ce tmo18251 9300 nodeb ua07 functional description

9300 NodeB UA07 Functional Description - Page 1All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2010

9300 NodeBUA07 Functional Description

STUDENT GUIDE

TMO18251 Issue 0.9 for Review

All rights reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2010 Passing on and copying of this document, use and communication of its contents

not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel-Lucent



UA07 Functional Description9300 NodeB2

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Terms of Use and Legal Notices

Switch to notes view!1. Safety WarningBoth lethal and dangerous voltages may be present within the products used herein. The user is strongly advised not to wear conductive jewelry while working on the products. Always observe all safety precautions and do not work on the equipment alone.

The equipment used during this course may be electrostatic sensitive. Please observe correct anti-static precautions.

2. Trade MarksAlcatel-Lucent and MainStreet are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent.

All other trademarks, service marks and logos (Marks) are the property of their respective holders, including Alcatel-Lucent. Users are not permitted to use these Marks without the prior consent of Alcatel-Lucent or such third party owning the Mark. The absence of a Mark identifier is not a representation that a particular product or service name is not a Mark.

Alcatel-Lucent assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented herein, which may be subject to change without notice.

3. CopyrightThis document contains information that is proprietary to Alcatel-Lucent and may be used for training purposes only. No other use or transmission of all or any part of this document is permitted without Alcatel-Lucents written permission, and must include all copyright and other proprietary notices. No other use or transmission of all or any part of its contents may be used, copied, disclosed or conveyed to any party in any manner whatsoever without prior written permission from Alcatel-Lucent.

Use or transmission of all or any part of this document in violation of any applicable legislation is hereby expressly prohibited.

User obtains no rights in the information or in any product, process, technology or trademark which it includes or describes, and is expressly prohibited from modifying the information or creating derivative works without the express written consent of Alcatel-Lucent.

All rights reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2010

4. DisclaimerIn no event will Alcatel-Lucent be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages, including lost profits, lost business or lost data, resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information, whether or not Alcatel-Lucent has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

Mention of non-Alcatel-Lucent products or services is for information purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement, nor a recommendation.

This course is intended to train the student about the overall look, feel, and use of Alcatel-Lucent products. The information contained herein is representational only. In the interest of file size, simplicity, and compatibility and, in some cases, due to contractual limitations, certain compromises have been made and therefore some features are not entirely accurate.

Please refer to technical practices supplied by Alcatel-Lucent for current information concerning Alcatel-Lucent equipment and its operation, or contact your nearest Alcatel-Lucent representative for more information.

The Alcatel-Lucent products described or used herein are presented for demonstration and training purposes only. Alcatel-Lucent disclaims any warranties in connection with the products as used and described in the courses or the related documentation, whether express, implied, or statutory. Alcatel-Lucent specifically disclaims all implied warranties, including warranties of merchantability, non-infringement and fitness for a particular purpose, or arising from a course of dealing, usage or trade practice.

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Course Outline

About This CourseCourse outlineTechnical supportCourse objectives

1. Topic/Section is Positioned HereXxxXxxXxx

2. Topic/Section is Positioned Here






Module 1: Overview on the BTS

Module 2: Functional Architecture of the BTS

Appendix: Abbreviations Alcatel-Lucent UMTS BTS




Course Outline [cont.]






Course Objectives


Welcome to the course Functional Description of the Alcatel-Lucent 9300 NodeB in Release UA07.

Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:

Understand the basic UTRAN architecture Locate the BTS within the UMTS network Describe the functions of the BTS Describe the path of the traffic through the BTS




Course Objectives [cont.]






About this Student Guide

Switch to notes view!Conventions used in this guide

Where you can get further information

If you want further information you can refer to the following:

Technical Practices for the specific product

Technical support page on the Alcatel website: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com

Note Provides you with additional information about the topic being discussed. Although this information is not required knowledge, you might find it useful or interesting.

Technical Reference (1) 24.348.98 Points you to the exact section of Alcatel-Lucent Technical Practices where you can find more information on the topic being discussed.

WarningAlerts you to instances where non-compliance could result in equipment damage or personal injury.




About this Student Guide [cont.]






Self-assessment of Objectives

At the end of each section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training


Instructional objectives Yes (or globally

yes)

No (or globally

no) Comments

1 To be able to understand the basic UTRAN architecture

2 To be able to locate the BTS within the UMTS network

3 To be able to describe the Network interface of the BTS

4 To be able to describe the Clock generation and synchronization

5 To be able to describe the Core Control functions

6 To be able to describe the Channel Element functions

7 To be able to describe the Transmit Receive functions

8 To be able to to describe the Radio Power amplification

9 To be able to describe the Radio coupling

10 To be able to describe the Amplification at the antenna tower

11 To be able to describe the support of remotely tuned Antennas

12 To be able to know the path of the signals carrying the traffic through the BTS

Contract number :

Course title :

Client (Company, Center) :

Language : Dates from : to :

Number of trainees : Location :

Surname, First name :

Did you meet the following objectives ?Tick the corresponding box

Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training




Self-assessment of Objectives [cont.]


Instructional objectives Yes (or Globally

yes)

No (or globally

no) Comments

Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire

Other comments

Section 1 Module 1 Page 1

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2010M01 Issue 01

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Module 1Overview on the BTS

TMO18251 D0 SG DEN I1.0

Section 1NodeB UA07 Functional Description

9300 NodeBNodeB UA07 Functional Description





9300 NodeB NodeB UA07 Functional DescriptionNodeB UA07 Functional Description Overview on the BTS1 1 2

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First edition in Release UA06Kieslich, Roland2008-12-121.0

Update to Release UA07:Removed: RNC PCM, RNC opticalAdded: Full IP Iub

Kieslich, Roland2010-05-121.9Draft

RemarksAuthorDateEdition

Document History





Module objectives

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

Understand the basic UTRAN architecture Locate the BTS within the UMTS network Describe the basic functions of the BTS

In this section, we are going to see a recap of the UTRAN architecture.

Then we will enumerate the functions performed by the BTS within the UTRAN.

Do you remember what the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network abbreviated UTRAN is made up of?





Module objectives [cont.]






Table of contents

Switch to notes view! Page

1 The BTS within the UMTS network 71.1 Do you remember what the UTRAN is made up of ? 81.2 Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture 91.3 What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN? 101.4 Basic functions 111.5 Radio access functions 121.6 Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions 131.7 Call processing: Radio traffic protocol layers 141.8 Module summary 15





Table of contents [cont.]







1 The BTS within the UMTS network

Let's start with a presentation of the situation of the BTS in the UMTS network.





Core NetworkAccess Network = UTRAN


1.1 Do you remember what the UTRAN is made up of ?

RNS Iu

RNC

NodeB(BTS)

RNS

Iub

UE

Uu

W-CDMA

(CS & PS)

Iu

Backbone

Circuit Domain

Iu-CS

Packet Domain

Iu-PS

Iur

Backbone

Iur

Iu (CS & PS)

RNS

UE

Uu

An RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and one or more Nodes B. To enhance the interoperability of equipment from different vendors, UTRAN interfaces are fully standardized. First, the radio interface Uu is used between the NodeB and the UE. One possible technology on the radio is the Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA).

Another UMTS interface the Iub - is located between the Radio Network Controller and the NodeB.

Next the Iu interface connects the Radio Network Controller to the Core Network. It is split into the Iu-CSinterface for the circuit switched domain and the Iu-PS interface for the packet switched domain. And finally, the Iur interface is used between the RNCs. This latter interface has been defined to support specific functions such as handover, without having the Core Network involved.

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode RNC - Radio Network ControllerBTS Base Transceiver Station RNS - Radio Network SubsystemCS - Circuit Switched Domain SDH - Synchronous Digital HierarchyE1 - Standard European PCM link SONET - Synchronous Optical NETworkIP - Internet Protocol T1 - Standard US PCM linkIur - logical Interface between RNCs UE User EquipmentPS - Packet Switched Domain Uu - UMTS radio interfaceIu-CS - logical Interface for the Circuit Switched domainIu-PS - logical Interface for the Packet Switched domainW-CDMA - Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access technology






1.2 Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture

Access Network = UTRANCore

NetworkOaM

TCP/ IP

9370 RNC

UTRANOaM

NodeB(BTS)

BackboneIP and/or ATM

Iu

Iur

BackboneIP and/or ATM

9370 RNC

Backbone

Backbone

NodeB(BTS)

NodeB(BTS)

Iub

Native IP Iub

Hybrid ATM/ IP Iub

ATM Iub

IP

ATM

The signals of the logical interfaces Iub, Iur and Iu are transported by lower layers IP, ATM, Ethernet, SONET, SDH, E1, T1 or DSL in the backbone network.In the Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN architecture, the NodeB supports several variants of the Iub interface:

The most modern form is the Native IP Iub (or sometimes called Full IP Iub) for the modern NodeBs transported by an IP backbone. Here the IP network carries the complete Iub, this means signaling, operation and maintenance control, clock synchronization, voice and HSPA over the IP network.

Then still the legacy ATM Iub is supported for older NodeBs to use the existing ATM backbone that has been installed years ago.

In the case of the so-called Hybrid ATM/IP Iub the NodeB is connected to both types of backbone. The IP component is used to increase the capacity for packet traffic, the ATM part carries the rest of the traffic.

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer ModeDSL - Digital Subscriber LineHSPA - High Speed Packet AccessIP Internet ProtocolIub - logical UMTS interface between the Radio Network Controller and the NodeBOaM - Operation and MaintenanceTCP - Transmission Control Protocol





Main Functions of the BTS Call processing Radio access Performance monitoring Network interface Random access detection


1.3 What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN?

Uu interface

Frequency ConversionDemodulation

Decoding

Uplink

UE NodeB(BTS)

9370 RNC

Interface Iub:ATM / PCM IP / Ethernet

EncodingModulation

Frequency ConversionAmplificationDownlink

The Alcatel-Lucent UMTS BTS complies to the standards of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The generic term BTS designates the Alcatel-Lucent UMTS Base Transceiver Station.

What is the role of the BTS in the UTRAN?

First of all, the BTS is responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells from the User Equipment (UE).

The BTS is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface. The standard version uses ATM over PCM-links, new equipment uses additionally or alternatively IP over Ethernet networks.

As stated, the primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals from a user equipment over the radio interface Uu. To perform this function, the signals in downlink direction from BTS to the Uu - are encoded, modulated, amplified. In uplink direction from the Uu to the BTS - the signals are demodulated and decoded.

The BTS performs also radio measurements and report these measurements to the RNC. Then the BTS detects random accesses from the UE. Finally, the BTS handles the interfaces Uu and Iub.

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BTS - Base Transceiver Station

IP - Internet Protocol






1.4 Basic functions

Synchronization

Powercontrol

Softer Handover

Call Processing

Cell management

Management ofcommon channels

Management ofdedicated channels

Measurementprocessing

Now, let's have an overview on the functions performed by the BTS.

The BTS supports three basic functions:

The first function is call processing which includes

Radio Resource Management (RRM) inside the BTS,

Channel setup and management for both common and dedicated channels,

Cell management,

Power control,

Softer handover and

Measurement, for example the estimation of the Quality of Service (QoS).

Then the BTS supports the network interface function. Indeed, the BTS is the equipment interface between the RNC and the UE.

Finally, the third basic function performed by the BTS is the synchronization of the clock to generate a highly stable radio frequency. The reference for this synchronization is normally retrieved from the signals at the Iub interface.

Now, let's move on to the functions performed by the BTS.






1.5 Radio access functions

Radio Access and Modem

Coding

Modulation

Q1101

I

1000

QPSK

002

104

017

113

002

104

017

113

Demodulation

Radio Access and Modem

Interleaving

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The BTS carries out the radio access and modem function which includes modulation in Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and demodulation in Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), up and down frequency conversion, as well as amplification.

Radio channel coding and decoding introduces redundancy into the source data flow, increasing its rate by adding information calculated from the source data. This allows the detection or correction of signal errors introduced by the transmission medium.

The channel coding algorithm used and the amount of redundancy introduced may be different for the different types of logical channels and the different types of data.






1.6 Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions

Operation and Maintenance

Out of order

In service

Performance Monitoring Configuration and Supervision

Alarm management

Cooling

Powersupply

TemperatureLoss of signal

Out ofmemory

Threshold crossed

In the general Operation and Maintenance (OaM) functions the BTS supervises the global state of the modules.

In alarm management the BTS collects all the event reports that are sent by all pieces of equipment to the Operation and Maintenance platform to constantly inform it about the state of the whole network. Two types of event reports must be carefully handled by the Operation and Maintenance system. On the one hand, hardware anomalies automatically generate alarms which are forwarded up to the Operation and Maintenance system. On the other hand, the state changes usually generate notifications which are stored in the notification log file for investigation purposes, later on.

Another Operation and Maintenance function of the BTS is the configuration and supervision. It configures and supervises the modules which ensure inventory information, reporting and plug and play management.

In the field of performance monitoring, the BTS collects measurements on radio channels (current and surrounding cells) and translates these measurements into radio channel quality estimations.






1.7 Call processing: Radio traffic protocol layers

RLC

MAC

Transport (MAC) Sub Layer

Physical Sub Layer

Level 1PhysicalLayer

RLC

MAC

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Radio Waves

Physical Channels

Serving RNC

As seen previously, call processing is one of the BTS basic functions. How does the communication work between User Equipment and Radio Network Controller?

In the slide you can see that the layer 1 uses radio waves to set up physical channels between the BTS and the user equipment. These channels are necessary to synchronize the downlink and also to perform cell selection, reselection and handover preparation. In addition, the BTS forwards radio measurements to the RNC for radio resource management (for example handover or power control).

The physical layer carries the next higher layer - the Medium Access layer (or MAC) with the transport channels. These channels are terminated not at the BTS but at the RNC. One single physical channel carries one or more transport channels.

The MAC layer again carries the next higher layer the Radio Link Control layer (or RLC) with the logical channels, that are again terminated in the RNC. The logical channels offer data transport services to higher layers, to carry for example voice, circuit or packet data and network signaling. They are decoded into the RNC.






1.8 Module summary

Having completed this section, you should know

the basic UTRAN architecture, the role of the BTS within the UMTS network and the basic functions of the BTS.





End of ModuleOverview on the BTS



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Module 2Functional Architecture of the BTS


Section 1NodeB UA07 Functional Description

9300 NodeBNodeB UA07 Functional Description





9300 NodeB NodeB UA07 Functional DescriptionNodeB UA07 Functional Description Functional Architecture of the BTS1 2 2

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First edition in Release UA06Kieslich, Roland2008-12-121.0

Update to Release UA07:TRM supports 64QAMAISG and RETAFull IP IubHybrid and ATM Iub modifiedInternal Optical Interface (HSSL, CPRI)Clock synchronization to EthernetRadio Cell and BTS Configurations

Kieslich, Roland2010-05-121.9Draft

RemarksAuthorDateEdition

Document History





Module objectives

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to describe the following NodeB functions:

Network interface Clock generation and synchronization Core Control functions Channel Element functions Transmit Receive functions Power amplification Radio coupling Internal optical interface Radio cell and BTS configurations Amplification at the antenna tower Support of remotely tilt antennas Station functions

With this knowledge you should know the path of the signals carrying the traffic through the NodeB.





Module objectives [cont.]






Table of Contents


1 Functional architecture of BTSs 71.1 Functions of a BTS 81.2 Functional blocks in the BTS 91.3 Digital shelf and radio frequency (RF) block 101.4 Functional blocks in the distributed BTS 11

2 Network interface (Iub) function 122.1 Purpose of the logical interface Iub 132.2 Protocol stack of the native IP Iub 14

2.2.1 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over Ethernet 152.2.2 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses over Ethernet 162.2.3 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over a single VLAN 172.2.4 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses and two VLANs 182.2.5 Native IP Iub at the NodeB 19

2.3 Protocol stack of the ATM Iub 202.4 The ATM Iub at the NodeB 212.5 Inverse multiplexing over ATM (IMA) 222.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic 232.7 Protocol stack of the hybrid Iub 262.8 Hybrid interface Iub at the NodeB 272.9 Hybrid Iub - splitting of the traffic 282.10 Quiz about Iub 29

3 Clock generation and synchronization 303.1 Synchronization references 313.2 Quiz about clock synchronization 32

4 Signal processing by the Core Control functions (CCM) 334.1 Signal processing by the Core Control function (CCM) 344.2 Quiz about the Core Control function 35

5 Channel Element function (CEM) 365.1 Channel Management in the CEM 375.2 Channel Element (CEM) function: Tx signal processing 385.3 Quiz about the Channel Element function 39

6 Transmit Receive functions (TRM) 406.1 Transmit Receive functions (TRM) 416.2 TRM - the radio transmission functions 426.3 TRM - the radio receive functions 436.4 Quiz about the Transmit Receive function 44

7 Power amplification (and splitting) 457.1 Downlink power amplification 467.2 Quiz about the power amplification 47

8 Radio coupling 488.1 Radio coupling function 498.2 Reception of main and diversity signals 508.3 Quiz about the radio coupling 51

9 Optical Interface Function 529.1 Internal optical interface of the distributed NodeB 539.2 Optical fibers and wavelengths 549.3 Transmission configurations: Star 559.4 Transmission configurations: Daisy chains 56

10 Radio cell and BTS configurations 5710.1 Local and remote sectors 5810.2 Single cluster with up to 3 local sectors 5910.3 Omni Transmit Sectorized Receive cell (OTSR) 6010.4 Sectorial Transmit Sectorized Receive cells (STSR) 6110.5 Two clusters with three sectors per cluster 6210.6 Remote cluster carried by RRHs 63





Table of Contents [cont.]


10.7 Ultra extended cell 6411 Optional antenna support functions 65

11.1 Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) 6611.2 Remote Electrical Tilt Antenna (RETA) 6711.3 RETA through a dedicated cable 6811.4 RETA through antenna feeder 69

12 Station functions 7012.1 GPSAM: Alarms, inventory and presence 7112.2 Quiz about the station functions 72

13 Overview on the signal processing 7313.1 Transmit data flow 7413.2 Receive data flow 75

14 Final work 7614.1 Module summary 77





1 Functional architecture of BTSs

This module describes the functional architecture of NodeBs. This structure is valid for both conventional NodeBs and distributed NodeBs.





BTS

Sector 3Sector 2Sector 1


1.1 Functions of a BTS

Base band functions:Digital Analog ConversionProcessing of the W-CDMA signalsCall processingNetwork interfaceIub

RNC

Radio functions:CouplingBand FilteringTx and Rx AmplificationFrequency up / down conversionModulation / Demodulation

Power supply

Station functions:Clock Generation and SynchronizationPower Distribution Alarming

External alarms

Clock reference

In the NodeB the functions can be structured into several blocks depending on the role:

Station functions that support the NodeB in a general way and are independent from the traffic: Power supply, clock generation, clock synchronization, alarming, storage of configuration and commissioning data.

Base band functions provide all the digital processing of the information sent from the RNC and the User Equipment like spreading, application of the scrambling codes, channel coding, support of the network interface, channel management, radio resource management, switching and routing.

Radio functions that do modulation and demodulation, frequency conversion, transmission power amplification and coupling the antenna system.






1.2 Functional blocks in the BTS

Iub, to/from RNC

CCMCEM

CallProcessing

W-CDMAProcessing

Tx Splitting(optional)

TRM

Transmit/Receive/

Channelizer

Rx Tx

O&M

RadioCoupling

BTS

PA

GPSAM MCA

The following functional blocks exist in the BTS:

CCM: The Core Control function can be regarded as the brain of the NodeB. It does the Operation and Maintenance and controls all the other functions. It communicates to the RNC via the network interface, furthermore it generates the clock and synchronizes it.

CEM: The Channel Element function transforms the traffic data into signals for Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) and does a part of the call processing.

TRM: The Transmit Receive function adapts the Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access signals to the radio interface by shifting the frequency spectrum.The Channel Element function and the Transmit Receive function are not directly connected, they exchange signals via a switch in the Core Control function.

PA: The Radio Transmission Power Amplification lifts the power level of the radio carrier to cover the area of the cells.

Radio Coupling: The radio coupling picks up the amplified radio carriers and distributes them to the antennas in each sector for the downlink direction. In uplink direction it amplifies the received signals and distributes them to several Transmit Receive functions to support a main and a diversity path for each data transfer.

In some configurations a optional Tx-Splitting distributes the amplified radio carriers to the radio coupling.

MCA: The Manufacturing, Commissioning and Alarm function stores installation and commissioning parameters, inventory data and reports the internal alarms.

GPSAM: External alarms enter the NodeB via the Global Positioning System and Alarm function. Another optional function of the GPSAM is the interface to an external clock reference, for example a Global Positioning System satellite receiver. Keep in mind that in standard mode the clock is not synchronized to this external reference but to the network interface.





RF block


1.3 Digital shelf and radio frequency (RF) block

Iub, to/from RNC

CCMCEM

CallProcessing

W-CDMAProcessing


TRM

Transmit/Receive/

Channelizer

Rx Tx

O&M

RadioCoupling

BTS

PA

GPSAM MCA

Digitalshelf

In the case of a conventional NodeB we split into two main groups: On the right side the functions power amplification, splitting and radio coupling set up the so called radio frequency block (RF).

A second set of functions is done by the so called Digital shelf on the left side. It executes the Core Control function, the Transmit Receive function, the Channel Element function and the functions MCA and GPSAM.





Remote Radio Equipment (RE)


1.4 Functional blocks in the distributed BTS

CEM

CallProcessing

W-CDMAProcessing


TRM

Transmit/Receive/

Channelizer

Rx Tx

RadioCoupling

Distributed BTS

PA

GPSAM MCA

Digital NodeB (REC)

Iub, to/from RNC

CCM

O&M

Optical link

OIM OIM

Remember that there exist two main architectures of Alcatel-Lucent NodeBs. One is the conventional NodeB with all the modules in one rack, the other one is the distributed NodeB, where a centralized digital part is separated from the remote radio part. Such a remote radio part contains Transmit Receive functions, power amplification and radio coupling.

OIM: In the case of distributed NodeBs the Optical Interface function connects the remote radio part to the Core Control function via an optical link. This interface fulfills either the industry standard Common Public Radio Interface or the Alcatel-Lucent standard High-Speed Serial Link.





2 Network interface (Iub) function

The next slides present the the logical Interface Iub. It does the communication between the RNC and NodeB, and it is part of the Core Control function.

We continue with an overview on the Iub.





Control Plane

User Plane


2.1 Purpose of the logical interface Iub

NodeB

RNCIub

UE

Uu

RACHFACHPCH

DCHHS-DSCH E-DCH

Management Plane

Control Plane: General Signaling QoS Management Resource Management Call Management (Establishment)

User Plane:Dedicated TrafficDedicated SignalingCommon Traffic

Management Plane (OaM):AlarmsConfiguration

The interface Iub exchanges signaling, Operation and Maintenance (OaM) information and User Data between RNC and NodeB.

The control plane carries the signaling for the radio control channels - RACH, FACH, PCH - between NodeB and RNC and manages the radio links, the resources, the calls and the Quality of Service. The Management Plane or NodeB Operation and Maintenance plane exchanges configuration data and alarms.

The User Plane carries the user traffic - voice and data - for the radio channels DCH, HS-DSCH and E-DCH.

These planes are composed of several layers, we see them on the next slides.

Three main types of Iubs exist: The most modern form is the Native IP Iub, it is based on the Internet Protocol (IP) via Ethernet

links. The ATM Iub exists from the beginning of UMTS and uses protocols based on Asynchronous Transfer

Mode (ATM). A last variant is the hybrid Iub, it uses both IP and ATM, the IP network transports the High Speed

Packet Access (HSPA), the rest of the user traffic is transported by the ATM network.

DCH - Dedicated Channel OaM - Operation and MaintenanceE-DCH - Enhanced Dedicated Channel PCH - Paging ChannelFACH - Forward Access Channel QoS - Quality of ServiceHS-DSCH - High Speed Downlink Shared Channel UE - User EquipmentRACH - Random Access Channel Uu - UMTS Radio Interface






2.2 Protocol stack of the native IP Iub

Physical Layer: Optical or electrical cable

Layer 2: Ethernet

IP

UDP

FP


IP

SCTP

NBAP


IP

TCP/UDP

OaM

Native IP Iub

Layer 3: IP

Layer 4


The most modern variant of the interface Iub the Native IP Iub - uses IP and Ethernet protocols for the transport. The applications on the higher layers in the protocol hierarchy use adaptation layers to interface to the lower layers Internet Protocol (IP) and Ethernet.

The highest layer of the Control Plane is the NodeB Application Part (NBAP). The next lower layer is Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), it adapts the NBAP to the Internet Protocol (IP) layer. The SCTP operates in a connectionless but reliable mode of transport, it protects its packets against loss and transmission errors.

Inside the Management Plane the NodeB Operation and Maintenance (OaM) is adapted through either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), depending on the type of signal. The TCP transports its IP packets in an connection-oriented and reliable mode and protects its packets against loss and transmission errors. In opposite the UDP operates connectionless without acknowledgement, it can loose packets. It advantage is the reduction of overhead and a fast operation.

The highest level of the User Plane is the Frame Protocol (FP) described in 3GPP TS 25.427. It packs the user traffic voice or packet services into UDP packets.

All the IP packets on layer 3 are transported by Ethernet packets at layer 2. The NodeB can handle two types of Ethernet frame formats: The 802.3 MAC frame and the 802.3 tagged MAC frame. Only one type of MAC frame may be used, a simultaneous mix of both types is forbidden.

Finally the Ethernet packets are adapted to signals at the physical layer: In the case of long distances an optical fiber is used, for short distances a cable of a twisted wires is sufficient.The supported modes we see on the next slides.





2.2.1 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over Ethernet

NodeB

RNCNative IP Iub

Control Plane

User Plane

Management Plane(OaM)


Layer 2: Ethernet

Layer 3: IP (OaM + Control P. + User P.)

This slide shows the simplest case: The management plane, the control plane and the user plane use one common IP address, the IP packets ride on standard (untagged) Ethernet IEEE 802.3 MAC frames.






2.2.2 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses over Ethernet

IP (Control P. + User P.)

NodeB

RNCNative IP Iub

Control Plane

User Plane



Layer 2: Ethernet

Layer 3: IP (OaM)

In this mode OaM uses one IP address, the control plane and the user plane use together a second IP address. Again the IP rides on standard (untagged) Ethernet 802.3 MAC frames.





2.2.3 Native IP Iub: One common IP address over a single VLAN

VLAN layer: Single VLAN

NodeB

RNCNative IP Iub

Control Plane

User Plane



Layer 2: Ethernet

Layer 3: IP (OaM + Control P. + User P.)

Here again the management plane (OaM), the control plane and the user plane use one common IP address, the IP rides on Ethernet frames tagged due to the standard IEEE 802.1Q. These tagged frames carry a VLAN identifier and the 802.1p user priority bits.

The VLANs can be regarded as an additional layer between IP and Ethernet layer and they can be used to segregate different types of traffic as necessary, effectively. The usage of VLANs is recommended in large networks with a lot of Ethernet ports. They split a large physical network into a set of logical networks, that are small, fast and independent from each other.

The user priority bits control the priority of Ethernet packets in a layer 2 switched network, they can be used to transport urgent packets as soon as possible, less urgent packets have to wait.

This mode is called the Single VLAN mode or OAM VLAN mode.

Please keep in mind that the NodeB supports untagged and untagged Ethernet frames but not both types simultaneously. During commissioning the operator has to know the type of frames used by the Ethernet network and has to configure the NodeB to process the correct type of frame.






2.2.4 Native IP Iub: Two IP addresses and two VLANs

IP (Control P. + User P.)

OAM VLAN

NodeB

RNCNative IP Iub

Control Plane

User Plane



Layer 2: Ethernet

Layer 3: IP (OaM)

Telecom VLANVLAN layer

In this mode the management plane uses one IP address, and the IP packets of OaM ride in a first VLAN with Ethernet 802.3 MAC frames tagged with the so-called OAM VLAN.

The control plane and the user plane use together a second IP address, transported in a second VLAN tagged with the Telecom VLAN.

The next slide shows details of this Iub at the NodeB site.






2.2.5 Native IP Iub at the NodeB

The Alcatel-Lucent RNC and NodeB support a transport via IP over Ethernet for the Iub interface

The NodeB supports up to two Ethernet links

Clock synchronization to one of the 2 Ethernet links

Alternative clock synchronization to 1 of 4 PCM links is supported on some NodeB types

Iub Interface

ToRNC

CCM1 4

PCM links(E1 or T1)

NodeB

IP over

1 2

Ethernet links

The Core Control function CCM terminates the Iub at the NodeB site. Only the most modern hardware variants support the Native Iub with IP over up to two Ethernet links, each one works at a rate of 1 Gigabit/s.

The NodeB support the Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) due to IEEE 1588v2 and the Synchronous Ethernet due to ITU-T G.8261 and 8262. So it can synchronize its own oscillators to the Ethernet network if this one supports both features.

Up to four PCM interfaces are build in, they can only be used for an alternative clock synchronization by some NodeB types.

We continue with the classical Iub that exists from the beginning of UTRAN - the ATM Iub.






2.3 Protocol stack of the ATM Iub

ATM

AAL5

LLC

SNAP

IP

TCP/UDP

OaM

ATM

AAL5

SSCOP

ALCAP

ATM

AAL5

SSCOP

NBAP

ATM

AAL2

FP




Physical Layer: Electrical cable

E1 or T1

ATM Iub

The ATM Iub uses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocols transported by the same layer, either E-carrier level 1 or T-carrier level 1. These ATM protocols carry signaling for the NodeB, Operation and Maintenance (OaM) information for the NodeB and User Data.

The applications on the higher layers in the protocol hierarchy use two types of adaptation layers to interface to the Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

The first type is the Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 5 (AAL5). The Control Plane and the Management Plane use it to connect the applications NodeB Application Part common (NBAP c)and NodeB Application Part dedicated (NBAP d).

The NodeB Operation and Maintenance link transports configuration data and alarms, again it uses AAL5. The Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP) uses AAL5, too. It supervises the Transport Network Control Plane.Another variant of the ATM protocols is applied by the User Plane. This one adapts via the Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) to pack the user traffic - voice and data. The AAL2 format is also used for non-NodeB Application Part signaling - for example, Radio Resource Control, Session management, Call Control, Mobility Management for circuit switched domain and for the General Packet Radio Service. The non-NodeB Application Part signaling is a non-access stratum signaling, that means it is transported like other User data between the User Equipment and the Core Network.AAL2 - Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 2AAL5 - Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaptation Layer type 5LLC - Logical Link ControlSNAP - SubNetwork Access ProtocolSSCOP - Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol






2.4 The ATM Iub at the NodeB

Iub Interface

CCM

NodeB

ATM over

1 8

PCM links

(E1 or T1)

To RNC

The NodeB supports up to eight PCM links Synchronization of the clock

via PCM signals

The NodeB supports up to eight PCM links of the following type:

E1 - E-carrier level 1 links due to the standard ITU G703 or G704.

T1 - T-carrier level 1 links due to the ANSI standard.

The raw data rate between NodeB and RNC is 1.984 Mbps (for E1) and 1.53 Mbps (for T1) per link. These PCM links can serve as a reference to the clock of the NodeB.

Various transport configurations exist:

Full PCM: One single PCM link is used, all time slots support only one NodeB

Fractional PCM: One single PCM link is used. A subset of time slots supports one NodeB, the rest can be dropped or inserted to connect other NodeBs, either UMTS-NodeBs or GSM-BTSs.

Multi PCM (without IMA) feature: Two or more PCM links are used to increase the transport capacity, the maximal number of PCM links is eight. Drop and Insert is not supported in this configuration, so this bundle of links supports only one NodeB.

This method can be applied where more than one PCM link is needed and where the transport method Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA) is not supported.

IMA is explained on the next slide.

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BTS - Base Transceiver Station

IMA - Inverse Multiplexing over ATM






2.5 Inverse multiplexing over ATM (IMA)

NodeBIub

ATM ATM

RNC

IMA LayerIMA IMA

ATM Layer

Physical Layer: 2 8 PCM Links (E1 or T1)

PCM PCM PCM PCM PCM PCM

Demultiplexing Multiplexing

and

Demultiplexingand

Multiplexing

Control Plane

User Plane


The ATM protocols can also be transported via the method Multi PCM with Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA). This method aggregates [1] the PCM links to increase the transport capacity, but these links do not transport the ATM directly but over an [2] intermediate layer.

At the near end of the link the IMA distributes the ATM cells coming from the higher layers into this bundle of PCM links by demultiplexing. At the far end it reconstructs back the original data stream end by multiplexing. This method works in both directions. At the site of the NodeB the Core Control function multiplexes and de-multiplexes the PCM signals.

The IMA retrieves the data stream with preservation of cell order and cell format, so the IMA is transparent for the ATM layer and higher layers. The only difference they see between IMA and a single PCM link is the higher transport capacity. In this way the IMA provides a logical transport layer for the Iub.

All NodeB types support IMA with up to eight PCM links per IMA group and up to four IMA groups, as long as the total number of ports is less or equal than eight.





Multi-PCM configuration without IMA: Existing n PCM links for R99 Additional p PCM links for either HSxPA or HSxPA plus R99


2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic

RNC

NodeBHSPA over

E1/T1 Leased Lines

R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines

ATM

n * E1/T1

ATM

p * E1/T1

STMSDH

When High-speed Packet Access traffic is growing more and more in a NodeB site and finally reaches the capacity limit of the installed E1 or T1 links, a congestion of the traffic will occur.Alcatel-Lucents UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network solves this problem by the installation of additional links to increase the transport capacity, by splitting the traffic into several components and by re-mapping these components to the available transport paths.

One component of the traffic defined in the very first phase of UMTS is the the so-called Release 99traffic. It contains delay sensitive traffic like voice and video, some non delay sensitive traffic, signaling and operation and maintenance channels.Another stream transports the component High-speed Packet Access for the transport of interactive, background and streaming data, where the real-time constraints are minor.

This slide shows the first solution, the so-called Multi-PCM configuration without Inverse Multiplexing over ATM. A set of n PCM links carries the stream of Release 99 traffic, either the complete Release 99 traffic or a sub part. The stream High-speed Packet Access is moved to a second set of p PCM links, additionally this second set can transport the rest of the Release 99 traffic.The sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs supports only eight ports for PCM links.This Multi-PCM configuration allows to support High Speed Packet Access on sites where IMA cannot be supported and more than one PCM link is needed.

Another solution with support of one IMA we see on the next slide.






2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic [cont.]

Multi-PCM configuration with 1 IMA group: n PCM links E1/T1 dedicated for R99 One IMA group based on p links E1/T1 transports HSPA traffic

RNC

NodeB HSPA over low Cost Backhaul

(DSL,ADSL,)

R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines

ATM

IMA

p * E1/T1

ATM

n * E1/T1

STMSDH

This slide shows the solution Multi-PCM configuration with one group Inverse Multiplexing over ATM. A set of n PCM links carries the stream of the complete Release 99 traffic.

The stream High-speed Packet Access is moved to one Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA) group that is carried by a second set of p PCM links.

An interface for example a modem - adapts this IMA over PCM to an alternative and less expensive transport system like DSL, ADSL or ADSL2+. This stream carries High Speed Downlink Shared Channels of interactive, background and streaming traffic.

Again the sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs supports only eight ports for PCM links.

Another solution with support of two IMAs we see on the next slide.






2.6 ATM Iub splitting of the traffic [cont.]

Multi-PCM configuration with 2 IMA groups: HSPA Offload over DSL Support Split Iub

RNC

NodeB

HSPA over low Cost Backhaul

R99 over ATM

E1/T1 Leased Lines

ATM

IMA

p * E1/T1

ATM

IMA

n * E1/T1

STMSDH

This slide shows the solution Multi-PCM configuration with two groups Inverse Multiplexing over ATM. Again the traffic is split into a Release 99 stream and an HSPA stream.

A first IMA group based of n links E1 or T1 transports the components Release 99 User Plane,the Control Plane and OAM traffic and it may also carry HSPA traffic

A second IMA group constructed of p links E1 or T1 transports exclusively HSPA traffic.

In such a configuration, the flow control in downlink direction on the interface Iub is performed independently for the two IMA groups.

Again the sum of both link sets n plus p - may not exceed the number eight, because the NodeBs supports only eight ports for PCM links.

We continue with the Hybrid Iub.






2.7 Protocol stack of the hybrid Iub

Hybrid Iub

ATM

AAL5

LLC

SNAP

IP

TCP/UDP

OaM

ATM

AAL5

SSCOP

ALCAP

ATM

AAL5

SSCOP

NBAP

ATM

AAL2

FP

IP

UDP

FP

Ethernet




E1 or T1

Physical Layer: Electrical cable Optical or electrical cable

HSPAR99

Here we see the Hybrid Iub, the transport system consists of an ATM network plus an IP network.

The addition of the IP network can solve the following problem: If a installed NodeB uses only the classical ATM Iub and if the user traffic increases more and more up to the limits of the ATM network the traffic load approaches the congestion level of the ATM Iub. The connection to the additional IP network increases the transport capacity and solves such a congestion.

The control plane, the management plane and the Release99 component of the user traffic stay on the ATM network meanwhile the IP network transports the HSPA traffic.

If the IP connection fails the HSPA is switched automatically to the ATM links.

The next slide shows details of the Hybrid Iub at the NodeB.

R99 - UMTS Release 99

HSPA - High Speed Packet Access






2.8 Hybrid interface Iub at the NodeB

The NodeB supports a hybrid transport (IP and ATM) Iub interface

Up to two Ethernet links transport IP

Up to four PCM links transport ATM

Synchronization of the clock to the Ethernet

Synchronization of the clock via PCM signals

Iub Interface

ToRNC

CCMATM over1 4

PCM links(E1 or T1)

NodeB

IP over1 2

Ethernet links

The Core Control function CCM terminates the Iub at the NodeB site. Only the most modern hardware variants support the Hybrid Iub with IP over up to two Ethernet links at a rate of 1 Gigabit/s plus ATM over up to four PCM links.






2.9 Hybrid Iub - splitting of the traffic

Optimized HSPA offload Hybrid Iub

RNC

NodeBHSPA over IP

low cost backhaul

R99 over ATM

E1/T1 leased lines

Ethernet

STMSDH

ATM

IMA

n * E1/T1

IP

Ethernet

This slide shows the split of the traffic and the re-mapping to the transport paths.

The delay sensitive traffic - Release 99, signaling, streaming at a guaranteed bit rate and OAM traffic -remains on the layer ATM over E1/T1 links.

The non delay sensitive traffic - interactive and background HSPA traffic - is supported on IP over Ethernet. This IP link carries the traffic in either both directions or only the downlink part HSDPA. Note that the interactive and background HSPA traffic can also be carried on the ATM link if the IP link is exhausted or not available. This increases the resiliency between ATM and IP links.






2.10 Quiz about Iub

1. Which type of links can be terminated at the NodeB to support the Iub?A. T1B. EthernetC. STM-1D. STS-1E. E1F. VC12

2. Which methods for the transport of delay sensitive traffic are used on the Iub?

A. Frame Relay (FR)B. Asynchronous Transport Mode (ATM)C. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)D. Internet Protocol (IP)E. Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA)

Answers:

1. A, B, E

2. B,D,E





3 Clock generation and synchronization

The generation of the NodeB reference clock and its synchronization to an external clock is a part of the Core Control functions.





NodeB

Core Control Module

GPSAM

ClockGeneration

Referenceclock


3.1 Synchronization references

ExternalGPS

Receiver

Main selection of the clock reference:

Iub or

External source

1 8 PCM links

ATM Iub

1 4 PCM links

Hybrid Iub

1 2 Ethernet links

Selector

GPS reference

Iubreference

Selection of an Iub signal:

Ethernetor

PCM

1 4 PCM links only for

synchronization

Native Iub1 2 Ethernet links

The radio carriers have to use precise frequencies. The WCDMA radio frequency must be accurate and stable within 50 ppb.

The Core Control Module CCM in the NodeB contains an oscillator that generates the local clock.

In free running mode its precision is not sufficient for the radio carriers. To improve the precision the oscillator is synchronized to a reference signal either extracted from the Iub or delivered from an external source.

Depending on the type of Iub several clock references can be used:

In the case of the Native IP or Full IP Iub the transport layer is Ethernet. - If this Ethernet fulfils the standards ITU-T G.8261 and 8262 then it is called Synchronous Ethernet and it can be used to synchronize the oscillator.

If the NodeB stills uses the Native IP but the reference extracted from the Ethernet is not precise enough then some NodeB types still can extract the reference from one of 4 PCM interfaces connected

to a PCM link only for synchronization.

The ATM Iub is carried via up to eight PCM links of type E1 or T1. One of this signals E1 or T1 is used to extract the reference.

The Hybrid ATM/IP Iub is transported via up to four PCM links and up to two Ethernet links. The older NodeB types can only use one of the PCM signals to extract the reference. The modern NodeBs can do the same - or alternatively they can extract the reference from one of the Ethernet links.

Optionally an external synchronization reference signal can be connected, that is normally delivered from an additional Global Positioning System receiver. But this is more expensive than the synchronization via the Iub.






3.2 Quiz about clock synchronization

1. Which signal can be used to synchronize the NodeB clock to the Iub?A. Cesium clock B. PCM signalC. Global Positioning System signal D. Ethernet signal

Answers:

1. B,D





4 Signal processing by the Core Control functions (CCM)

The next slides show how the Core Control function processes the signals carrying the traffic.





4.1 Signal processing by the Core Control function (CCM)

NodeB

CEM TRM

CCM

HSSLHSSL

Call Processing:Radio Resource MgtChannel SetupManagement of Common and Dedicated channels

Base band signals switching:

Data Switching/routing: Switching Termination

Iub Interface

RNC

The Core Control functions (CCM) consists of the following sub functions.

First it does the Network interface Iub to the RNC.

The second function is the routing of control information by processing the protocols transported by the Asynchronous Transfer Mode links. The ATM Iub uses the ATM layers AAL2 and AAL5. The base band signals are processed by the CCM by routing in reception direction - and summing in transmission direction between the Channel Element functions (CEM) and the Transmit Receive functions (TRM).

Another function of the CCM is call processing in charge of radio resource management (RRM) inside the NodeB. This function manages the following UMTS services (described in 3GPP standards) and the internal services used for configuration and implementation purposes:

It manages the cells by creation, deletion or modification of cells. It sets up, releases and modifies both the common and dedicated channels. It controls the power emission of the user equipment. It executes softer handovers, these are handovers between cells that belong to the same NodeB. It processes the values from the radio measurement.

The rest of the Call processing functions is mapped on the functional blocks Transmit/Receive Module (TRM) and Channel Element Module (CEM).

HSSL - High Speed Serial Link (proprietary protocol





4 Signal processing by the Core Control functions (CCM)

4.2 Quiz about the Core Control function

1.Which sub functions are supported by the Core Control function?

A. Administration of the radio cellsB. Network interfaceC. Execution of handoversD. Storage of commissioning informationE. Estimation of the Quality of Service (QoS).F. Administration of the radio channelsG. Band FilteringH. Modulation and demodulation

Answers:

1. A,B,C,E,F





5 Channel Element function (CEM)

The next slides show how the Channel Element functions convert the signals into Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) signals, in downlink and uplink direction.





Layer 1 Management

Layer 1

Layer 2

Physical sublayer

RLC/MAC

Transport sublayer

Physical channels

Transport channels

CEM

9370 RNC


5.1 Channel Management in the CEM

The Channel Element functions deal with 2 parts of the protocol layers.

The first part is the base band Layer 1 of UTRAN. Here the Channel Element function (CEM) processes the W-CDMA signals in transmit and receive direction.

In uplink, the functionalities are among other things searching, despreading, channel decoding and RACH processing. In downlink, the functionalities are channel coding, spreading, summing and so on.

The second part of the protocol layers is a subset of layer 2 (MAC) of UTRAN. This subset provides RACH messages with acknowledgements and the scheduling of all transmissions on FACH. Moreover, this subset of layer 2 MAC processes BCH information such as interference in the cell. This BCH information is updated very frequently (every 10 to 100 ms). Finally, it handles the signaling for distribution of paging between cells controlled by the NodeB.

Note that 1 Channel Element function can support up to 2 carriers.

The NodeB supports the multiple CEM (or multi-CEM) feature: Several Channel Element functions cooperate in the call processing.





5.2 Channel Element (CEM) function: Tx signal processing

DCH

TransportChannel no. j

TransportChannel no.1

Pilot,TPC,TFCI

DPCCH

Physical channel

rate matching

M u

l t

i p l

e x

i n g

Channel coding:CRC codingConvolutional or Turbo coding

Interleaving

Channel coding:CRC codingConvolutional or Turbo coding

Interleaving

CEM

I branch

Q branch

Spreading PowerweightingScramblinggenerator

DPDCH

How is the transmission signal processed in the Channel Element functions?

On the dedicated transport channels (DPDCH), data and control signals are part of the same information packet and are converted and then mapped onto an I and a Q branch.

"Physical channel rate matching" means that information bits on a transport channel are repeated or punctured in order to have a uniform bit rate presented to the physical channel.

The spreading function applied to all physical channels consists of three operations:

1) A channelization code is applied to transform each data symbol into a number of chips to spread the signals.

2) Each spread channel is power weighted by a weight factor.

3) And a scrambling code is applied for NodeB identification and to decrease RF interference.






5.3 Quiz about the Channel Element function

4.Which sub functions are supported by the Channel Element function?

A. Modulation of the radio carrierB. Adaptation of the traffic to W-CDMA signalsC. Administration of the radio cellsD. Management of the radio channelsE. Amplification of the radio signalF. Termination of ATM links

Answers:

1. B





6 Transmit Receive functions (TRM)

The next slides show how the Transmit Receive function exchanges signals between the base band and radio band.






6.1 Transmit Receive functions (TRM)

Coupling

CEM

HSSL

RF Rx

Main

RF Rx

Diversity

RF out

HSS

LCCM

Reference

Clock

TRM

Channel-ization

Tx samples(I and Q)

Rx samples (Main andDiversity)

TxLocal

Oscillator

RadioTransmissionFrequency

up conversion

RadioReceptionFrequency

down conversion

PowerAmpli-fication

The Transmit Receive function performs Digital-to-Analog (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital (ADC) Conversion as well as up and down frequency conversion.

The low frequency is used for internal processing within the NodeB whereas the high frequency is used for external transmission by the antenna.

The Transmit Receive function also carries out a pre-amplification and a variable attenuation to control the emitted power.

The TRM channelizes the downlink samples from the Core Control function by the following operations:

Chip level modulation

Peak power reduction and

Pulse shaping

The Transmit Receive function also uses the reference clock from the Core Control function to synthesize an internal clock for the Analog-to-Digital conversion of the receiving branch and the Digital-to-Analog conversion of the transmitting branch.






6.2 TRM - the radio transmission functions

Tx samplesfrom

Channel-isation

VariableAttenuation

AA

RF Output

to Power

Amplification

Tx Gain(PowerControl)

QDAC

Reference

Clock

13MHz

TxLocal

Oscillator

IRF

Modulation

QPSK16QAM64QAM

Internal clock

This slide illustrates the sequence of signal processing in the transmit direction: First the signals are converted from digital to analog side, then they modulate the radio carrier and finally they are pre-amplified to prepare the final power amplification.

In downlink direction the signals arriving from the Channel Element function are spread into chips at a rate of 3.84 megahertz, this is one part of transforming the signals into Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access signals. The two branches - I and Q - modify the radio frequency carrier by using the Quadrature Phase Shift Key modulation.

A variable attenuator inside a Gain Control Loop compensates for variations of the driver and the power amplifier functions, to obtain the nominal output power at the antenna and to optimize the total interference level noise between the NodeB and the UE.

The final pre-amplified RF signals have the appropriate level to drive the the radio power amplification.

The total transmitted power is proportional to the data rate of the codes and the number of these

codes. A power control adjusts each RF signal to optimize the total interference level noise between the NodeB and the UE.






6.3 TRM - the radio receive functions

Radio functionsof TRM

Rx Diversity

I&Q samples(to channelization

of TRM)

RF InputMain (from

Coupling)

I

Q

RF Demodulator

QPSK16QAM64QAM

RF InputDiversity

(from Coupling)

I

Q

RF Demodulator

QPSK16QAM64QAM

RxLocal

Oscillator

ADC

Rx Gain Control

Rx Gain

Control

VariableAttenuator

Main Rx Path

Diversity Rx Path

VariableAttenuator

VariableAttenuator

VariableAttenuator

VariableAttenuator

Rx Main

I&Q samples(to channelization

of TRM)

Reference

Clock

13MHz ADC

Internal clock

Two sets of radio frequency signals are received from the two antennas via the radio coupling system. One set takes the main path and a second set arrives via the diversity path.

The Transmit Receive function demodulates the Quadrature Phase Shift Keyed (QPSK) signals and filters them in the base band.

The gain control provided by the variable attenuation adjusts the level of the signal feeding the Analog Digital conversion, whatever the level of the received radio signals is.

Then the base band signals - I and Q - are converted from analog to the digital side (ADC). These data are then sent to the Rx channelization functions of the Transmit Receive function.






6.4 Quiz about the Transmit Receive function

1.Which sub functions are supported by the Transmit Receive function?

A. Administration of the radio cellsB. Coupling of the antennaC. Conversion of the signals from analog to digital sideD. Frequency up / down conversionE. Modulation / demodulation

Answers:

1. C,D,E





7 Power amplification (and splitting)

On the next slide we see how the weak radio signal in downlink direction is transferred to the coupling system.






7.1 Downlink power amplification

Receive RF signal (Main path)

Receive RF signal (Diversity path)

Transmit RF signal

Tx RF Signal amplification

TRM

Coupling

Sector A

Sector B

Sector C

PA

Tx Splitting

In downlink direction the output signal of the TRM is too weak to cover the area of large radio cells.

The power amplification (PA) increases the level in a linear and precise way.

Only in the case of so-called OTSR1 configurations the power is split after the amplification into 3 equal parts and distributed to three sectors.

What is OTSR1?

It stands for Omni-directional Transmit Sectorial Receive configuration. The downlink signal of one frequency carrier is amplified by one single power amplifier plus one Tx-Splitter and distributed via 6 antenna ports to 3 sectors. The slide shows this split in dotted lines. This results in a common downlink signal for all directions.

Other possible configurations are called STSR: Sector Transmit Sectorial Receive - In this case the signals in downlink direction differ from sector to sector, and we need for each sector one separate power amplification.






7.2 Quiz about the power amplification

1. Which sentences about the power amplification are true?

A. It administrates softer handovers.B. It increases the level of the radio power in a linear and precise way.C. It processes the measured values of the radio interface.

Answers:

1. B





8 Radio coupling

The next slides show how the amplified radio signal in downlink direction is distributed to the sectors and how the received radio signal from main and diversity path is feed into several Transmit Receive functions.





NodeB

Coupling

Antenna feeder

Antenna Port

TRM

PA

8 Radio coupling

8.1 Radio coupling function

VSWR

Transmission

From Power

Amplification

Tran

smis

sion

Downlinkband pass

Reception

Uplinkband pass

Rece

ptio

n

LNADuplexing

This slide shows the way of downlink and uplink signals for one coupling function. It does the following sub functions:

The radio carrier coming from the power amplification is filtered by the downlink band pass to suppress distortions and to form the signal.

The antenna feeder guides the downlink signal to the antenna.

A measurement device monitors the voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) to detect reflections from the cable and antenna.

The antenna receives the weak uplink signal, passes it thro

ce tmo18251 9300 nodeb ua07 functional description

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