH PAH
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IDENTIFY THE ABNORMALITY
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SITUS INVERSUS WITH
DEXTROCARDIA
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IDENTIFY THE ABNORMALITY
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RT AORTIC ARCH WITH RT DESCENDING AORTA
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4 MO CYANOTIC CHILD
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TAPVC SUPRACARDIAC
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3 MO CYANOTIC CHILD
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D-TGA
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8 YR OLD ACYANOTIC CHILD
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VSD