cd-404215 - levittownschools.comsites.levittownschools.com/ckind/documents/elements of...literature...
TRANSCRIPT
Character, Setting, Plot, & Theme
Tone
Similes, Metaphors, & Other Figures of Speech
Irony
Allegory, Parody, & Satire
4
44
4
4
Centered around Common Core State Standards, Common Core: Elements of Literature is designed to help students understand such complex elements of literatureas irony and symbolism. Additional topics include character, tone, figures of speech,and allegory. Practice pages, student charts, graphic organizers, research challenges,discussion starters, and recommended reading lists enable students to practice identifyingand using elements of literature.
4 Aligned with the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts
4 Includes glossary of specialized vocabulary, answer key, and standards matrix
4 Correlated to Common Core State, National, and Provincial standards. Visit www.carsondellosa.com for correlations.
ISBN978-1-62223-464-6
CD-404215
Practice Pages• Student Charts• Graphic Organizers• Research ChallengesDiscussion Starters•Writing Prompts• Games• Group Activities• Recommended Reading Lists
Visit learningspotlibrary.com for FREE activities!
GRADES6-8
Printed in the U.S.A.
Mark Twain Media/Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC
P.O. Box 35665
Greensboro, NC 27425
www.carsondellosa.com
CD-404215
Common Core
Elements ofLiterature
AUTHOR: LindaArmstrongEDITORS: MaryDieterichandSarahM.AndersonPROOFREADER: MargaretBrown
COPYRIGHT©2014MarkTwainMedia,Inc.
PrintingNo.404215-EB
MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersDistributedbyCarson-DellosaPublishingLLC
Thepurchaseofthisbookentitlesthebuyertoreproducethestudentpagesforclassroomuseonly.OtherpermissionsmaybeobtainedbywritingMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Visit us at www.carsondellosa.com
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
ii404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
iii Introduction
iv CommonCoreStateStandardsMatrix
Elements of Fiction
1 BasicElementsofFictionChart
2 PointofView
3 ForeshadowingandFlashbacks
4 Inference
Tone
5 NameThatTone!
6 ToningUp
7 SayitWithTone
8 DenotationandConnotation
9 ShadesofMeaning
10 DenotationvsConnotation
Figures of Speech
11 Big,Huge,Gigantic!(Hyperbole)
12 TheOceanIsaWomanandOther
Comparisons
13 Symbols:TeacherPage
14 SymbolsAroundUs
15 SymbolsinStories:AGraphic
Organizer
16 DoSymbolsinFictionReallyMatter?
17 Analogies
18 Allegory:AnalogyasaStoryStructure
19 Paradox
20 Oxymorons
Irony
21 IronyIntroduction:TeacherPage
22 DetectingIrony:TeacherPage
23 ResourcesforTeachingIrony:
TeacherPage
Table of Contents
24 VerbalIrony
25 That’sTwisted!:VerbalIrony
26 VerbalIronyDetection
27 IDon’tBelieveIt:DramaticIrony
28 SpotlightonDramaticIrony
29 It’sNotFair:SituationalIrony
30 SpottheSituationalIrony
31 MakeitIronic
32 SortingOutSituationalIrony
33 NameThatIrony!
34 TypesofIrony
Teacher Resources
35 Satire:TeacherPage
36 Parody:TeacherPage
37 GamesforEvaluationandReview:
TeacherPage
38 ChallengesforAdditionalPractice:
TeacherPage
39 IronyExamplesforGames,Writing
Assignments,andChallenges:
TeacherPage
40 PointofViewExamplesforGames,
WritingAssignments,and
Challenges:TeacherPage
41 FiguresofSpeechExamplesfor
Games,WritingAssignments,and
Challenges:TeacherPage
42 GlossaryofTechnicalTerms
43 AnswerKeys
TableofContents
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
iii404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Introduction
TheCommonCoreCurriculumasksteacherstobreakdowntheelementsofgoodwrit-ing,enablingourstudentstocomprehendworksoffictionandliterarynonfictionmorefully.
Studentsalreadyunderstandhowtolocatespecificdetailsinastoryorpassage.Often,youngreadersmerelylookforkeywordsfromthequestiontohoneinonananswer.Findingthemainideaisalittlemoredifficult,butitisrelativelyeasytoteach.Helpingstudentstoferretoutstructuringprinciplessuchascomparisonandcontrast,sequence,orcauseandeffectcanbetrickier,butintheseinstances,readersarestilllookingforwhatcanbefound,literally,onthepage.
Subtleelementsofliterature,however,canbemuchmoredifficulttoexplain.Someofthemareactuallyperverse.Whenusingconnotation,allegory,figuresofspeech,irony,satire,andparody,authorsoftenintendtoimpartmeaningsdiametricallyopposedtothewordstheyputonthepage.
Whenusingsymbolism,motifs,andanalogies,writersusesituations,creatures,andobjectsinwaysthatoperateonseveralpsychologicallevels.Likeanimageinadream,ahorsemightbeanactual,literalhorse,butitmight,simultaneously,standforpower,obsolescence,orevenpoetry,dependingonthestory.
Further,eachofthesedevicesdiffersfromtheothersinpurposeandtone.Forstudentsusedtopinpointingconcretedetailsormainideas,thiscanbeveryconfusing.
Irony,satire,parody,andsymbolismaremostoftenusedinfiction,buttheyalsoappearinnonfiction.Forexample,bothhistoryandscienceaboundwithirony.Summercampattend-eesdelightinparodiesoffolksongs,andteensthriveonsarcasm(themostextremeandcom-monformofverbalirony).Theseliteraryelementscanappearinsinglesentencesorphrasesbutmoreoftendependonlargerstructures,sometimesentirenovels,forfulleffect.
Tohelpstudentsrecognizeeachoftheseimportantdevices,Common Core: Elements of Literature offersexplanations,examples,writingprompts,discussion topics,and teacherresources,includingsuggestionsforfurtherreading.
Commom Core: Elements of Literature ispartofMarkTwainMedia’sCommon Coreseries,which focusesonhelpingstudentsmeet theCommonCoreStateStandards in theEnglishLanguageArts.Activitiesintheseriesoffermanyopportunitiesforwrittenresponse,andmostoftheinteractivepagesincludeDiscussionsuggestionsandChallenges.Thesearedesignedtoencouragecriticalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolvingandtolaunchpersonalorgroupresearchprojects.
Foreasyuse,organizationalfeaturesintheCommon CoreseriesincludedetailedTablesofContents,CommonCorematrixcharts,andlistsofteacherresourcestohelpbusyeduca-torslocaterelevantmaterialsefficiently.Thebooksalsocontainstudentglossariesoftechnicaltermsandanswerkeysfortheworksheets.
TitlesintheCommon CoreseriesincludeElements of Literature, Conducting Research Projects, Complex Issues in Text, Types of Text,andGrammar Usage.
Introduction
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
iv404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Common Core State Standards Matrix
1:6.2;6.3;6.5;7.2;7.3;8.2;8.3;8.5
2:6.6;7.6
3: 6.3;6,5;7.3;8.3
4: 6.1;7.1;8.1
5: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5
6: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5
7: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5
8: 6.4;7.4;8.4
9: 6.4;7.4;8.4
10: 6.4;6.5;7.4;7.6;8.4;8.5
11: 6.4;6.5;7.4;8.4
12: 6.4;7.4;8.4
13: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9
14: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9
15: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9
16: 6.1;6.2;6.4;6.5;7.1;7.4;8.1;8.2;8.4;
8.9
17: 6.4;7.4;8.4
18: 6.2;6.5;7.2;8.2
19: 6.4;7.4;8.4
20: 6.4;7.4;8.4
21: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
22: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
23: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
24: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
English Language Arts Standards: Reading Literature
25: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
26: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
27: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
28: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
29: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
30: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
31: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
32: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
33: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
34: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
35: 6.2;6.6;6.9;7.2;8.2;8.5
36: 6.2;6.6;6.9;7.2;8.2;8.5
37: 6.4;7.4;8.4
38: 6.1;6.4;7.1;7.4;8.1;8.4
39: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;
8.6
40: 6.5;7.5;8.5
41: 6.4;7.4;8.4
42: 6.4;7.4;8.4
PageEnglish Language Arts Standards: Reading LiteraturePage
©Copyright2010.NationalGovernorsAssociationCenterforBestPracticesandCouncilofChiefStateSchoolOfficers.Allrightreserved.FormoredetailsontheCommonCoreStateStandardsvisitwww.corestandards.org.
CommonCoreStateStandardsMatrix
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
1404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Basic Elements of Fiction Chart
Beforeexaminingmorecomplexaspectsoffictionwriting,let’sreviewsomeofthebasics.
Directions:Useinformationfromanovelorshortstoryyouhavereadrecentlytofilloutthechart.
Title: Author:
Character:
Protagonist(MainCharacter) Gender Age MostImportantorSpecialTrait
Antagonist(opposition) Gender Age MostImportantorSpecialTrait
Setting:
Location
Time(past,present,future,oryear)
Plot:
Protagonist’sProblem
Oppositionorconflict(Whatstandsinhis/herway?)
Solution
Theme: (Oftenawordorashortphrasesuchaslove, greed, envy,orcoming of age )
Challenge: Makecopiesof thischartandfill itout forseveraldifferentnovels,stories,andplays.Useittocomparetheirstructures.
BasicElementsofFictionChart
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
2404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Point of View
Everystory is told fromaparticularpointof view.This viewpoint influences thewayreadersenterandexperiencetheaction.Mostshortstorieshaveasinglepointofview.Somenovelsusedifferentviewpointsindifferentchapters.
Therearefourmajorpointsofview.
• First personstoriesareintheheadofthenarrator,whousesthepronounI.Forexample,“IneverlikedMason,whichdoesn’tsoundveryopen-minded,butIhadmyreasons.”
• Second personstoriesarewrittenasletters,emails,ordiaryentriesandusethepronounyou.Forexample,“Youknowwhathappened.Youcouldn’thavestoppedit.Nobodyblamesyou.”
• Third person limitedstoriesareverycommon.Asinafirstpersonstory,thereaderofathirdpersonlimitedstoryisinsidethenarrator’sheadandshareshisthoughts.Forexample,“WhenRachelspottedBrandon,sheduckedintothenearestdoorway.AfterwhathappenedonThursday,shedidn’twanttotalktohim.”
• Omniscient storiesarenotascommon.Theyarelikethirdpersonlimitedtales,buttheydonotstayinthemindofonecharacter.Instead,theyseetheactionfromtheviewpointsofseveraldifferentcharacters.Thisseemslikeanadvantage,butitcanbeaproblem.Read-ersknowmoreaboutwhatisgoingon,buttheycanhavemoretroubleidentifyingwiththemaincharacter.
Directions:Readeachselection.Writefirst person,second person,third person limited,oromniscientonthelinetoidentifythepointofviewused.
1. WhenImovedtoWestGlen,Iknewmylifewouldchange,butIcouldneverhaveimag-
inedhowmuch.
2. ThomaswonderedwhathisfriendsatWayburnMiddleSchoolweredoingandwhether
theymissedhimasmuchashemissedthem.
3. Youlookdownthelonghallwayandseeshadowsmoving.Youjumpbackinfear.
4. KaylawasthinkingaboutBrian,butBrianwasnotthinkingabouther.
Challenge: Write a classic folktale from the viewpoint of a different character. Forexample,write“Cinderella” from thestepmother’sviewpointor rewriteascenefromanovelorshortstoryfromtheantagonist’spointofview.
PointofView
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
3404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Foreshadowing and Flashbacks
Writersofstoriesarelikemagicians.Theycanmoveforwardorbackintime.Often,anauthorwillplantatantalizingsentenceorphraseearlyinastorytoletreadersknowproblemslieaheadforthemaincharacter.Thesehintsarecalledforeshadowing.Theirjobistobuildanticipation,suspense,andtension.Theyhookthereaderandpullhimintothestory.
Writersmovebackintimeforadifferentreason.Sometimes,thereaderneedsmoreinformationaboutthebackgroundofacharacterorhispredicament.Astorysectionthatskipsbacktoaprevioustimeiscalledaflashback.
Directions: Readeachsentence.Circleforeshadowing,flashback,orneithertoidentifythetechniqueusedinthesentence.
1. LittledidCarlosknowhowmuchthatsimplechoicewouldchangehislife. foreshadowingflashbackneither
2. Onlythreeyearsbefore,Jasonhadbeenlivingaloneinacabin. foreshadowingflashbackneither
3. Once,whenJakewaslittle,hisfatherhadtakenhimtothecity.
foreshadowingflashbackneither
4. ItwassomethingBrittanywouldlaterwishshehadnotsaid.
foreshadowingflashbackneither
5. Theoldmanstruggledtopulltheheavysackupthehill. foreshadowingflashbackneither
6. AbbyrememberedthedayshebroughtTobyhomefromtheanimalshelter. foreshadowingflashbackneither
7. IfSamhadknownwhatwasahead,hewouldhaveabandonedhisplans. foreshadowingflashbackneither
8. TeresametherfriendEmilybeforeschool. foreshadowingflashbackneither
Challenge:Findanexampleof foreshadowingoraflashback inastoryyouhave read re-cently.
Discuss: Doyouenjoyforeshadowinginastory?Whyorwhynot?
ForeshadowingandFlashbacks
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
4404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Inference
Whenyoureadasentence,aparagraph,orastory,youbringallofyourexperiencestoit.Thewriterdoesnothavetospellouteverydetailbecauseyoucanusecommonsensetofillinagreatdealofinformation.Thisiscalledmakinginferencesaboutwhattheauthorhaswritten.Here’sanexample:
Zacharygrabbedhisheavybackpackandracedforthebus.
Youknowthat: a. Zacharyisaboybecausethatwouldbeaveryunusualname foragirl. b. Heprobablygoestoschool. c. Hehashomework.Otherwise,hewouldn’tneedabackpack. d. Hedoesn’tlivecloseenoughtoschooltowalk. e. Hisparentsdon’tdrivehimtoschool. f. Heislate. g. Heisprobablyathome. h. Heprobablylivesinthepresentratherthanthepastorthefuture.
Directions:Readeachsentence.Whatinferencescanyoumake?
1. Hearingtheechoingbell,Nathanielgrabbedhisknapsack,swunguponhishorse,andgallopedtowardtheone-roomschoolnearthecreek.
2. WhenAvapressedherpalmtothewallintheInterRoom,theglowingfacesofherclass-matesappeared.
Challenge:Chooseasentenceatrandomfromanypageofastory.Copyit,andthenlistasmanyinferencesaspossible.
Inference
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
5404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Name That Tone!
Youcangatheragreatdealofinformationfromreadingcarefully.Youcanfindthemainideaofasentence,paragraph,orstory.Youcanspotdetailsandusethemtoanswerquestions,butthereismoretounderstandingastory,play,orpoemthanideasanddetails.Skillfulauthorsuse literary elementstodrawyouintotheirtales.Oneoftheseelementsistone.
Directions: Readeachexample.Circlethewordthatdescribesthetone(attitude,orquality)oftheselection.
1. Iwillneverforgetmyfavoriteteacher,Mr.Burns.Heturnedancienthistoryintopuread-venture.Hisclasswasrightafterlunch.IrememberlookingforwardtothebellsoIcouldhearhimtellaboutAlexandertheGreatortheexcavationofanEgyptiantomb.Itseemslikejustlastweek,butitwasalongtimeago.
a. official b. pleading c. nostalgic d. angry
2. Thefirstdayofmiddleschoolisthepits.It’srainingsohardIneedasnorkelandwetsuittogetfromthebustothefrontdoor.Okay,notreally,butyougettheidea.So,anyway,I’mstumblingdownthehallwithmyglassessteamedupandwaterdrippingfrom,well,everything,whenIrunintoBrit-tany.Iknowherfromelementaryschool.She’sprettyandall,butsomedaysshecanbemeanandthisisoneofthosedays.
a. informative b. humorous c. soothing d. haughty(stuck-up)
3. SchoolsareavitalcomponentoftheAmericandemocraticsystem.Theycontributetothedevelopmentofaninformedcitizenry.Thefirstpublicschool intheAmericanColonies,theBostonLatinSchool,wasfoundedin1635.ManytownsinNewEnglandestablishedschoolstoeducatetheirboys.
a. academic b. nervous c. informal d. depressed
4. Thisyear,theschooltermwillcommenceonMonday,August28.Allstudentsareexpect-edtoarriveontimeandwell-prepared.Asupplylistisenclosedwiththisletter.Mostlocalretailershavecopies.Attendancewillbetakenduringhomeroom,whichbeginspromptlyat7:50a.m.Lockerandclassassignmentswillbedistributedatthattime.
a. confused b. scornful c. curious d. official
Challenge:Chooseoneoftheselectionsonthispage.Rewriteitusingadifferenttone.Thereare many lists of literary tones online. Here is one example: http://www.poetryinvoice.com/teachers/lesson-plans/tone-map/tone-list
NameThatTone!
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
6404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Toning Up
Directions: Writeasentenceusingeachtone.
1. angry
2. pleadingorbegging
3. comforting
4. enthusiasticorexcited
5. proud
6. confused
7. scornfulorcritical
8. academicorinformative
Discussion:Sharesentenceswiththeclassorasmallgroup.Howdidwordchoices,sentencelength,punctuation,andotherfactorsworktogethertocreatetone?
Game:Cutthesentencesapartsooneexampleisoneachstrip.Dividethegroupintoteams.Ateammemberselectsastripatrandomandreadsthesentencealoud.Then,other teammembersnamethetone.Eachcorrectanswerwinsapoint.
ToningUp
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
7404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Say it With Tone
A Journalistic Paragraph:
Marshton,Monday,September24:TryoutsforMarshton’sbasketballteamwereheldlastFridayinthehighschoolgymnasiumfrom3:00p.m.to7:00p.m.Competitionwasfierceforavailablepositionson the team.TheMarshtonMonstersplaced third in thestatechampionships lastseason.Star forwardand teamcaptain,RonMason,graduated lastyearandwasawardedanathleticscholarshiptoUplandUniversity.Returningsophomore,TaylorBradley,apowerfulcontender at 6’9,” hopes to take his place.The new team roster will be released later thisweek.
Directions:Usethesameideasandinformationtowriteaninformalparagraph.Itshouldreadlikeablogpostoranemailtoafriendinanothertown.
Challenges:
Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwoparagraphsaboutit—onenervousandonecomforting.
Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwopoemsorsonglyricsaboutit—oneenthusiasticandonebored.
Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwoscenesforplaysaboutit—onehappyandtheothersad.
Topics:atraditionalholiday,avacationdestination,acontest,makingorlosingafriend,anaccident,movingaway,apet,astorm,anillness,abrotherorsister,somethinglostorfound,abirthday
Discuss: Howisablogdifferentfromanewspaperstory?Whatistheadvantageofeach?
SayitWithTone
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
8404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Denotation and Connotation
Whenyoulookformainideasandsupportingdetails,youareexaminingthedenotationsofwords,sentences,andparagraphs.Thedenotationofasentenceisitssimplest,mostdi-rectmeaning.Wordsandtextsalsohaveimpliedmeaningscalled connotations.Thesesubtleshadesofmeaningareoftenemotional.
Noticethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesetwosentences: a.Shewasskinny. b.Shewasslim.
Thewordsskinnyandslimhavesimilardenotations,buttheconnotationsaredifferent.Slimismuchmoreflatteringthanskinny.
Directions: Readthedescriptionofeachconnotation.Circlethesentencethatfitsitbest.
1. Hewasagentle,creativeperson. a. Hewaschildish. b. Hewaschildlike. c. Hewasyouthful.
2. Hewasapersonwhoneverspentadimeinhislife. a. Hewasamiser b. Hewascost-conscious. c. Hewasprudent.
3. Thevasewasmadeoutofsomethingthin,brittle,andvaluable. a. Thevasewasbreakable. b. Thevasewasfragile. c. Thevasewasflimsy.
4. Becausethecampwashardtoreach,itwasextremelyprivate. a. Thecampwasremote. b. Thecampwasinaccessible. c. Thecampwassecluded.
5. Hecleverlysetmyfatherupandtookhismoney. a. Heswindledmyfather. b. Hecheatedmyfather. c. Hedeceivedmyfather.
6. Hefinallygaveinafterresisting a. Heagreed. b. Heacquiesced c. Hedecided.
7. Hechangedthedocumenttomakeitdifferent,butnotnecessarilybetter. a. Heimprovedthedocument. b. Herevisedthedocument. c. Healteredthedocument.
8. Hisnotesfollowedasetofformal,ratherold-fashionedrules. a. Hisnoteswereproper. b. Hisnoteswerecorrect. c. Hisnoteswereaccurate.
9. Thevillageelder,anextremelyoldman,approachedus. a. Anagedmanapproachedus. b. Anelderlymanapproachedus. c. Anancientmanapproachedus.
DenotationandConnotation
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
9404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Shades of Meaning
Directions: Read each pair of similar sentences. Explain how theirconnotationsdiffer.
1. He lookeddown from thehigh tower.Hegazeddown fromhis loftyperch.
2. Hewastheheadofalargebusiness.HewastheCEOofanenormouscorporation.
3. Thedogsplayedinthefield.Thepupsrompedinthemeadow.
4. Heshowedself-control.Hedemonstratedacertainamountofrestraint.
5.Peoplecametothesquaretogreethim.Thepopulaceswarmedintothesquaretowel-comehim.
Discuss:Chooseonepairofsentences.Discusstheirdifferences.Inwhatkindofstory,essay,ordocumentmighteachonebeused?
Challenge:Buildastoryscenearoundoneofthesentences.Namethecharacter.Givehimaproblem,andallowhimtospeakatleastonce.Gettogetherwithsomeonewhowroteascenefortheothersentenceinthepair.Howdothetwoscenesdifferinsetting,problem,andtone?
ShadesofMeaning
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
10404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Denotation vs Connotation
Directions:Findwordswithdifferingconnotationsanddenotationsinyourreading.Keeptrackofthemonachartlikethis.Shareyourwordswithothersintheclassoryourstudygroup.
Forpractice,findinterestingwordsinathesaurusortrysomeofthese:acclaim,unseal,repeat-edly,accelerate,clasp,indisposed,slaughter,elucidate,reside,tot,troublesome,tale,outdo,verify,pandemonium,waver,timid,taut,reflect,grab,acquire,novice,concealExample:Wordorphrase:vivacious
Denotation:Connotation:
energetic outgoing, charming, life of the party, feminine
Wordorphrase: Bookorstory:Denotation:Connotation:
Wordorphrase: Bookorstory:Denotation:Connotation:
Wordorphrase: Bookorstory:Denotation:Connotation:
Discuss:Chooseaspecificexamplefromastory,novel,drama,orpoemyouarestudying.Whatdotheconnotationsofwordsorphrasestellyouaboutacharacter,thesetting,thesitu-ation,thetone,thetheme,ortheauthor?
DenotationvsConnotation
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
11404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Big, Huge, Gigantic! (Hyperbole)
Inreallife,thingsarelife-sized.Theyfitus.Wecanhandlethem,butsometimes,theycanbeboring.That’swhyreaderslookforstoriesthattakethemintoworldsthatarelargerthanlife.Charactersaren’tjustsorcerers.Theyarethegreatestsorcerersintheworld.Mountains,rivers,andrainforestsarethemostdangerousandamazingoftheirkind.Thatishowfictioncarriesusaway.
Whenthiskindofexaggerationisusedinliterature,itiscalledhyperbole.Youarefamil-iarwithAmericantall tales.Theyareperfectexamplesofhyperbole.LoggerPaulBunyanusedtreesastoothpicksandcowboyPecosBilllassoedatornado.
Astorytellerwhouseshyperboledependsonhisaudiencetorecognizethegapbetweenhisdescriptionsandreality.Whenyouuseexaggerationtomakeapointinconversation,youalsodependonthegoodsenseofyourlistenerstounderstandthatthetruthyouareconvey-ingisanemotionalone.Youcouldbemakingajoke,underliningastrongbelief,orexpressingdeeppain.
Therearemanyreasonstoexaggerate,butwhenwritersorspeakersusehyperbole,theydonotexpecttheirwordstobetakenliterally.
Directions:Readeachpairofphrases.Circletheexampleofhyperbole.
1. a. Youneedanelevatortolookhimintheeye. b. He’sreallytall.
2. a. He’sanoldman. b. He’ssoold,hewenttothetheaterwithAbeLincoln.
3. a. Thatmountaintopleavesscratchmarksonthemoon. b. That’sahighmountainpeak.
4. a. Thatwindalmostfrozemynoseoff. b. Thatwindwascold.
5.a. Youcouldgrillaburgeronthesidewalk. b. It’ssurehotoutside!
Discuss:Why is it sometimeseffective toexaggerate?When isexaggerationabad idea?Why?
Challenge:Writeasentenceusinghyperboleaboutoneofthefollowingsubjects:asmallinsect,abeautifulflower,afastcar,freshvegetables,awideriver,aloudnoise,afright-eningstorm,aspookyhouse,anoldtown,acutepuppy,ademandingteacher
One Step Beyond:Inabookyouhavereadorafilmyouhaveseen,howisthemaincharactermorespecialthanmostpeopleintherealworld?
Big,Huge,Gigantic!(Hyperbole)
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
12404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
The Ocean Is a Woman and Other Comparisons
Hyperboleisafigureofspeech.Itstretchesthetruthtomakeapointortoteasethereader’simagination.Therearemanyotherfiguresofspeech.Threecommontypesarespecialcomparisons.
Ametaphorcomparestwothingsthatseemtohaveverylittleincommon. Asimilealsocomparestwothingsthathavelittleincommon,butitusesthewords like oras. Personificationcomparesaplace,animal,orthingtoaperson.
Directions:Readeachexample.Circlemetaphor,simile,orpersonificationtoidentifyeach.
1. “Themoonwasaghostlygalleontosseduponcloudyseas”AlfredNoyes,“TheHighway-man”
metaphorsimilepersonification
2.Theskywaslikeblackvelvetandthestarswerelikediamondstossedacrossit.
metaphorsimilepersonification
3. Theoceanextended foamyfingersamong the rocks, reachingforthetinyfigurethathadescapedher.
metaphorsimilepersonification
4. “Aphantomship,witheachmastandspar/Acrossthemoonlikeaprisonbar,”HenryWadworthLongfellow,“TheLandlord’sTale.PaulRevere’sRide”
metaphorsimilepersonification
5. Thegirl’shaircascadedoverhershoulderslikeagoldenwaterfall.
metaphorsimilepersonification
Discuss: Whyisacomparisonsometimesmoreeffectivethanasimpledescription?
Challenge: Namesomecommonsayingsthataresimilesormetaphors.Forexample,the box was as light as a feather.
FigurativeLanguageComparisons
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
13404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Symbols: Teacher Page
Symbols Are Everywhere
Theideaofexploringsymbolsinliteraturecanseemintimidating,butactually,symbolsareeverywhere.Hearts,flowers,rainbows,shamrocks,stars,letters,andnumbersareallsymbols.
Why Are Symbols Important?
Tomakeastoryseemreal inareader’smind,thewritermustfindpointsofconnec-tion—thingsthatmostpeoplehaveincommonandrecognize.Certainanimals,colors,objects,andplacessuggestasetofmoods,emotions,andideastopeoplewithinaculture.Wemeettheminourdreams,inadvertising,andinthestoriesourparentstelluswhenwearesmall.Theyarepartoftheculturalmatrixinwhichwelive.
Symbols in Art
Visualartistsusetextures,scale,shapes,colors,andrepresentationsofcharacterstocommunicate feelingsand ideas.Someof thesevisualconceptsgoback to thebeginningsofWesternCivilization.JosephCampbellexplorestheminhisexcellentworksonmythology.Earlypeopleadmiredthepowerofbulls,thegraceofdeerandantelope,theswiftnessofhors-es,thelife-givingpowerofthesun,andthechangeablemysteryofthemoon.Theseancientsymbolsstillappearincontemporarysongs,films,andnovels.Theyaresomuchapartofusthatwedonotthinkaboutthem.
Symbols in Literature
InO.Henry’s“TheGiftoftheMagi,”itisnoaccidentthattheyounghusband’sprizepos-sessionisagoldwatch.Awatch,clock,oranhourglassisasymboloftimepassing.Asymbolisnotlikeanequalssignthatthereadershouldrecognizeandthink,“Oh,thisisnotsupposedtobearealwatch.Itstandsfortime.”Rather,itisasuggestionthatsometimesregistersonadeeperlevel.Ifthereisnodeeperresonance,itdoesn’tmatter,becauseO.Henry’stimepiecealsoworksinthestoryasaplainoldwatch.Symbolshelpwriterssaywhateveryoneknowsbutcan’texpress.Theymakesuggestionsandcreateeffects.
Exploring Symbols in Literature
Theexercisesonthefollowingpagesshouldhelpraiseawarenessofcommonsymbolsinstoriesandbooks.Everyauthorandeverybookusessymbolsinadifferentway.Thatisoneofthepleasuresofstyle.
Symbols:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
14404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Symbols Around Us
Directions:Writewhateachsymbolusuallystandsfor.
1. aheart
2. acrescentmoon
3. aniris(fleur-de-lis)
4. aneagle
5. adove
6. alion
7. aclock
8. anarrow
9. asnake
10. ascale(balance)
Research: •CompareandcontrastthemeaningsofdragonsinWesternEuropeandinAsia. •Findoutaboutsomething thatwasan importantsymbol forpeople inancientOceania,
America,Greece,Rome,orEgyptbutdoesnothavethesamemeaningforustoday. •Followthemeaningofthelionortheeagleasasymbolthroughtheages. •ResearchthesourceofthesymbolsonU.S.currency.
SymbolsAroundUs
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
15404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Symbols in Stories: A Graphic Organizer
Directions: Usethisorganizertokeeptrackofsymbolicelementsinastoryasyouread.Itwillhelpyouuncoverelementssuchasthework’smoodandunderlyingtheme.Manybooks,stories,televisionshows,andfilmsusesimilarsymbols.
Title: Author:
Places Weather(Examples:aforest,desert,city) (Examples:rain,wind,snow)
Animals or People Details(Examples:acatoranancientmariner) (Thingsthatappearseveraltimesorthat areimportant,suchasacape,longhair, deadflowers,alocket,oracoin)
SymbolsinStories:AGraphicOrganizer
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
16404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Do Symbols in Fiction Really Matter?
Directions:Writeanopinionessayaboutsymbolsinfiction.Startbystatingyourposition.Youmaysaythatsymbolsareimportant,thattheyarenotimportant,orthatsometimestheyareimportantandothertimestheyarenot.Whicheverpositionyouchoose,defenditwithevidence.Bespecificandaccurate.Offerexamplesfrombooks,stories,films,songs,orpoems.
Discuss:Usethisopinionpieceasbackgroundtodefendyourpositioninaclassdiscussion.Listentotheideasofothersandshareyourown.Keepanopenmind.
DoSymbolsinFictionReallyMatter?
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
17404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Analogies
Ananalogy isacomparison. It isa tool for thinkingandunderstanding. In literature,analogiesappearasfiguresofspeechsuchassimilesormetaphors.Theysneakinassym-bols.InanallegorysuchasAnimal FarmbyGeorgeOrwell,slycomparisonsunderlietheentirestory.
Directions:Herearesomevocabularyanalogiestohelpyoupracticecomparativethinking.Fillinthemissingwordineachanalogy.
Example: 1.goodistobadashotistocold
2. nightistodarkasdayisto
3. oldistoancientas istomodern
4.goldistometalaspineisto
5.redistopassionas istodepression
Noticethatyouhadtodecidehowthefirsttwowordswererelatedtooneanotherbeforeyoucouldsupplythemissingwordinthesecondset.Youwerematchingthingsthatwerediffer-entinmanywaysbutsharedaquality,suchasbeingopposites.Similes,metaphors,allegories,andsymbolsoperateinsimilarways.
Whatdoesthissimilemean?
6. Windblownchunksofhail,likeamonster’steeth,toreatthewoman’sshabbyclothes.
7. Inwhatwayswerethechunksofhailliketeeth?
Challenge:Writeasimileabouttheweatheroutsidetoday.
The isas as .
Discuss:Docomparisonsmakestoriesandpoemsmoreeffective?How?
Analogies
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
18404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Allegory: Analogy as a Story Structure
Anallegoryisacomplexmetaphor.Itmayextendthroughoutanentirestory,play,ornovel.Hereisacompressed,exaggeratedexampletohelpyouseehowthesespecialtalesusesustainedcomparisons.
Directions:Readthesampleallegoryandanswerthequestions.
Onesummermorning, aducknamedRiaarrivedatPeacefulPond.Shewasespe-ciallybeautiful.Allthedrakeswantedtospendtimewithher,buttheywereafraidshewouldn’tlikethem,sotheystayedaway.TheotherducksmadeuprumorsaboutRiaandturnedtheirbackswhenshecamenear.Oneduck,Lara,feltsorryforthenewcomeranddecidedtomakefriends.
1. Whatcouldthisstoryreallybeabout?
2. Whatcouldtheducksstandfor?
3. Whatcouldthedrakesstandfor?
4. Whatcouldthepondstandfor?
5. WhatmighthappentoLara?Writeanendingforthestory.(Itshouldcontinuethecom-parison.)
Discuss: Whyisallegoryusefulinthisstory?
Challenge: •WhatdotheanimalsstandforinAnimal Farm?WhydoyouthinkGeorgeOrwellchoseto
useallegory? •Writeanallegoryaboutanissueatyourschool.
Allegory
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
19404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Paradox
Aparadoxisastatementthatdoesn’tmakesenseonthesurfacebutpointstoacom-plextruth.Allparadoxesforcethelistenerorreadertothink.Somefamousparadoxesarelogicpuzzlesthatcan,withdifficulty,beanswered.Othersdefylogicandcanneverbesolved.Thefascinationofaparadoxliesinitscontradiction.HereisafamousexamplefromMotherTeresa.“Ifyouloveuntilithurts,therecanbenomorehurt,onlymorelove.”
Directions:Readeachstatement.Circleeither ParadoxorNot a Paradox.
1. “All animalsareequal,but somearemoreequal thanothers.”GeorgeOrwell,Animal Farm
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
2. “Someareborngreat,someachievegreatness,andsomehavegreatnessthrustupon’em.”WilliamShakespeare,Twelfth Night
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
3. Ignorethisemail.
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
4. “Imustbecrueltobekind.”WilliamShakespeare,Hamlet
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
5. Circlethesecondphrase.
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
6. “IamNobody!”EmilyDickinson“IamNobody!Whoareyou?”
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
7. “IAm—Somebody”ReverendWilliamH.Borders,Sr.
a. Paradox b. NotaParadox
Discuss:Chooseoneoftheseexamples.Explainwhytheselectionisaparadoxorwhyitisnot.Listentotheopinionsofotherscarefully.Acknowledgeorrestatetheirideasbeforeaddingyourown.
Paradox
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
20404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Oxymorons
Anoxymoron,afigureofspeech,isaphrasethatdefieslogic.Inanoxymoron,asinsomeparadoxes,wordswithoppositemeaningsarepushedtogether.Thephrase“afinemess”isafamousoxymoron.Noticethataparadoxisastatement,butanoxymoronisjustaphrase.Thoughtheyaresimilar,oxymoronsandparadoxesareusedindifferentways.Anoxymorondoesnotusuallypointtoadeepertruth.Slylyawkward,itpokesfunatitself.
Directions:Thinkabouteachphrase.Circleoxymoronornot oxymoron.Consultadiction-arytodefineanyunfamiliarwords.
1. almostcandid
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
2. cleandirt
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
3. historymuseum
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
4. largerhalf
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
5. hotsummer
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
6. genuinefake
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
7. highmountain
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
8. definitemaybe
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
9. organizedchaos
a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron
Discuss:Chooseanoxymoronfromthelistandimagineasituationitwouldfit.Explainwhythisoddphrasewouldbethebestonetouse.Hint:Thinkaboutthespeaker,theaudience,andthetoneofthephrase,aswellasitsspecialmeaning.
Challenge:Oxymoronsarecommoninadvertising.Startacollectioninanotebookoronthebulletinboard.
Oxymorons
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
21404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Irony Introduction: Teacher Page
About Irony
Ironyisallaroundus,butweseldomcallitbyname.Itisthesubtletwistthatmakessomeofourpersonalfamilystoriesfunnyandsadatthesametime.Whenwecomeacrossinstancesofironyinhistory,itishardnottogaspinamazement.Ironymakesactualeventsfeellikescenesinamovie.Ironyisthemagicthataddsdepthtothegreatestshortstoriesandnovels,pullingusbacktoreadthemagainandagain.
Forallofitsimportance,ironycanbeaselusiveasabutterflytopindown.Itdoesn’thelpthatmanysayingsandsituationscommonlycalled“ironic”arenot.TheironyinthefamousAlanisMorissettesongisthatmostoftheexamplesthesingeroffersarenotironicatall.Theyarefrustrating,sad,anddisappointing,buttheyarenotironic.
Actually, therearemanykindsof irony.Somesources listasmanyassevendistincttypes.Inthisbook,wewillconcentrateonthethreemostcommon.Theyareverbalirony,dra-maticirony,andsituationalirony.Alltypesofironyshareonecharacteristic.Inanironicsayingorsituation,onethingisstated,butthetruemeaningisentirelydifferent.Thedissonancebe-tweensuperficialinformationandtruecontentmagnifyasceneorstory’semotionalimpactontheaudience.Theauthordependsonreaderstoengagetheirpersonalknowledgeandintel-ligencetomaketheleap,likeanelectricsparkacrossaninformationgap.
Types of Irony
Verbal Irony:Thisisthemostcommonkindofirony.Itisastatementthatmeanssomethingtotallydifferent fromits literalmeaning. (Sarcasm,anextreme,bitter formofverbal irony, isfamiliartomostteens.)Whenusingverbalirony,aspeakerassumeshisaudienceknowstherealsituationandwillnottakehiswordsliterally.
Dramatic Irony: In this typeof irony, thereaderor listenerknowsthetruesituationbut thecharactersdonot.ThebestexampleofdramaticironyistheclassicGreektragedyOedipus Rex.Ayoungmansearchesfortheking’smurderer,onlytolearnthathehaskilledthekinghimself.
Situational Irony:Situationalironyplayswiththeexpectationsoftheaudiencebutinadiffer-entway.Theauthorsetsupaspecialkindofunfairsituation.In The Rime of the Ancient Mari-nerbySamuelColeridge,abecalmedsailingshipissurroundedbywater,butthemariner’scompanionsalldieofthirst.
IronyIntroduction:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
22404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Detecting Irony: Teacher Page
Teaching Ideas
•Shareapicturebookthatutilizes ironysuchasThe Frog Prince, ContinuedbyJonSci-eszka;The Fortune-TellersbyLloydAlexander;GolembyDavidWisniewski;Horned Toad PrincebyJackieHopkins;Jake’s 100th Day of SchoolbyLesterL.Laminak;The Sunsets of Miss Olivia WigginsbyLesterL.Laminak;orGoldilocks ReturnsbyLisaCampbellErnst.
•Thesebooksareshortenoughtoreadaloudanddiscussinasinglesession.Someofthemarehumorous,othersexaminedeepphilosophicalissues.Taketimetodiscusshowtheil-lustrationssupplyanadditionallayerofirony.
Discussion Ideas
•Afterreading“TheGiftoftheMagi,”“TheCaskofAmontillado,”oranothershortstorythatexemplifiesirony,encouragestudentstopointoutinstancesofthisimportantliteraryele-ment.Somestoriescontainallthreetypesofirony.Othershaveonlyone.
• Invitestudentstocollectexamplesofironyfrompopularnovels,TVshows,currentfilms,orthenews.Chooseafewtodiscuss.Encourageparticipantstoexplainwhyeachexampleisorisnotirony.
Writing Ideas
•Tellstudentstowriteacontemporaryversionof“TheGiftoftheMagi,”leavingouttheirony.Theywill,ofcourse,needadifferentending.
•Encouragestudentstowriteanewversionofafamiliarstory,includingatleastonekindofirony.
• Invitestudentstowriteavariationon“TheMonkey’sPaw”inwhichagrantedwishleadstodisaster.(Studentscouldbrainstormpossibilitiesinsmallgroupsbeforewriting.)
•Helpstudentsbrainstormexamplesofirony.Then,invitethemtowriteastory,apoem,orascenefromaplayusingoneofthem.
Research Ideas
•ResearchthelifeandworkofWilliamSydneyPorter,betterknownasO.Henry,masteroftheironicshortstory.
•ResearchthebackgroundoftheplayOedipus Rex.
•ResearchthelifeandworkofauthorHectorHughMunro,betterknownasSaki.
DetectingIrony:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
23404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Resources for Teaching Irony: Teacher Page
Picture Books (Easily shared and discussed)The Frog Prince, ContinuedbyJonScieszkaThe Fortune-TellersbyLloydAlexanderGoldilocks ReturnsbyLisaCampbellErnst
Short Stories “TheGiftoftheMagi”byO.Henry“TheOpenWindow”bySaki“TheCaskofAmontillado”byEdgarAllenPoe“TheLottery”byShirleyJackson“TheMonkey’sPaw”byWilliamWymarkJacobs“StoryofanHour”byKateChopin
NovelsAnimal FarmbyGeorgeOrwellA Series of Unfortunate EventsbyLemonySnicketThe Wizard of OzbyL.FrankBaumHarry Potter and the Deathly HallowsbyJ.K.RowlingThe Adventures of Tom SawyerbyMarkTwain
PlaysOedipus the KingbySophoclesRomeo and JulietbyWilliamShakespeareHamletbyWilliamShakespeare
Poems and Song Lyrics“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”bySamuelColeridge“Ironic”byAlanisMorisette(Note:theexamplesshegivesarenotironic,whichisironic.)“Irony”byLouisUntermeyer“TheChimneySweeper”ByWilliamBlakeTelevision Episodes:The Twilight Zone:Season1,Episode8:“TimeEnoughatLast”
Websites (For teacher reference)tvtropes:DramaticIrony http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DramaticIronyIsItIronic?.com http://www.isitironic.com/
ResourcesforTeachingIrony:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
24404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Verbal Irony
Wehaveexploredtwoliteraryelements(paradoxandoxymoron)thatjuxtaposewordsor ideaswithoppositemeanings inorder tocreatespecialeffects. Inbothcases,opposingideasaretogetheronthepage.
Verbal ironyusesoppositesinadifferentway.Whenaspeakerusesverbalirony,hesayssomethingverydifferentfromwhathereallymeans.Hedependsonlistenerstoknowthesituationsotheywillnottakehisstatementliterally.
Sarcasm,aformofverbalirony,iscommonineverydayconversation.Youprobablyuseityourselfwithparentsandfriends.Forexample,ifyoufindoutyoufailedanimportanttestandyoutellyourbestfriend,“That’sjustgreat,”youareusingverbalirony.Youandyourfriendbothknowhowdisappointedyouare.
Directions:Readeachstatement.WritetheletterIinfrontofthesituationthatwouldmakethestatementironic.1. That’sjustgreat!
a. Youwonacontest.
b. Youdidn’tmaketheteam.
2. Pleasegoon.I’mtotallyfascinated.
a. Afriendistellinganinterestingstory.
b. Apersonyoudon’tlikeisbragging.
3. Ididn’tknowthat.
a. Someoneisexplainingsomethingobvious.
b. Someoneisexplainingsomethingyoudon’tunderstand.
4. Twomorepounds,justwhatIneeded!
a. Youaretryingtoloseweight. b. Youaretryingtogainweight.
5. Niceweatherwe’rehaving!
a. It’ssunnyandwarm. b. There’sablizzard.
Discuss:Shareatimeyouusedsarcasmoranotherformofverbalirony.Whydidyousaytheoppositeofwhatyoumeant?Whateffectdidyouexpectyourwordstohave?Whateffectdidtheyhave?
VerbalIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
25404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
That’s Twisted!: Verbal Irony
Directions:Readeachphrase.Writeasituationthatwouldmakeitanexampleofverbalirony.
1. Oh!Myfavoritedish!
2. Iloveit!Anotherhomeworkassignment!
3. Itwasaonce-in-a-lifetimetrip.
4. Watchout!He’svicious!
5. I’mafraidImightgetfrostbiteoutthere.
6. Andthisisouryacht.
7. It’snotmuch,butwecallithome.
8. It’sjustalittlesomethingIwhippedupforyou.
9. Ah,agentlespringzephyr!
10. Heknowsalittleaboutcomputers.
That’sTwisted!:VerbalIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
26404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Verbal Irony Detection
Directions: Examinereadingselectionsforexamplesofverbalirony.Filloutthegraphicorga-nizersbelow.
Title: Author:
Character Name: What the Character Says: What the Character Means:
Title: Author:
Character Name: What the Character Says: What the Character Means:
Title: Author:
Character Name: What the Character Says: What the Character Means:
VerbalIronyDetection
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
27404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
I Don’t Believe It: Dramatic Irony
Anotherkindofironyalsodependsontheknowledgeofreaders,viewers,orlisteners.Itiscalleddramatic irony.Whendramaticironyappearsinastory,theaudienceknowsmoreaboutwhatisreallygoingonthanoneormoreofthecharactersinthestory.Forexample,inWilliamShakespeare’splayOthello,atreacherousconfidantconvincesthekingthathisbeauti-fulwifehascheatedonhim.Theaudienceknowsthetruthbutmustlookonhelplesslyasthekingmakesatragicmistake.
Directions:Readeachexample.Circletheendingthatcreatesdramaticirony.
1. Inahorrormovie,themaincharactersays,“Thishouseisn’treallyhaunted.” a. Wehaveseentheghostandwhatitcando.Thecharacterstartsupthestairs. b. Weseethecharactergoinandspendthenight.Thereisnoghost.
2. Inapuppetshow,twocharactersaretalking.Theyagreethatthevillainisgone. a. Wewatchthecharacterscongratulateeachother. b. Weseethebadguysneakingupbehindthem.
3. Approachingabankatnight,theleaderofabandofthievessays,“Thecopswillnevercatchus.”
a. Weseethethievesgetawaywiththemoney. b. Wehaveseenpoliceinsidethebankwaitingtotrapthem.
4. BriannadefendsEmilywhenKaylawarnssheisagossip. a. WehaveseenEmilyspreadingviciousrumorsaboutBrianna. b. WehaveseenEmilyplanningasurprisepartyforBrianna.
5. Acharactersays,“Whatabeautifulday!”Thenheheadsouttoseainhisboat. a. Wehaveseenabeautifulsunriseoverapeacefulocean. b. Wehaveseenadangerousstormapproachingovertheocean.
6. Amelia,asinger,says,“I’mgivingup.Idon’thaveachance.” a. WehavewatchedatalentagentpulloutAmelia’spictureandstarttomakeacall. b. WehavewatchedAmelia’smotheropenalettersayingsheshouldforgetsinging.
Discuss:Howdoesdramaticironyaddemotionaltensionorpowertoastory?
Challenge:Writeasentencethatmakesthissituationironic:Becausehebelieveshisdadisdead,Miketriestofindanewhusbandforhismother.
IDon’tBelieveIt:DramaticIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
28404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
SpotlightonDramaticIrony
Spotlight on Dramatic Irony
Directions:Finddramaticironyinstoriesyouhaveread.Fillinthecharts.
Example:
Title: Romeo and Juliet Author: William Shakespeare
The Audience Knows: The Characters Think: What Happens:
Juliet is not dead. She Romeo thinks Juliet has Romeo kills himself because
has taken a drug to killed herself. he doesn’t want to live without
make her sleep. Juliet.
Title: Author:
The Audience Knows: The Characters Think: What Happens:
Title: Author:
The Audience Knows: The Characters Think: What Happens:
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
29404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
It’s Not Fair: Situational Irony
Insituational irony,thereisawickedtwist.Somethingunexpectedorunfairhappenstothecharacters.Sometimes,theyaresurroundedbywhattheywantorneed,butitisinaformtheycan’tuse.Ifacharactercanusetheresource,butchoosesnotto,theresultmaybetragic,butitisnotironic.Forsituationalironytowork,boththecharacterandaudiencemustbeabletoexperiencetheemotionaltwist.Thecharactershouldn’tbedead,unlessitisaghoststory.
ThemostfamousexampleofsituationalironyappearsinapoembySamuelColeridge,“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner,”Acrewdiesofthirstonasailingshipstrandedinthemiddleofawindlessocean.Oneoldsailorislefttotellthetale.
Water, water everywhere And all the boards did shrink: Water, water everywhere Nor any drop to drink.
Directions:Readeachexample.Circleironicornot ironictodescribetheexample.
1. Agirldoesnotlistentowarningsabouticyroadsandgetsintoacaraccident. ironicnotironic
2. Ahusbandsellshispocketwatchtobuycombsforhiswife’slonghair,whilehiswifesellsherhairtobuyafobforherhusband’sprizedwatch.(“TheGiftoftheMagi”)
ironicnotironic
3. Amanfallsoffacliffwhileonahuntingtripandhastoberescued. ironicnotironic
4. Amanwhohuntspeopledownonanislandaspartofagameishuntedbyoneofhiswould-bevictims.(“TheMostDangerousGame”)
ironicnotironic
5. Awomandiesjustbeforeherticketwinsthelottery. ironicnotironic
6. Adrivinginstructorfailshisdrivingtest. ironicnotironic
Discuss:Chooseoneoftheexamplesaboveandexplainwhyitisironicorwhyitisnot.
Challenge:Changeoneoftheironicexamplessoitisnotironic.
It’sNotFair:SituationalIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
30404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Spot the Situational Irony
Directions: Underlinetheendingthatmakeseachsituationironic.
1. Afteradevastatingwar,ahen-peckedhusbandfinallyhastimetoread. a. Heloseshisinterestinreading. b. Hisglassesarebroken. (The Twilight Zone)
2. Agourmetisgivenasurprisepartybyagroupoffamouschefs. a. Hehasjusthadhisteethpulledandcan’teat. b. Heeatstoomuchandgetsindigestion.
3. Athiefstealsmillionsofdollarsandescapesinaplane. a. Theplanecrashesonaremoteislandwherepeopledonotusemoney. b. Theplanecrashesintheocean.
4. ThelasttwoteensonEarthfinddozensofcellphones. a. Thephoneswork,butthereisnobodytocall. b. Thephonesdon’twork.
5. Amunicipalbuildingburnsdown. a. Itisthefirestation. b. ItisCityHall.
6. Anartcollectoristrappedovernightinafamousmuseum. a. Thesecuritysystemisoffandhestealsapainting. b. Theelectricityisoffanditistoodarktoseeanything.
7. Alonelygirldevelopshertalentsopeoplewilllikeher. a. Richandfamous,sheislonelybecausepeoplejustwantthingsfromher. b. Richandfamous,sheworriesaboutgettingold.
8. Afteryearsofstruggle,acomposerachievessuccess. a. Heloseshissight. b. Heloseshishearing.
Discuss:Whichsituationisthemostironic?Whatmakesitironic?Whatdoessituationalironyaddtoastory?Canyouthinkofotherexamples?
Challenge:Read theexamplesof irony inAlanisMorissette’ssong“Ironic.”Are they reallyironic?Whyorwhynot?Whatistherealironyinthesong?
SpottheSituationalIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
31404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Make it Ironic
Directions:Completethesentencestocreateexamplesofsituationalirony.
1. Acharacterissurroundedbywarmthbutfreezestodeathbecause
2. Acharacterissurroundedbygoldbutcannotbuyfoodorwaterbecause
3. Acharactergoestoasaferoominhishouse,butheisindangerbecause
4. Thousandsofpeopleloveacharacter,butheislonelybecause
5. Acharacterfinallyhastimetoplayvideogames,buthecan’tbecause
6. Acharacterissurroundedbyfoodbutishungrybecause
7. Acharacterissurroundedbylaughterbutiscryingbecause
8. AcharacterfindstheFountainofYouthbutgrowsoldbecause
9. Acharactergetsagreatcarforgraduationbuthastowalkbecause
10. Acharacterisfinallyabletotakeadreamvacationbutstayshomebecause
Discuss:Shareoneofyoursituationswiththeclassorasmallgroup.Useittowriteastory.
MakeitIronic
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
32404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
SortingOutSituationalIrony
Sorting Out Situational Irony
Directions:Fillinthechartsbelowforsituationalironyinstoriesyouhaveread.
Example:
Title: “TheGiftoftheMagi” Author: O. Henry
The Audience Expects: The Characters Expect: What Happens:
The couple will make They will make each other Each has sold what the other’s
each other happy with happy with gifts gift would have enhanced.
gifts.
Title: Author:
The Audience Expects: The Characters Expect: What Happens:
Title: Author:
The Audience Expects: The Characters Expect: What Happens:
Discuss:Chooseastoryyoulikedthatusedsituationalirony.Wouldyouhaveenjoyeditasmuchwithouttheironictwist?Whyorwhynot?
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
33404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Name That Irony!
Directions: Readeachexampleandcirclethebestchoicetoidentifythekindofironyintheexample.
1. Attheheightofhissuccess,avisualartistisblinded. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
2. Agirldoesn’tmaketheswimteamandsays,“That’sjustgreat.” a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
3. The audience knows Oedipus has killed the king, but Oedipus is still looking for thekiller.
a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
4. Abillionairewelcomesaguesttohishugemansionsaying,“It’ssmall,butwelikeit.” a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
5. Agirlfollowsatalkingrabbitdownarabbitholeintoastrangeworld. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
6. AbrahamLincolnisshotatFord’sTheater. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
7. Achocolatefanaticdrownsinavatofchocolate. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
8. Dorothy,inThe Wizard of Oz,hasthepowertogohomeatanytime. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
9. Abusymanwishesfortimetorelax,but,strandedonadesertedisland,goesmadwithboredom.
a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
10. Theaudienceseesaforestfirestarting,butafamily,unaware,headsintotheareaforacampingtrip.
a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony
Discuss: Whichkindofironyishardesttorecognize?Why?
Challenge: If you are unsure about how to classify one of these examples, explain yourreasons.
NameThatIrony!
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
34404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Name: Date:
Types of Irony
Directions:Readthesummaryofeachtypeofirony.Writeanexample.
Verbal Irony
Theaudienceknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Thecharacterknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Tension:betweenwhatissaidandwhatismeant.
Example:
Dramatic Irony
Theaudienceknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Thecharacterdoesnotknowthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Tension:betweenwhattheaudienceknowsandwhatthecharacterknows.
Example:
Situational Irony
Theaudiencedoesnotknowthingsarenotwhattheyseem. Thecharacterdoesnotknowthingsarenotwhattheyseem. (Boththeaudienceandcharacterdiscoverthetruthatthesametime.) Tension:betweenwhatisexpectedandwhathappens.
Example:
TypesofIrony
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
35404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Satire: Teacher Page
Satireisaspecialkindofhumor.Itisfictionwithapurpose.Itintendstopersuade.Sat-ireworksbyexaggeratingfoolishness.
ThepopularcartoonseriesThe Simpsonsisanoften-citedexample.ItpokesfunattheAmericanmiddleclass.Family GuyandSouth Parkaresatires,too.
ThefilmShrek,asatiremanystudentshaveseen,canprovideastartingpointfordis-cussion.Dr. Strangeloveisanoldersatiricalmotionpicture.
Foraclassicstory thatdemonstrates theuseofsatire, try“TheStoryteller”byH.H.Munro(Saki).Init,thewriterlampoonspeoplewhomakeagreatshowofbeingproperandgood.Thestoryisshortandavailableonline.
SatiricalnovelsincludeGulliver’s TravelsbyJonathanSwift,The Screwtape LettersbyC.S.Lewis,Brave New WorldbyAldousHuxley,Nineteen Eighty-FourbyGeorgeOrwell,Fahr-enheit 451byRayBradbury,andLord of the FliesbyWilliamGolding.Amorerecent,popular,andveryfunnyexampleisHitchhiker’s Guide to the GalaxybyDouglasAdams.
ThepicturebookLove You Foreverisinteresting.Somepeoplethinkitisaseriousbookaboutmotherlove.Othersthinkit isabitingsatireshiningaspotlightonoverprotectivepar-enthood.Itmightmakeaninterestingdiscussionifyouhaveasophisticatedclass.Foracon-troversialsatiricalpicturebookthattakesaimatstereotypesandassumptionsaboutpeople,considerIt’s So Nice to Have a Wolf Around the HousebyHarryAllard.Itcantriggeraheateddiscussionwithno“right”answers.
Challenge:
Create a Satire
Afterreadinganddiscussinganexampleofsatire,challengestudentstocreatetheirownsatiri-calstory,play,orpoem.Remindthemthatwritersusingthisformwanttoopenreaders’eyestoanactual,seriousissueandtobringaboutchange.
Hostapre-writingbrainstormingsession,encouragingparticipantstonamesomeproblemsatschool.Theymightincludebullying,dresscodes,schoolrules,testing,academicrequire-ments,competition,socialstrata,collegepreparation,internships,after-schooljobs,obsessionwithappearance,andparentalpressure.
Discusshowwritersexaggeratecharactersandsituationsinsatires,makingtoughissuesout-rageous.Usinganexamplefromthebrainstormingsession,helpstudentscreateacharacterorshortsceneembodyingtheproblem.
Satire:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
36404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Parody: Teacher Page
Summer Camp and Beyond: Parody for the Fun of It
Parodyisanotherkindofhumor.Unlikesatire,whichsetsouttomakeapointaboutaserioussituation,parodyissilly.It’sjustforfun.
Manyclassicsummercampsongsandstoriesareparodies.Undoubtedly,yourstudentscanciteexamples.“OnTopofSpaghetti”isaparodyof“OnTopofOldSmoky.”Anothersong,“MyBonnyLiesOvertheOcean,”hasinspireddozensofcampfireandschoolyardtake-offs.
Moviemakersandaudiencesloveparodies.Justassummercampsongschangelyricsbutkeepthetune,filmparodieskeepelementsofoneormoreoriginalseriousfilmsandtwistthemintonew,goofyforms.ThemovieBlazing SaddlesturnedtheWesterngenreonitshead.Airplane! madefunofairlinedisasterflicks.Horrorfilmsandsciencefictionepicshavealwaysprovidedrichmaterialforparody.TheScary Movieseriesparodieshorrorfilms.Galaxy Quest isaparodyoftheStar Trekseries.
Inliterature,aparodycansometimesoutlasttheworkitlampooned.ForreadersofCer-vantes,thebookDon Quixotewouldhavebeenrecognizableasaparodyofchivalricromance,astoryformpopularinSpainatthetime.InAlice in Wonderland,werecognize“Twinkle,twinklelittlebat”asaparodyof“Twinkle,TwinkleLittleStar,”butdozensofotherreferencesarelost.
Parodyisausefulformforteachingbecauseeverybodylovestheresults,butalsobe-causeitrequiresawritertounderstandtheworkheisskewering.Inordertowriteaparodyofasongorpoem,astudentmustpickupitsrhymeschemeandmeter.
Challenge:
Encouragestudentstocreateanoriginalparodybasedononeofthefollowingpoems:
“TheRaven”byEdgarAllenPoe “StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”byRobertFrost “NothingGoldCanStay”byRobertFrost “ANarrowFellowintheGrass”byEmilyDickinson “SpringandFall”byGerardManleyHopkins “Blow,Bugle,Blow”byAlfredLordTennyson “OhCaptain,MyCaptain”byWaltWhitman
Shortstoriessuchas“TheGiftoftheMagi”and“TheTell-TaleHeart”arealsogoodsubjectsforparody.Studentsmustobservecharacters,themes,andstorystructurescarefullytomaketheirspoofswork.Formaximumhilarity,tryaparodyof“TheGiftoftheMagi”asaskit.
Parody:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
37404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Games for Evaluation and Review: Teacher Page
Either/Or
Preparation:Ifyouwanttoreviewtheconceptofirony,forexample,instructeachstudenttoprintIronyononesideofasheetofcardstockorotherstiffpaperandNotontheother.Printoutexamplesofironyandsentencesthatarenotironic.Cuttheexamplesapartandplacetheminabagorbox.
Procedure: Dividetheclassintoteams.Assignastudentmoderatortoselectprintedexamplesatrandom.Also,assignascorekeeperortwo.Afterthemoderatorreadsaselection,allstu-dentsholduptheirvotes.Thescoreforeachteamisthenumberofcorrectresponses.
Other skills:Usingappropriatelists,thiseither/orgameformatcanbeusedtoreviewcon-notation/denotation,simile/metaphor,protagonist/antagonist,firstperson/thirdperson,orfore-shadowing/flashback.Watchingtheclassresponsewillletyouknow,instantly,whetherfurtherinstructionorreviewisnecessary.
One, Two, or Three
Equipment:Boardforscoring.Alistofexamples.
Procedure:Chooseascorekeeperforeachteam,andthenreadanexamplefromapreparedlist.Ifyouarereviewingtypesofirony,say,situational.Allwhoagreethattheitemissituationalironyshouldraisetheirhands.Thescorekeepercountsandrecordsthevotes.Repeatthevoteforverbalanddramatic.Thenumberofcorrectvotesisthescoreforthatround.Ifstudentsarevotingmorethanonce,considersubtractingincorrectvotesfromtheteam’stotal.
Other skills: Thisgamecanreviewmultiple-possibilityliteraryelementsincludingsetting/plot/characterandsimile/metaphor/hyperbole/personification.
Confer
Procedure:Dividetheclassintogroups.ReadthewordorselectionasintheOne,Two,orThreechallengeabove.Allowstudentsaminuteortwotoconferbeforepresentingthegroupconsensus.Eachcorrectanswerscoresapoint.Teamnamescanbechosen fromastory,novel,orpoemtheclassisstudying.
GamesforEvaluationandReview:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
38404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Challenges for Additional Practice: Teacher Page
Agree/Disagree
Astudentmoderatorreadsanexamplefromapreparedreviewlist,andthenshecallsonachallengeparticipanttoidentifytheliteraryelement.Allotherparticipantsthenvoteagreeordisagree. If thereisdisagreement(or ifallofthemarewrong)encouragestudentstoeitherdiscussthereasonsfortheirvotesortowritethosereasonsinaparagraph.Ifstudentswritetheirreasons,theymaysharetheresultsinsmallgroupsorwiththeclassasawhole.
Metamorphosis!
Check and improve understanding of certain literary elements by encouraging students totransformexamplesintotheiropposites.Forexample,invitestudentstochangeanironicstate-mentorsituationintoonethatisnotironic.More to try:changeasimiletoametaphor,changea simple description into hyperbole, or change a first-person statement into a third-personstatement.
Figures of Speech Collage
Similes,metaphors,hyperbole,andpersonificationaboundinadvertisingcopy.Encouragestu-dentstosearchthrougholdmagazinesandjunkmailtofindexamplesofeachfigureofspeech.Invitethemtocutouttheirfindsandarrangethemonoriginalgraphicorganizers(makesureyouhavepermissiontocutthemup).Thiscanbedoneindividuallyoringroups.Theymayuseaseparatenotebookpageforeachfigureofspeechordesignalargersheetthatincludesallfour.Allowstudentstimetowalkaroundandenjoytheresultingcollages.
Student-Generated Examples
Encouragestudentstochooseafavoriteliteraryelementcoveredinthisbookandthenwriteanexampleforuseinoneofthegamesonthepreviouspageortochallengefellowstudentsinaninformalgroupsession.Ifdesired,youmayallowthemtoquotefromastory,novel,orpoemaslongasthepassageisagoodexample.Theyshouldincludethetitleofthework,theauthor,andthepagenumber.
Write an Opinion Essay
Invitestudentstowriteanessayexplaininghowaliteraryelementmakesaparticularstory,poem,ornovelmemorable.
ChallengesforAdditionalPractice:TeacherPage
Irony Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page
Situational Irony •Anearthquake-warningcenterisdestroyedinanearthquake. •Afirestationburnsdown. •Aheartsurgeonhasaheartattack. •Apersonaltrainerisoverweight. •Apainterorphotographergoesblind. •Asafetyexpertisinjuredinanaccident. •Ahealthinspectorgetsfoodpoisoning. •Apsychiatristisinsane. •Avethatesanimals. •Acomedianisdepressed. •Ahomicidedetectivecommitsmurder. •Achampionswimmerdrowns. •Acandymakerhasdiabetesandcan’teatcandy
Verbal Irony • JustwhatIalwayswanted:abrokenleg. •We’rehavingatestandIdidn’tstudy.That’sjustgreat. •Here’sthepalatialestate.Bothroomsareours. • It’stoughtowinthelottery,butIthinkIwillmanage. •Fantastic!Thealarmdidn’tgooffandIoversleptagain. •Oh!Creamedchippedbeefandspinach!Myfavoritedessertever! •Don’tyoujusthateitwhenyougetstraightA’s?
Dramatic Irony •Theaudienceknowsthatahouseisnotreallyhaunted,butaterrifiedvisitortakesdesper-
atemeasurestogetaway. •TheaudienceknowsthatJason’sfatherisdead,butJasonriskseverythingtogoonares-
cuemission. •Theaudienceknowsthatanoilwellwillneverproduce,butafamilyisspendingthemoney
theyexpecttomakewhenitcomesin. •Theaudienceknowsthataboy’sdogisonhiswayhome,buttheheartbrokenboycon-
sentstogoawaytoboardingschoolbecausehecan’tstandtosleepinhisroomwithouthisfriend.
•TheaudienceknowsthatJulietisjustsleeping,butRomeothinkssheisdeadandtakespoisontobewithher.
•Theaudienceknowsthatadoctorhasmistakenlytoldamanhehasamonthtolive,butthemanbelieveshimandspendsallhismoneyasfastashecan.
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
39404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
IronyExamples:TeacherPage
Point of View Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page
Alternate Viewpoints: •Tellthestoryof“TheGiftoftheMagi”fromthepointofviewoftheyoungcouple’sland-
lord. •Tellthestoryof“TheCaskofAmontillado”fromFortunato’spointofview. •TellthestoryofHarryPotter’seleventhbirthdayfromDudleyDursley’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”fromthefrog’spointof
view. •TelloneofthePaulBunyanstoriesfromBabe’spointofview. • InFahrenheit 451,firemencometoburnbooksanoldwomanhasbeenhoarding.Writethe
scenefromtheoldwoman’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“Goldilocks”fromhermother’spointofview. •Tell the story of “The Three Little Pigs” from the point of view of a local newspaper
reporter. •Tellthestoryof“HanselandGretel”fromthefather’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“TheTell-TaleHeart”fromthepointofviewofoneofthepoliceofficers. •TellthestoryofthefilmShrekfromthedonkey’spointofview. •Tellthestoryoftheweddingin“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”fromthebride’spointof
view. •Tellthestoryof“TheHighwayman”fromthehighwayman’spointofview.Usefirstperson. •ChooseascenefromHoles.WriteitfromtheWarden’spointofview.
Examples of First Person: •Whenweemergedfromtheshelter,wecouldn’tbelievetheextentofthedevastation. • IwashesitantaboutapproachingJacobbecausehewastheschoolheroandIwasthe
ninthgrade’sofficialinvisibleguy.
Examples of Second Person: •DearDiary,youaretheonlyonewholistens. •Youknowwhoyouareandwhatyoudid,andyouarenotgoingtogetawaywithit.
Examples of Third Person: •Davidgrabbedhisskateboardandstormedoutthebackdoor. •Hewasnotthesmartestdogintheworld,buthewasthemostadorable,and,mostimpor-
tant,hewasKate’sbestfriend.
Example of Omniscient: •Dannylookedupattheclouds,dreamingthatsomedayhewouldfly,while,watchinghim,
Stevewishedhewereasbrave.
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
40404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
PointofViewExamples:TeacherPage
Figures of Speech Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page
Similes •Thehousewasasquietasourtownlibrary,soIknewsomethingwaswrong. •TheislandswerestrungoutlikeemeraldbeadsonthesilverysurfaceofthePacific. •Thelakewaslikeamirrorreflectingeachtreebranchandbladeofgrass. •Hervoicewasassweetandpureasthesoundofamountainbrook. •Withgrasslikegoldenfur,thehillslookedlikedogsdozinginthesummersun. •Thewindhowledlikeawoundedwolf.
Metaphors •Afterthewildfire,thelonesprucewasasentinelguardingthehilltop. •Thenightskywasadingycurtain,riddledwithbulletholes. •Theforestwasagreatcathedral,echoingwiththevoicesofanavianchoir. •Theriverwasasilverribbontossedcarelesslyacrossthegreenvalley. •Theembattledkingwasasnarlingoldlion—dangerousbutpathetic. •Thecity’slightswereamilliondiamondssparklingagainstthevelvetnight.
Personification •Eventheclockhidherfacebehindherhands. •Thewearysunheadedtowardhishomeatthesea’sedge,pullinghisglitteringcrimson
robebehindhim. •Thesleekcarposedproudlyinthemiddleofthedisplayfloor,baskingintheattention. •Thelonelyoldhouseseemedtoknowwewerecoming. •Theshyflowersbentcoylybeforethespringbreeze. •Theancientmountaingathereditssnowyblanketarounditsshouldersandhunkereddown
forthewinter.
Hyperbole •Thatriverwaswideranddeeperthanthesea. •Theramshacklehousewasolderthanthemoonthathoveredoverit. •Thecarwasfasterthanastreakingmeteor. •Therollercoasterzoomeduppastthestars. •Thatbasswasasbigasabluewhale! •Thosethreeminuteswerethreeyearslong.
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
41404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
FiguresofSpeechExamples:TeacherPage
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
42404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Glossary of Technical Terms
allegory:acomplexmetaphorthatcanextendthroughanentirestory,novel,orpoemanalogy:acomparisonbetweentwothingsthataredifferent,butsimilarinsomewayantagonist:acharacterorforcethatobstructstheheroinastorycharacter:aperson,animal,orpersonifiedobject(atalkingcar)inastoryconflict: tensioncausedwhenthehero’sdesiresarefrustratedbyopposingforcesinastoryconnotation:animplied,oftenemotional,meaningofawordorphrasedenotation: theliteralmeaningofawordorphrasedramatic irony:theaudienceknowsmoreaboutadramaticsituationthanthecharactersin-
volved.fiction: apieceofwritingfeaturingimaginarypeopleandeventsfigures of speech:usesof language thatgobeyond literalmeanings.Similes,metaphors,
personification,andhyperbolearefiguresofspeech.flashback:asentenceorpassagedescribinganeventthatoccurredbeforethestorybeganforeshadowing:asentenceorpassagehintingabouteventsthatwilloccurlaterinthestoryhumor:somethingthatisfunny.Parodyandsatireareformsofhumor.hyperbole:exaggerationforacertaineffectinastory,poem,orscriptinference:aconclusionthatcanbedrawn,logically,fromgiveninformationirony:emotionaltensionarisingwhenwordsorsituationsarenotwhattheyseemmetaphor:afigureofspeechcomparingtwounlikethingswithouttheuseofthewordslikeor
asmood:thegeneralemotionalfeelofastory.Examplesincludemysterious,inspiring,andhu-
morous.parody:acreativeworkthatcopiesaspectsofawell-knownworkforcomiceffectplot:theactioninastory.Itisusuallygeneratedbyaconflictbetweenaherowhowantssome-
thingandapersonorforceopposinghim.Inmostplots,theactionbuildstoaclimax,whentheproblemisresolved.
problem:inastory,theproblemiswhatthemaincharacterdesperatelywantsorneeds,buthastroublegetting.
sarcasm:acommon,extreme,mockingformofverbalironyinwhichwhatissaidisoppositeofwhatismeant
satire:aworkthatusesironyandhumortomakeapointaboutapoliticalorculturalsituationsetting:whenandwhereastoryornoveltakesplacesimile: afigureofspeechcomparingtwounlikethingsusingthewords likeorassituational irony:thecharacter’sactionshaveanunexpectedoutcome,oftentheoppositeof
whatwasintended.Ironicsituationsusuallyseemstrikinglystrangeorunfair.symbol:somethingthatstandsforanideatheme:adeeperideathatholdsthestorytogether.Commonthemesincludelove,greed,re-
venge,growingup(comingofage),andovercomingfear.tone: theattitudeapieceofwritingexpressestoward itssubject.Examplesof tone include
formal,informal,academic,sincere,angry,andcomforting.verbal irony:acharactersaysonething,buteveryoneknowsthathemeanstheopposite
GlossaryofTechnicalTerms
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
43404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Page 1: Responseswillvary,dependingontheworkanalyzed.
Page 2: 1) firstperson 2) thirdperson 3) secondperson 4) omniscient
Page 3: 1) foreshadowing2) flashback 3) flashback 4) foreshadowing 5) neither 6) flashback 7) foreshadowing 8) neither
Page 4: 1) Nathanielisaboy.Hegoestoschool.Thisisprobablyinthecountry.Itis probablyinthepast. 2) Avaisagirl.Sheisinschool.Thisisinthefuture.Shegoestoavirtualschool.
Additionalresponseswillvary.
Page 5: 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d
Page 6:Responseswillvary.
Page 7: Responseswillvary.
Page 8: 1) b 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) c 8) a 9) c
Page 9: Responseswillvary.
Page 10:Responseswillvary.Maycontinueasanongoingrecordinanotebook.
Page 11:1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) a
Page 12: 1) metaphor 2) simile 3) personification 4)simile 5) simile
Page 14:Responseswillvary.
Page 15:Responseswillvary.
Page 16:Responseswillvary,butmustincludespecificexamplesfromtextsormediatosup-porttheopinionexpressed.
Page 17: 2) light 3) new 4) woodortree 5) blue 6–7)Responseswillvary,butshouldincludetheideathatthehailstormfeltlikean
attack.Thehailchunksweresharpandhardliketeeth.Theyalso“toreat”thewoman’sclothes(probablywiththehelpofthewind).
Answer Keys
AnswerKeys
CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature
44404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers
Page 18:Responseswillvary.
Page 19: 1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b
Page 20: 1) a 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) a
Page 24: 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b
Page 25:Responseswillvary.
Page 26:Responseswillvary.
Page 27: 1) a 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a
Page 28: Responseswillvary.
Page 29: 1) notironic 2) ironic 3) notironic 4) ironic 5) notironic,butopentodiscussionorjustification 6) ironic
Page 30: 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) b
Page 31: Responseswillvary.
Page 32: Responseswillvary.
Page 33: 1) c 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) d 6) d 7) c 8) c 9) c 10) b
Page 34: Responseswillvary.
Answer Keys
AnswerKeys
About the Author
LindaArmstrongtaughtinLosAngelesfor18yearsbeforemovingtowesternColoradowithherhusband.Since2001,shehaswrittendozensofbooksandothermaterialsforteachersandyoungpeople.HerrecentworksincludeHenry Ford: The Man Who Put the World on Wheels; Amelia Earhart: First Lady of the Air; Jane Goodall: A Voice for Chimpanzees; and African Americans in Radio, Film, and TV Entertainment. Armstrong'sotherbooksforMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersincludeDaily Skill Builders: Word Problems, Daily Skills Builders: Physical Science 4–6, Everyday Art for the Classroom Teacher,andseveraltitlesintheJumpstarters series.
Toseetheseproductsandmore,visityournearestteacherbookstoreorgoonlineatwww.carsondellosa.comandclickontheMarkTwainMedialogoorShopbyBrand.
ThisproducthasbeencorrelatedtoCommonCoreState,National,andCanadianProvincialstandards.Visitwww.carsondellosa.comtosearchandviewitscorrelationstoyourstandards,orcall800-321-0943.
CD-404215 Common Core: Elements of LiteratureCD-404216 Common Core: Conducting Research ProjectsCD-404217 Common Core: Complex Issues in TextCD-404218 Common Core: Types of TextCD-404219 Common Core: Grammar Usage
CD-410091 Elements of Literature to Meet Common Core State Standards Bulletin Board Set
Common Core: Elements of Literature Photo Credits
pg.2 Glassslipper.©istockphoto.com/kvkirillov.16Sept.2008.
pg.3 Proenneke’sCabin.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyCaitlinMarr.18Sept.2011.<htpp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proenneke’s_Cabin.jpg>
pg.4 2008ComputexTaiwanDesignInnovationPavilionDuckImageVogueSolarBackpack.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyRicoShen.5June2008.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008Computex_Taiwan_Design_Innovation_Pavilion_DuckImage_Vogue_Solar_Backpack.jpg.>
pg.5 WestOrange-Coveschoolbuses.jpg.{PD-CC-BY-SA-3.0}WOS2014.15July2010.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_Orange-Cove_school_buses.jpg>
pg.8 AnAfghanvillageelder,foreground,approachesashura,ormeeting,heldbyanAfghanLocalPolice(ALP)commanderduringaconstructionprojecttobuildanALPcheckpointinHelmandprovince,Afghanistan130330-M-B0337-274.jpg.{PD-USGOV-DOD}PhotobySgt.PeteThibodeau.30Mar.2013.<http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imageRetrieve/action?guid=b4b37f09ce8ad88c75df6cb5c4efd148bcf9565b&t=2>
pg.9 HighBridgeTowerView1.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyJoseOlivares.19July2011.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High_Bridge_Tower_View_1.jpg>
pg.11 Tallman.©istockphoto.com/zergkind.23June2009.
pg.12 ThePhantonShip-1847frontispiece.jpeg.{PD-Old}FrontispiecetothenovelThe Phanton ShipbyFrederickMarryat.PublishedbyRichardBentley,London.1847.UploadedbyPasicles.22Feb.2013.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Phantom_Ship_-_1847_frontispiece.jpeg>
pg.17 GarnFelensummittrigpointinhailstorm-geograph.org.uk-318127.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyNicHowes.21Jan.2007.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garn_Felen_summit_trig_point_in_hailstorm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318127.jpg>
pg.19 PedroAmérico-VisãodeHamlet2.jpg.[Hamlet’s Vision]{PD-Old}PaintingbyPedroAmérico.1893.UploadedbyTetraktys.30Nov.2012.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_Américo_-_Visão_de_Hamlet_2.jpg>
pg.20 stackoffilefolders,isolatedonwhitebackground.©istockphoto.com/thomas-bethge.20Jan.2013.
pg.24 Happygirlweighingherselfonbathroomscale.©istockphoto.com/JackF.2Sept.2013.
pg.29 Vienna-Vintagepocketwatch-0599.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyJorgeRoyan.24Sept.2013.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vienna_-_Vintage_pocket_watch_-_0599.jpg>
pg.29 Peigneenécaille.jpg.[Combmadeoftortoiseshell]{PD-CC/GFDL}PhotobyCreative-museum.15June2010.<http://www.commons.wikimedia/wiki/File:Peigne_en_écaille.jpg>
pg.30 Genericsmartphones.©istockphoto.com/coddy.21June2012.
pg.34 FreedomBLVD.©istockphoto.com/BirdofPrey.20July2005.