census 2011 poverty & deprivation report · generated from the national census. for the 2011...
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ONS CENSUS 2011
MIDDLESBROUGH THEMATIC REPORTS PROGRAMME
POVERTY & DEPRIVATION IN MIDDLESBROUGH CONTENTS PAGE Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Background 3 3. Methodology 3 4. Main findings 4 5. Key results (Poverty and deprivation) 5 5.1. Middlesbrough findings overall and national benchmarking 5 5.2. Longitudinal analysis – changes since 2001 6 5.3. Middlesbrough wards 7 5.4. Detailed characteristics analysis 8 7. Conclusions, implications and future policy challenges 10 Appendix 1. Tabulations and key facts (at a glance) 11 Appendix 2. Census Atlas 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• Based on the rate of workless households in the population, Middlesbrough has some of the highest levels of poverty in the UK
• Changes between 2001 and 2011 show that the rates of poverty and deprivation in Middlesbrough have decreased quite significantly during the past ten years
• At ward level, there are very wide variations (or inequalities) in poverty across Middlesbrough and in certain parts of the town the rates of poverty are critically high
• All of the individual indicators used to make up the TVU index of deprivation showed significantly higher rates of deprivation locally than nationally
• Almost two in five of the total unemployed population in the town are young people aged just 16 – 24 years old, raising significant concerns about the rising level of youth poverty in Middlesbrough.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1. The main purpose of the report is to provide council colleagues with a detailed analysis of key census statistics for Middlesbrough (poverty and deprivation), as part of a wider programme of internal census reporting for the council. The council’s Corporate Management Team (CMT) is keen to express the importance of maximising the uses of census data for service planning and development activities in such a difficult climate for public services.
2. Initial dissemination of top‐level census data (population and households) and other key statistics by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU) highlighted the need to undertake additional detailed analysis of the census data that was exclusive to Middlesbrough Council.
3. Following the first release of key census data in 2012 by ONS and the related release of overarching findings for the Tees Valley by TVU, the council produced its own internal summaries of top‐level census statistics for Middlesbrough that were circulated during 2012 and early 2013. These reports were presented initially to the council’s Corporate Management Team (CMT) and other management team and political group meetings (DMT, Members and Executive). Discussions with managers and other members of staff prioritised further analysis and reporting of key census outputs for Middlesbrough, running parallel to the TVU work programme (and tied in with the national publication of census data), that were subsequently approved by the Corporate Management Team. The programme of agreed internal thematic reports and main topics of analysis is set out as follows:
ONS Census 2011: Agreed Thematic Reports
Structure and Titles
Main Topics
1. People, Population and Identity 2. Health and Care 3. Education and Qualifications 4. Housing Status and Household Structures 5. Poverty and deprivation 6. Employment, industry and transport
Age, gender, ethnicity, disability, religion, migration, national identity, language Long term illness, general health, unpaid care Qualification status, no qualifications Housing type, tenure, central heating, over crowding, household composition / family types Census deprivation index, workless households, other official proxy indicators Economic activity, occupation, industry, car status, travel to work
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2. BACKGROUND
4. The national census was undertaken by ONS on 27th March 2011. The census provides complete coverage of the whole population and is used for a variety of reasons, including the planning of public services, both at national and local level, and in the calculation of local authority funding settlements.
5. Maximising response rates from the census is very important to ensure an accurate count of the entire population, which is linked to the process for calculating the council’s Revenue Support Grant (RSG). In 2011, the response rate for Middlesbrough was 93% (the same as in 2001) and the national response rate was 94%.
6. Multiple challenges from local authorities nationally to the population estimates derived from the previous census generated additional revenue for the council but also led to the development of improved methodologies and procedures in relation to quality assurance, that have significantly increased the validity of the latest census results and presented the local authority with limited opportunities to challenge the reliability of the recent census return. 3. METHODOLOGY
7. Due to the depth and breadth of the census results, the Office for National Statistics takes a phased approach regarding the release of the many data outputs that are generated from the national census. For the 2011 census it was decided that statistics would be released in four key stages during 2012 and 2013, with each stage comprised of several separate releases of statistics at various levels of geography.
8. The report presented here for poverty and deprivation forms part of a series of six internal reports that will cover the main themes and topics contained in the census datasets. This programme of thematic reports has been informed by, and is in line with, the rolling programme of detailed census reports that are produced by Tees Valley Unlimited (Economic Strategy and Intelligence Service) as part of their own reporting process of key census outputs. Of course, the content and timescales for the analysis and reporting of the census datasets by the council and TVU is dependent on the national schedule for the release of census statistics.1 1 Further information and results are available from ONS, who disseminate a wide range of publications and data‐sets derived from the census, including a release calendar, on their website at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide‐method/census/2011/index.html. Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU) also provide regular updates on progress with the 2011 census, including local reports and related documents, and timelines for national release of publications by the ONS, from their website at: https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/tees‐valley‐unlimited/information‐hub/economic‐intelligence.aspx
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4. MAIN FINDINGS
9. The main findings that are presented below provide a detailed picture of poverty and deprivation census statistics for Middlesbrough that are structured as follows:
Middlesbrough overall and selected benchmarking (Middlesbrough Council, Tees Valley, Regional, National, Statistical Neighbour)
Middlesbrough wards (Geographical variations and inequalities – wards with highest and lowest rates)
Longitudinal analysis (Changes between 2001 and 2011 – local authority and ward changes over time)
Detailed characteristics analysis (Cross‐tabulations of two or more topics to show interplay between questions)
Evidence of impact (Interventions identified and evidence of impact)
Conclusions (Emerging issues, implications and future policy challenges)
10. In addition to the information that is presented here there are a wide range of
census resources and analysis tools available, which include, but are not exclusive to:
Area profiles and other outputs from the Council’s Intranet census pages2 (View or download Middlesbrough profile, ward profiles, locality / hub profiles – currently under development)
Census Interactive from ONS3 (Create interactive maps and charts easily and quickly to uncover local census picture)
NOMIS Table Finder and the Detailed Characteristics series4 (View or download data for selected tables/cross‐tabulations, from a list of hundreds)
TVU Interactive Area Profiles5 (Produce area profiles for Tees Valley councils including maps, data tables and charts)
11. Further selected tables and cross‐tabulations from key census questions and topics
related to this theme can be found at Appendix 1. Selected, key maps for this theme can be found at Appendix 2.
2 Visit the Council’s Intranet Census pages at: http://it‐intranet/index.aspx?articleid=313 3 Visit ONS Census Interactive at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide‐method/census/2011/index.html 4 Visit NOMIS Table Finder and Detailed Characteristics series at: http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011 5 Visit TVU Interactive Area Profile site at: https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/InstantAtlas/Census/atlas.html
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5. KEY RESULTS: POVERTY & DEPRIVATION
Poverty and Deprivation
Topic
Indicator / question (response category)
Poverty Deprivation
Proportion of workless households / percentage of (non‐pensioner) households with no workers (TVU) Census Deprivation Index:
(a) People with no qualifications (b) Rate of (life) limiting long‐term illness (c) Lone parents with dependent children (d) Households without access to a car (e) Living in social rented housing
5.1. Middlesbrough overall and national benchmarking
Poverty Middlesbrough2011 (%)
England2011 (%)
DifferenceLocal‐national (%)
Workless households 23.0 9.9 +13.1
Deprivation Middlesbrough2011 (%)
England2011 (%)
Difference Local‐national (%)
People with no qualifications 29.9 22.7 +7.2 Rate of (life) limiting long‐term illness 20.9 17.9 +3.0 Lone parents with dependent children 10.4 7.2 +3.2 Households without access to a car 37.6 25.6 +12.0 Living in social rented housing 23.9 17.6 +6.3
12. The national Census contains a large number of questions, which, both directly and indirectly, could be used to measure the level of material deprivation and poverty in the general population. Of course, the common denominator concerning the measurement of poverty will usually boil down to the level of individual or household income, which, for most people, will be obtained from their employment in the local labour market. Whilst many people who are in work are also likely to be living in poverty in Middlesbrough, due to the large number who are in poorly paid, elementary occupations that will place them well below the official poverty threshold for the UK, those households where no one works will still generally contain the least affluent, and therefore the poorest people in the community. On that basis, perhaps the best indication of the degree of poverty in the resident population, and the measure which has been adopted here, is based on the proportion of households where no one is working.
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13. Based on the rate of workless households in the population, Middlesbrough has some of the highest rates of poverty in the UK. In 2011 the rate of workless households in Middlesbrough was 23%, compared to 9.9% nationally. The proportion of workless households in Middlesbrough is more than double the national rate, showing a difference of 13.1% between the local and national figures. In other words, whilst less than one in ten of the national population live in workless households in England overall, the rate in Middlesbrough is nearly one in four, which translates into thousands of workless households across the town and many thousands of poor families.
14. Similarly, the Census contains a large number of related questions, which could be
used to measure the degree of deprivation in the resident population. Locally, Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU) produces its own index of deprivation based on five key markers of material deprivation, including education, health, lone parenthood, and car and housing status. Education and health are two aspects, which are covered in detail elsewhere in this report series and are therefore not discussed here on an individual basis, whilst the additional measures that make up the TVU index also make very good proxy indicators for measuring the level of material deprivation that is experienced locally in Middlesbrough.
15. Overall, all of the individual indicators used to make up the TVU index showed
significantly higher rates of deprivation locally than nationally. The level of lone parenthood in Middlesbrough at 2011 was 10.2%, compared to 7.4% nationally, whilst the rate of households without access to a car in Middlesbrough was 37.6%, equivalent to more than one in three households, compared with 25.6% nationally. Added to this, those living in social rented housing in Middlesbrough were equivalent to approximately a quarter (23.9%), compared to 17.6% nationally. 5.2. Longitudinal analysis – changes since 2001
Poverty Middlesbrough2001 (%)
Middlesbrough 2011 (%)
Difference 2001‐2011 (%)
Workless households 30.2 23.0 ‐7.2
Deprivation
Middlesbrough2001 (%)
Middlesbrough 2011 (%)
Difference 2001‐2011
(%) People with no qualifications 36.8 29.9 ‐6.9 Rate of (life) limiting long‐term illness 22.3 20.9 ‐1.4 Lone parents with dependent children 9.9 10.4 +0.5 Households without access to a car 41.0 37.6 ‐3.4 Living in social rented housing 28.2 23.9 ‐4.3
16. Changes between 2001 and 2011 show that the rates of poverty and deprivation in Middlesbrough have decreased quite significantly during the previous ten years. In terms of poverty levels locally, the proportion of workless households in the town fell by 7.2% over the previous decade, from 30.2% in 2001 to 23% in 2011. In relation to deprivation, the rate of households without access to a car decreased by 3.4%, from 41% in 2001 to 37.6% in 2011, whilst those living in social rented housing also
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fell by 4.3%, from 28.2% in 2001 to 23.9% in 2011. There was one marker of deprivation, which was broadly in line with the previous Census rates, which showed a small increase of 0.5% in the proportion of lone parent households in Middlesbrough, rising slightly from 9.9% in 2001 up to 10.4% in 2011. 5.3. Middlesbrough wards
Poverty by Ward % Workless Households 2001 2011 diff
Acklam 12.0 10.3 ‐1.8Ayresome 32.1 26.4 ‐5.7Beckfield 39.8 32.4 ‐7.4Beechwood 41.3 37.4 ‐3.9Brookfield 11.7 15.0 3.3Clairville 40.0 31.7 ‐8.3Coulby Newham 21.9 21.1 ‐0.8Gresham 40.0 42.9 2.9Hemlington 37.4 32.5 ‐4.9Kader 15.8 12.3 ‐3.5Ladgate 24.0 23.6 ‐0.4Linthorpe 13.4 14.9 1.5North Ormesby and Brambles Farm 39.1 42.0 2.9Marton 11.0 12.1 1.1Marton West 12.0 9.0 ‐3.0Middlehaven 53.2 51.4 ‐1.8Nunthorpe 9.8 10.8 1.0Pallister 42.5 35.8 ‐6.7Park 21.2 21.1 ‐0.1Park End 43.8 35.3 ‐8.5Stainton and Thornton 23.8 19.8 ‐4.0Thorntree 48.6 44.5 ‐4.1University 41.1 42.3 1.2
17. At ward level, there are very wide variations (or inequalities) in poverty across Middlesbrough and in certain parts of the town the rates of poverty are critically high. In Middlehaven, more than half of all households (51.4%) are comprised of families where no one works, whilst many other wards also show very high levels of workless households, including Thorntree (44.5%), Gresham (42.9%), University (42.3%), and North Ormesby and Brambles Farm (42%). These wards, which are all situated immediately south of the River Tees, in the north of the town, experience some of the highest levels of poverty seen anywhere in the UK.
18. Perhaps the best illustration of inequality in Middlesbrough is characterised by the contrast between wards with the highest and lowest rates of workless households, where Marton West has less than one in ten (9%) and Middlehaven has more than five in ten (51.4%). On a more positive theme, 16 out of the 23 wards that make up the town (69.6%), equivalent to seven out of ten, showed a decrease in the proportion of workless households within wards between 2001 and 2011.
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Deprivation by Ward
Tees Valley Deprivation Index NationalRankings
2001 2011 Change 2001 ‐ 2011
2011
Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank RankAcklam 5.2 78 4.8 79 ‐0.4 1 4520Ayresome 13.1 23 12.3 23 ‐0.8 0 301Beckfield 14.6 14 14.1 11 ‐0.5 ‐3 77Beechwood 15.8 8 15.3 8 ‐0.5 0 26Brookfield 4.8 83 5.1 77 0.4 ‐6 4186Clairville 14.3 15 13.0 20 ‐1.3 5 196Coulby Newham 9.4 56 8.5 60 ‐0.9 4 1588Gresham 13.9 18 14.4 10 0.5 ‐8 67Hemlington 13.5 21 13.1 19 ‐0.4 ‐2 161Kader 5.9 73 5.1 78 ‐0.9 5 4239Ladgate 10.5 48 10.3 47 ‐0.2 ‐1 856Linthorpe 6.0 72 6.3 71 0.3 ‐1 3198North Ormesby Brambles Farm 15.5 10 15.9 4 0.5 ‐6 12Marton 4.3 89 4.2 85 ‐0.1 ‐4 5062Marton West 3.7 95 3.2 99 ‐0.5 4 6240Middlehaven 17.5 4 15.3 9 ‐2.2 5 31Nunthorpe 2.3 103 2.7 101 0.4 ‐2 6778Pallister 16.8 5 15.5 6 ‐1.3 1 21Park 9.8 54 10.1 52 0.3 ‐2 1012Park End 16.6 6 15.4 7 ‐1.3 1 25Stainton and Thornton 8.7 59 7.9 63 ‐0.8 4 1968Thorntree 17.9 2 17.3 1 ‐0.6 ‐1 2University 13.8 19 12.8 21 ‐1.0 2 246
19. Data about the degree of deprivation by ward is, as expected, comparable with the information about poverty rates at ward level, and there are very wide variations (or inequalities) in deprivation between wards in Middlesbrough. TVU generated Census deprivation rankings show that more than half of all wards in Middlesbrough, equivalent to twelve wards (53%), are amongst the 10% most deprived wards nationally. The national rankings, which are based on 7,683 wards in England, also show that more than a third of all wards in Middlesbrough, equivalent to eight wards (35%), are amongst the 1% most deprived wards nationally, whilst Thorntree, in the north east of the district, is the second most deprived ward in England.
20. There is no point on the national index at which people become categorised as either poor or affluent, but for the purposes of research, wards which have scores that places them within the highest or lowest 10% of scores nationally, are said to be amongst the most deprived, or affluent, on that basis. It is worth noting that there are two wards in Middlesbrough which are also amongst the most affluent 20% of wards in the country. TVU longitudinal analysis of changes in absolute and relative deprivation since 2001 shows an overall decline in deprivation during the past ten years but little change in the general pattern or polarisation of deprivation across Middlesbrough. 17 wards (74%) showed a decrease in their deprivation score between 2001 and 2011 and nine wards (39%) improved their rankings since the last Census.
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5.4. Detailed characteristics analysis
21. The analysis that is presented here is based on the ONS Detailed Characteristics Series, which shows the cross‐tabulations of two or more topics to highlight the interplay between different questions contained in the Census datasets. This section shows a breakdown of the main indicator questions that make up this report, which have been cross‐tabulated (and then presented graphically) by various demographic measures. Appendix 1 provides additional tables showing the interplay of these measures by other variables. See above for details concerning the Detailed Characteristics Series, including guidance on viewing or downloading data for selected tables and cross‐tabulations. Poverty (unemployed) and age and gender in Middlesbrough
Total unemployed by age of population in Middlesbrough (%)
3947
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Age 16 ‐ 24 Age 25 ‐ 49 Age 50 and over
Total unemployed by gender of population in Middlesbrough (%)
62
38
Males Females
22. Unemployment is a very useful proxy indicator for measuring the level of poverty in
the local population and when this Census variable is broken down by key demographic indicators some interesting patterns emerge from the data analysis. Perhaps the most significant statistic concerning unemployment and age in Middlesbrough relates to the fact that almost two in five unemployed people in the town (39%) are young people aged just 16 – 24 years old. When this rate is considered as a proportion of the total unemployed population (9,043) it also translates into 3,527 unemployed young people and highlights significant concerns about the rising level of youth poverty in Middlesbrough. As expected, due to the larger numbers of males who are seeking entry into the labour market, this group comprises a significantly higher proportion of the total unemployed population in Middlesbrough (62%), compared to their female counterparts (38%).
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Deprivation (lone parents with dependent children) and gender in Middlesbrough
Total lone parents with dependent children by gender of population in Middlesbrough (%)
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93
Males Females
23. The proportion of lone parents (with dependent children) in the population can tell
us a great deal about the degree of deprivation that is experienced and is one of the most commonly used indicators that are included in both local and national indices of deprivation.
24. As expected, there is a strong, linear correlation with lone parenthood and gender, which shows that more than nine out of ten lone parents in Middlesbrough (93%) are female, compared with just 7% who are male. Apart from highlighting the very high proportion of deprived, single, female parents from Middlesbrough, the data also gives some indication of the high numbers of children from the town that will also be living in deprivation (and poverty). 6. CONCLUSIONS
25. Changes between 2001 and 2011 Census results show that the rates of poverty and deprivation in Middlesbrough have decreased significantly during the past ten years
26. However Census deprivation scores and rankings still show very high levels of deprivation in Middlesbrough, including eight wards which are within the most deprived 1% of wards in England
27. Directly related to this, there is a very large proportion of the local population who are living in workless households, this translates into thousands of families from Middlesbrough who will fall well below the government’s official threshold for those who are living in poverty.
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Appendix 1. Tables: Poverty and Deprivation in Middlesbrough 1.1. Poverty (unemployed) and ethnicity in Middlesbrough
At a glance: Poverty (unemployed) and ethnicity in Middlesbrough
• The proportion of unemployed people in Middlesbrough is broadly in line with the ethnic composition of the town overall but minority ethnic groups do experience a slightly higher rate of unemployment (as a proportion of the BME groupings) compared to the White British population, who experience a slightly lower rate of unemployment overall.
Economic Activity All categories: Ethnic group
White: Total Mixed/multiple ethnic group:
Total
Asian/Asian British: Total
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Total
Other ethnic
group: Total
All categories: Economic activity 110,409 99,351 90% 1,253 1% 7,585 7% 1,150 1% 1,070 1% Economically active: Total 63,752 57,747 91% 746 1% 4,116 6% 677 1% 466 1% Economically active: In employment: Total 54,709 49,917 91% 556 1% 3,426 6% 471 1% 339 1% Economically active: In employment: Employee: Total 46,494 43,257 93% 442 1% 2,206 5% 352 1% 237 1% Economically active: In employment: Employee: Part‐time 15,130 13,931 92% 150 1% 858 6% 86 1% 105 1% Economically active: In employment: Employee: Full‐time 31,364 29,326 94% 292 1% 1,348 4% 266 1% 132 0% Economically active: In employment: Self‐employed: Total 5,201 4,063 78% 53 1% 986 19% 28 1% 71 1% Economically active: In employment: Self‐employed: Part‐time 1,648 1,196 73% 13 1% 399 24% 10 1% 30 2% Economically active: In employment: Self‐employed: Full‐time 3,553 2,867 81% 40 1% 587 17% 18 1% 41 1% Economically active: In employment: Full‐time students 3,014 2,597 86% 61 2% 234 8% 91 3% 31 1%
Economically active: Unemployed: Total 9,043 7,830 87% 190 2% 690 8% 206 2% 127 1% Economically active: Unemployed: Unemployed (excluding full‐time students) 7,639 6,793 89% 137 2% 476 6% 122 2% 111 1% Economically active: Unemployed: Full‐time students 1,404 1,037 74% 53 4% 214 15% 84 6% 16 1% Economically inactive: Total 46,657 41,604 89% 507 1% 3,469 7% 473 1% 604 1% Economically inactive: Retired 23,117 22,478 97% 59 0% 519 2% 28 0% 33 0% Economically inactive: Student (including full‐time students) 7,475 5,530 74% 209 3% 1,202 16% 241 3% 293 4% Economically inactive: Looking after home or family 5,587 4,365 78% 76 1% 939 17% 79 1% 128 2% Economically inactive: Long‐term sick or disabled 7,036 6,579 94% 99 1% 296 4% 25 0% 37 1% Economically inactive: Other 3,442 2,652 77% 64 2% 513 15% 100 3% 113 3%
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1.2. Deprivation (ONS Census Household Deprivation Dimensions) in Middlesbrough
At a glance • This ONS dataset provides 2011 estimates that
classify households by four dimensions of deprivation: employment, education, health & disability, and household overcrowding. A household is classified as being deprived in none, or one to four of these dimensions in any combination
• Two thirds of Middlesbrough households are deprived in at least one dimension
1.3. Deprivation (Lone Parents with Dependent Children) and gender and employment status in Middlesbrough
At a glance • More than half of all male lone parents in
Middlesbrough are in employment and most of these are in full‐time work
• Approximately half of all female lone parents are now in employment, with the highest proportion in part‐time work, but many female lone parents in Middlesbrough are still not in employment – equivalent to 2,734 females
value percent
All categories: Classification of household deprivation 57,203 100.0 Household is not deprived in any dimension 19,729 34.5Household is deprived in 1 dimension 18,615 32.5 Household is deprived in 2 dimensions 13,717 24.0 Household is deprived in 3 dimensions 4,789 8.4 Household is deprived in 4 dimensions 353 0.6
value percent
All lone parent households with dependent children 5,919 100.0 Lone parent in part‐time employment: Total 1,958 33.1 Lone parent in full‐time employment: Total 1,026 17.3
Lone parent not in employment: Total 2,935 49.6Male lone parent: Total 441 7.5Male lone parent: In part‐time employment 55 0.9 Male lone parent: In full‐time employment 185 3.1Male lone parent: Not in employment 201 3.4 Female lone parent: Total 5,478 92.5Female lone parent: In part‐time employment 1,903 32.2 Female lone parent: In full‐time employment 841 14.2 Female lone parent: Not in employment 2,734 46.2
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Appendix 2. Census Atlas: Poverty and Deprivation in Middlesbrough 2.1. Deprivation by ward: Middlesbrough wards within 10% (and 1%) of most deprived wards in England and Wales
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2.2. Deprivation by ward (continued): Tees Valley changes (including Middlesbrough) in relative and absolute deprivation between 2001 and 2011
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2.3. Deprivation by ward (continued): Proportion of lone parent households in Middlesbrough at ward and LSOA level
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2.4. Poverty by ward and LSOA: Proportion of workless households in Middlesbrough
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Contact information: Author: Anthony Ruddy (728096) Assistant Chief Executive’s Department Email: [email protected]