Carol Ann Duffy – ‘the world’s wife’

Contemporary Literature in English

Natália Pikli

ELTE

Carol Ann Duffy (born 1955)• born in Glasgow – moved to

Stafford (working class family, Scottish father, Irish mother, raised Catholic), writing poems since she was a child

• read philosophy: Liverpool University

• First poetry prize: National Poetry Competition, 1983

• Critic of poetry (Guardian) and editing the poetry magazine Ambit (1980s)

• Manchester Metropolitan University: Professor of Contemporary Poetry/Creative Writing

• 2009: Poet Laureate(first woman, Scot, Lesbian PL)

Major Poetic Works and Secondary Literature

• Standing Female Nude (1985)

• Selling Manhattan (1987)• The Other Country (1990)• Mean Time (1993)• The World’s Wife (1999)• Feminine Gospels (2002)• New Selected Poems,

1984-2004 (2004)• Rapture (2005) – a love

story• The Bees (2011)

Other projects• Grimm’s Tales – plays for children, editions and volumes of

poetry for children (eg. The Tear Thief, The Hat)• education: sheerpoetry.co.uk – helping British students to

understand her poems • as Poet Laureate: poems commissioned (2011 royal wedding

– Rings) or prompted by special occasions (David Becham’s injury – Achilles, death of the last two British soldiers of WW1- Last Post, The Twelve Days of Christmas 2009 – current concerns, Translating the British – 2012 London Olympics)

• PLAYS: Take My Husband (1982), Cavern of Dreams (1984), Little Women, Big Boys (1986) Loss (1986), Casanova (2007)

• Answering Back (2007) – 46 contemporary poets invited by Duffy, choosing and reflecting on poems by English poets (23 of them: women! → alternative canon)

‘ the most studied poet in Britain (after Shakespeare)’ v banning her poem

2008: AQA (Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (an Awarding Body in UK for specifications and holds exams in various subjects at GCSE, AS and A LEVEL and offers vocational qualifications) ‘banned’ Education for Leisure from exams/school anthologies as ‘celebrating violence’

Duffy: it’s ridiculous, "It's an anti-violence poem. It is a plea for education rather than violence." + a poem Mrs Schofield's GCSE

Education for Leisure – cf. Shakespeare’s King Lear: ”As flies to wanton boys, are we

to the gods. /They kill us for their sport”Today I am going to kill something. Anything. I have had enough of being ignored and today I am going to play God. It is an ordinary day, a sort of grey with boredom stirring in the streets  

I squash a fly against the window with my thumb. we did that at school. Shakespeare. It was in another language and now the fly is in another language. I breathe out talent on the glass to write my name.  

I am a genius. I could be anything at all, with half the chance. But today I am going to change the world. something's world. The cat avoids me. The cat knows I am a genius, and has hidden itself.  

I pour the goldfish down the bog. I pull the chain. I see that it is good. The budgie is panicking. Once a fortnight, I walk the two miles into town For signing on. They don't appreciate my autograph.  

There is nothing left to kill. I dial the radio and tell the man he's talking to a superstar. he cuts me off. I get our bread-knife and go out. The pavements glitter suddenly. I touch your arm.

Carol Ann Duffy: Mrs Schofield's GCSE(publ. The Guardian 6 Sept 2008)

You must prepare your bosom for his knife,said Portia to Antonio in whichof Shakespeare's Comedies? Who killed his wife,insane with jealousy? And which Scots witchknew Something wicked this way comes? Who saidIs this a dagger which I see? Which Tragedy?Whose blade was drawn which led to Tybalt's death?To whom did dying Caesar say Et tu? And why?Something is rotten in the state of Denmark - do youknow what this means? Explain how poetrypursues the human like the smitten moonabove the weeping, laughing earth; how wemake prayers of it. Nothing will come of nothing:speak again. Said by which King? You may begin.

What is poetry for? Duffy answers…

• When asked if she thinks poetry ‘to some extent takes the place of religion' in a secular society. She replied, 'It does for me: I don't believe in God.' - secular spirituality, cf. Prayer

• “Poetry is the music of being human” • ”Poets don’t have solutions, poets are recording human experience”

• ”Every time a poet writes a poem it’s like it’s the first time. When you’ve finished a poem, you don’t know if you’ll ever write another one. Some poems arrive with a weight that’s more significant than other poems and you know it will take a lot of care to do it justice. Poetry, for so long now, has been the way I relate to everything. It’s like a companion. I can’t imagine ever being separated from it.” (interview in Stylist)

The Observer, 13 Nov 2002, Charlotte Mendelson

• Part of Duffy's talent – besides her ear for ordinary eloquence, her gorgeous, powerful, throwaway lines, her subtlety – is her ventriloquism. Like the best of her novelist peers ... she slides in and out of her characters' lives on a stream of possessions, aspirations, idioms and turns of phrase. However, she is also a time-traveller and a shape-shifter, gliding from Troy to Hollywood, galaxies to intestines, sloughed-off skin to department stores while other poets make heavy weather of one kiss, one kick, one letter ... from verbal nuances to mind-expanding imaginative leaps, her words seem freshly plucked from the minds of non-poets – that is, she makes it look easy.

Duffy’s poetry

• ventroliquism (writer-persona-reader: it may be you)• conversational language (not the words are difficult but

the concepts) – ‘deceptively simple’, humour and playfulness – postmodern not in style but in ideology

• the construction of the self/identity• gender issues – dramatic monologues• love poems: Openheim’s Cup and Saucer, Small Female

Skull – love poetry, desire and anxiety in love – not gender-specific

• social ills and inequality/narrative poems and dramatic monologues: Model Village, Psychopath

Whoever She Was

• ”The National Poetry Society Competition has again (see last year) failed to unearth convincing winners from a total of 12,000 submissions. The first prize of ₤ 2,000 was awarded […] to ‘Whoever She Was’ by Carol Ann Duffy. This is quite an effective evocation of some eerie moments in the relation between motherhood and childhood, but much of the detail is predictable, and the language is not very interesting, so that the poem doesn’t improve with repeated readings.” (Review, 1983)

Whoever She WasThey see me always as a flickering figureon a shilling screen. Not real. My hands,still wet, sprout wooden pegs. […]The film is on the loop. Six silly ladiestorn in half by baby fists. When theythink of me, I’m bending over them at nightto kiss. Perfume. Rustle of silk. Sleep tight. […]Where does it hurt? A scrap of echo clingsto the bramble bush. My maiden namesounds wrong. This was the playroom.I turn it over on a clumsy tongue. Again.These are the photographs. Making masksfrom turnips in the candlelight. In case they come.

Whoever she was, forever their wide eyes watch heras she shapes a church and steeple in the air.She cannot be myself and yet I have a boxof dusty presents to confirm she was here.You remember little things. Telling storiesOr pretending to be strong. Mummy’s never wrong.You open your dead eyes to look in the mirrorWhich they are holding to your mouth.

• Identity: mother/woman/object or living being/ dream or reality - who?

• fresh perspective – no idealisation/stereotype of motherhood

• pain/anxiety/ambiguity of reference• ‘making masks from turnips’ – for

whom (the children/herself?)• She: title – last stanza• She=I=persona=you• Dramatic monologue: whose voice(s)?

(ventriloquist)• Turning points: mirror – beauty – death• Conversational language, stereotyped

phrases of mother-child relationship vs eerie ‘flickering’ surrealism. problem of identity

Psychopath

• Projection of the self – Hollywood heroes/myths (Brando, James Dean, Bogart – ‘Here’s looking at you, kid’ - Casablanca, Elvis) – a masquarade of masculinity

• Confronting different reflections of himself: in the shop-window, looking-glass, mirror in a bar: ‘My reflection sucks a sour Woodbine and buys me a drink. Here’s / looking at you.’ – who is looking at who?

• Cf. Lacan’s stade du miroir• Duffy: ‘I come from a working-class background which, in

many areas, was inarticulate. Not politically, but on those levels where one speaks of the personal, the feelings, the private inner life. What I mean is that language was often perceived as embarrasing or dangerous’ (cf. ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ Tony Harrison)

Dramatic monologues

• dramatic monologues: ‘I’ and ‘not-I’ object/subject blurred

• confessional (Romantic) poetry vs Psychopath

• Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination – heteroglossia

• the narrative unfolding behind the monologue (Model Village)

Love and desire – surrealism and Lesbian love: Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer

She asked me to luncheon in fur. Far fromthe loud laughter of men, our secret life stirred.

I remember her eyes, the slim rope of her spine.This is your cup, she whispered, and this is mine.

We drank the sweet hot liquid and talked dirty.And she undressed me, her breasts were a mirror

and there were mirrors in the bed. She said Placeyour legs around my neck, that’s right. Yes.

Oppenheim, 1936, Déjeuner en fourrure – the surrealist object

Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer

• Lesbian love /seduction vs men/loud laughter• Drinking tea/sexuality/’religious communion’ –

extraordinary and everyday simultaneously: coupling – in couplets

• Animate/inanimate – the fetish as substitution for the whole (pubic hair)

• Deceptively simple style vs alliterations, internal and half-rhymes

• Mirrors – sameness: eroticising and objectifying themselves

Small Female SkullWith some surprise, I balance my small female skull in my hands.What is it like? An ocarina? Blow in its eye.It cannot cry, holds its breath only as long as I exhale,mildly alarmed now, into the hole where the nose was,press my ear to its grin. A vanishing sigh.

For some time, I sit on the lavatory seat with my headin my hands, appalled. It feels much lighter than I’d thought;the weight of a deck of cards, a slim volume of verse,but with something else, as though it could levitate. Disturbing.So why do I kiss it on the brow, my warm lips to its papery bone,

and take it to the mirror to ask for a gottle of geer?I rinse it under the tap, watch dust run away, like sandfrom a swimming cap, then dry it – firstborn – gentlywith a towel. I see the scar where I fell for sheer lovedown treacherous stairs, and read that shattering day like braille.

Love, I murmur to my skull, then, louder, other grand words,shouting the hollow nouns in a white-tiled room.Downstairs they will think I have lost my mind. No. I only weepinto these two holes here, or I’m grinning back at the joke, this isa friend of mine. See, I hold her face in trembling, passionate hands.

Small Female Skull

- surrealism (ocarina)- objectified AND alienated self –

whose skull?(I and she/lost lover)- banality and humour (lavatory

seat vs Rodin’s The Thinker)- inside/outside – weeping in/out- mourning a dead lover and

existential questioning- Memento mori, Hamlet

(Laurence Olivier as Hamlet), the ‘skull beneath the skin’ in Jacobean tragedy

- love and death – skull

Social problems and identity/language

Sean O’Brian: The Deregulated Muse • history ‘has gone missing’ (vs male poets) –

female history written from the ground up• Duffy ‘being in but not entirely of England’,

witnessing the ‘dismantling of the nations’s hitherto broad consensual understanding of itself’

• postmodern anxiety about language – clichéd expressions (eg. Where do you come from?): both failure of expression and revealing some truth

Carol Ann Duffy: OriginallyWe came from our own country in a red roomwhich fell through the fields, our mother singingour father's name to the turn of the wheels.My brothers cried, one of them bawling Home,Home, as the miles rushed back to the city,the street, the house, the vacant roomswhere we didn't live any more. I staredat the eyes of a blind toy, holding its paw.

All childhood is an emigration. Some are slow,leaving you standing, resigned, up an avenuewhere no one you know stays. Others are sudden.Your accent wrong. Corners, which seem familiar,leading to unimagined, pebble-dashed estates, big boyseating worms and shouting words you don't understand.My parents' anxiety stirred like a loose toothin my head. I want our own country , I said.

But then you forget, or don't recall, or change,and, seeing your brother swallow a slug, feel onlya skelf of shame. I remember my tongueshedding its skin like a snake, my voicein the classroom sounding just like the rest. Do I only thinkI lost a river, culture, speech, sense of first spaceand the right place? Now, Where do you come from?strangers ask. Originally? And I hesitate.

The World’s Wife (1999)• reworkings of well-known fairy tales, history and

myths – change of persective: Mrs Lazarus, Mrs Midas, Mrs Tiresias, Mrs Faust,Anne Hathaway, Queen Kong, etc.

• beyond straightforward feminism (cf. Angela Carter): Duffy’s refusal to confirm to any stereotypical notion of feminity

• instead of ‘taking apart’ mythology – re-constructing (cf. Hughes, Heaney) from a different (feminine) viewpoint

• Little Red Cap – first poem: ‘ars poetica’

At childhood’s end, the houses petered outinto playing fields, the factory allotmentskept, like mistresses, by kneeling married men,the silent railway line, the hermit’s caravan,till you came at last to the edge of the woods, It was there that I first clapped eyes on the wolf.

He stood in a clearing, reading his verse out loudIn his wolfy drawl, a paperback in his hairy paw, red wine staining his bearded jaw. What big earshe had! What big eyes he had! What teeth!In the interval, I made quite sure he spotted me, sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, and bought me a drink,

my first. You might ask why. Here’s why. Poetry.

The Wolf, I knew, would lead me deep into the woods,away from home, to a dark tangled thorny placelit by the eyes of owls. I crawled in his wake,my stockings ripped to shreds, scraps of red from my blazersnagged on twig and branch, murder clues. I lost both shoes

but got there, wolf’s lair, better beware. Lesson one that night,breath of the wolf in my ear, was the love poem.I clung till dawn to his thrashing fur, forwhat little girl doesn’t dearly love a wolf?

• Then I slid from between his heavy matted pawsand went in search of a living bird – white dove- 

which flew, straight from my hands to his open mouth.One bite, dead. How nice, breakfast in bed, he said,licking his chops. As soon as he slept, I crept to the backof the lair, where a whole wall was crimson, gold, aglow with books. Words, words were truly alive on the tongue, in the head,warm, beating, frantic, winged; music and blood.

• But then I was young – and it took ten yearsin the woods to tell that a mushroomstoppers the mouth of a buried corpse, that birdsare the uttered thought of trees, that a greying wolfhowls the same old song at the moon, year in, year out,season after season, sane rhyme, same reason. I took an axe

to a willow to see how it wept. I took an axe to a salmon to see how it leapt. I took an axe to the wolfas he slept, one chop, scrotum to throat, and sawthe glistening, virgin white of my grandmother's bones.I filled his belly with stones. I stitched him up.Out of the forest I come with my flowers, singing, all alone.

Little Red Cap

-coming of age story of the woman poet – male tradition (canon) vs ‘my grandmother’s bones’ and ‘singing, all alone’

-Cf. Bruno Bettelheim (1976)– fairy tales and child pschycology – sexuality, fear – and overcoming anxiety (Bluebeard, Sleeping Beauty)

-intertextuality (weeping willow – desdemona’s willow song)

Conclusion?Alphabet for Auden(excerpts)

When the words done gone it’s hellHaving nothing left to tell.

Pummel, punch, fondle, knead themBack again to life. Read them

When you doubt yourself and whenYou doubt their function, read again.