Cardiovascular SystemByKhaled Na3im

Anatomy and Physiology

pump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and

other nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate

organs for removal

Structures

heart - pump vessels - container blood - liquid

The Heart

hollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle)

pump to circulate blood

blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products

Cardi/o - heart

The human heart

Location and Protection

located between the lungs and above the diaphragm

Pericardium Pericardial Fluid Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o and vas/o

arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood

veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood

Blood Vessels

Arteries• arteri/o• blood propelled by heart• arteries are thick with three layers• pulse-surge of blood• oxygenated blood - bright red• arteries to arterioles to capillaries • endarterial - pertaining to the interior

wall of an artery

Capillaries• system of microscopic

vessels• one epithelial cell thick• anatomic units connect

arterial/venous systems• blood flow much slower

through capillaries to allow for exchange

• blood cells travel in single file

Veins low-pressure

collecting system ven/o and phleb/o venules - small veins veins have valves deoxygenated blood venae cavae -

venous blood to Right Atrium

Heart

Endocardium - serous membrane lining myocardium - muscle layer epicardium - outermost layer pericardium - sac containing the heart

Heart Chambers

RightAtrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle

Apex

Internal Heart Chambers

Heart Valves

Apex

Left

Right

Tricuspid

Mitral

Pulmonary

Arte

ry

Aor

ta

Vena C

ava

Pulmonary Veins

Blood Supply to Heart

Coronary Artery System right coronary left coronary

left anterior descending circumflex

Systemic Circulation All parts of body except lungs

Pulmonary Circulation pulmonary arterial system

Conduction System of the heart

1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2-AV Node3-Bundle of His4-Perkinje fibers

The Conducting System of the Heart

Conducting System of the Heart

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias palpitation fibrillation atrial fibrillation ventricular

fibrillation bradycardia tachycardia

Pulse

pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving though the artery

Blood Pressure Measurement of

amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels.

Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction

Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed

Pathology of the Cardiovascular system

Atherosclerosis Atheromas accumulate in the tunica

intima scleroses hypercholesterolemia lumen ischemia thrombosis, embolus occlusion aneurysm

Aneurysm

A localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Diseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI

and sudden death myocardial ischemia

angina, dyspnea myocardial infarction

diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea

ProceduresOpening Blocked Arteries

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Carotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass

surgery revascularization

Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD

cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart

caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery

Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply

Congestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by

myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.

Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, and elevated intracardial pressure.

Retrograde transmission of increased hydrostatic pressure from the left heart causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart pressure causes systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

Forms of Carditis

Carditis - inflammation of the

heart Pericarditis - inflammation of

pericardium Myocarditis - inflammation of

myocardium Endocarditis - inflammation of

inner layer of the

heart

Infective Endocarditis

Thrombi vegetations regurgitation of blood stenosis insufficiency valvotomy, commissurotomy prophylactic antibiotic treatment

Varicose Veins

Incompetent valves esophageal varices anal hemorrhoids legs

Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitis emboli, embolus, embolectomy thrombolysis ligation and stripping

Oncology

Myxoma tumor of mucous connective tissue

Metastasized from malignant melanoma

Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Diagnostic Procedures

Angiography-x-ray of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium-angiogram

Angiocardiography-radiopaque dye and chest x-rays to show dimensions of heart and large blood vessels - angiocardiogram

Cardiac Catheterization radiopaque dye injected

through a vein or artery to heart

Right: catheter inserted into vein: R arm/groin to heart to measure pressures & take blood samples

Pharmacology

Antianginals antihypertensives beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics heparin inotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) vasodilators