cat coat – color, pattern and genetics · 2015. 5. 18. · cat coat – color, pattern and...
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Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
Sonja Prohaska
Computational EvoDevo
University of Leipzig
May 18, 2015
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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Cat Coat Color, Pattern and Genetics
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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How Hair Gets Color
◮ melanoblasts derive from neural crest
◮ dorso-ventral migration (back to belly)
◮ melanocytes move into epidermis
◮ at the basis of hair folicle
◮ differentiation of melanocytes
◮ produce Eumelanin
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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How Hair Gets Color – melanocytes
Melanine, the pigment, is produced by melanocytes and stored inmelanosomes.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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the S “piebald-spotting” Locus
◮ dorso-ventral migration ofmyoblasts
◮ allels: S, s
◮ incompletely dominant
◮ pigementation is recessive
◮ ss – completely pigmented
◮ Ss – less than 50% white
◮ SS – more than 50% white
◮ not necessarely all white
Dysfunction in dorso-ventral melanoblast migration, a dominantmutation, is the source of white spotts and patches.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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Excursion into Genetics
◮ locus/gene
◮ allele
◮ diploidy
◮ homozygote – heterozygote
◮ dominant – recessive
◮ autosomes – sex chromosomes
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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Piebald-Spotted Phenotypes in Rats
“irish” “berkshire” “hooded”
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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the W “dominant white” Locus
◮ melanocyte migration to skin
◮ allels: W, w
◮ completely dominant
◮ pigmentation is recessive
◮ ww – completely pigmented
◮ Ww – white
◮ WW – white
Dysfunction in melanocyte migration to the skin is a dominantmutation and one source of completely white cats.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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“dominant white” Phenotype and Eye Color
Hair, skin and eye color depend on the presence of Melanin.
“blue-eyed” “odd-eyed” “orange-eyed”
Dominant White cats with odd-eye color are usually deaf on theear close the the blue eye.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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How Hair Gets Color – Pigment Chemistry
Eumelanin
Pheomelanin
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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the B “black” Locus
◮ eumelanin production
◮ alleles: B, b, bl
◮ B – black
◮ bb – brown, “chocolate”
◮ bl ,bl – light brown, “cinnamon”
Solid black cats might get a brownishtinge to their fur if the diet is deficient intyrosine.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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the O “orange” Locus◮ pheomelanin production
◮ alleles: O, o
◮ O is located on the X chromosome
→ sex-linked
◮ males are XY
XOY – orange (no “black”)
XoY – no orange (“black”)
◮ females are XX
◮ one X is inactivated
◮ X inactivation differs from cell tocell
XOXO – orange (no “black”)
XoXo – no orange (“black”)
XOXo – orange - black mixed
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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“Gluckskatzen” und Co.
Tortoiseshell
◮ a XOXo female cat
◮ solid color, no spotting (ss)
◮ orange where Xo inactive
◮ black where XO is inactive
Calico
◮ an XOXo female cat
◮ piebald-spotted (SS or Ss)
◮ shows patches of orange
◮ and patches of black
◮ where she is not white
◮ “Gluckskatze”
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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The D “dilution” Locus
◮ pigment density
◮ alleles: D, d
◮ D – full density
◮ dd – diluted
◮ dilution turns
black → blue
chocolate → lilac
cinnamon → fawn
orange → cream
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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Summary of Solid Colors
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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The C “color” Locus
◮ codes the tyrosinase gene
◮ first step in melanin synthesis
◮ allels: C, cb, cs , c
◮ temerature-sensitive variants
◮ C is completely dominant
◮ C > cb = cs > c
◮ C – full color
◮ cscs – Siamese/Pointed
◮ cbcs – Tonkinese/Mink
◮ cbcb – Burmese/Seal
◮ cc – albino white
Complete dysfunction of tyrosinase on both alleles results in nopigment at all, i.e. an albino white cat (with pale blue or pinkisheyes).
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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The A “agouti” Locus
◮ transient inhibition of pigmentproduction
◮ during hair growth
◮ causes bands of lighter color alongthe hair
◮ allele: A, a
◮ A – agouti bands
◮ aa – no agouti bands
◮ undercoat has color of bands
◮ banding pattern◮ smoked◮ shaded◮ tipped◮ tabby
Agouti hair banding is required to make patterns visible.
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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The I “inhibition” Locus
◮ Melanin inhibition
◮ seen in agouti banding of tabbies
◮ allele: I, i
◮ bands of lighter color
◮ I – white bands
◮ ii – yellow bands
◮ undercoat has color of bands
tabby shaded
yellow brown goldenwhite grey silver
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics
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The Ta “tabby” and Ti “ticked” Locus
◮ alternate ticked and solid color hair
◮ causing formation of patterns
◮ alleles: TaM , tab
◮ TaM – mackerel (getigert)
◮ tab,tab – bloched (gestromt)
◮ alleles: Tia, Ti+
◮ Tia – Abyssinian (ticked allover)
◮ Tia,Ti+ (stripes on face, legs andtail)
◮ Ti+ – non-Abyssinian
◮ epistatic on tabby
These cats are back/brown (B), agouti (A), golden (ii) tabbies.
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Unknown modifier of tabby
◮ locus: ?
◮ allel
◮ mackerel → dots
◮ bloched → spots
◮ bloched → rosetted
cheetah (Gepard) and king cheetah
Cat Coat – Color, Pattern and Genetics