census affirmative - michigan7 2015

7/25/2019 Census Affirmative - Michigan7 2015

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AFF


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RECONCEPTUALIZINGRACEGOODTHE1ACSRECONCEPTUALIZATIONOFRACEISNECESSARYTOREPRESSSTATICNOTIONSOFBEING

RAI12

/2012, Amit Rai is a Professor of Communication @ Stanford,Race and Ontologies of Sensation,googlebooks, spark/

Note t!is card is from C!apter 1" of Arun Saldan!a and #ason $ic!ael Adams% book calledDeleuze and

Race&Race and Ontologies of Sensation' name of t!at c!apter(n !is pro)ocati)e anal*sis of t!e intersection bet+een ecological p!ilosop!* and cogniti)e science, And* Clark, inSupersiing t!e $ind -mbodiment Action and Cogniti)e -.tension, argues t!at an important c!aracteristic of embodied,embedded cognition ma* be called t!e Principle of -cological Assembl* P-A According to t!e P-A, t!e cann* cogniertends to recruit, on t!e spot, +!ate)er mi. of problemsol)ing resources +ill *ield an acceptable result +it! a minimum of

effort% 2003 1"4 original italics (ntensi)e,autoreferential ecologies e)ol)eslo+l* b* correlating sensor*, motorand neural capabilities, and !ence, after a t!res!old,reac! a balance bet+een t!e organismic bundle and

its ecological nic!eEcological asse!l" #$%&'e% co(le)i#ies &'is &e*+e*c"o# co%%ela&io* !" &%ac,i*g a ,i*+ o# *ea%-i*s&a*&a*eo$s .e%sio* o# s$c'o.e%all !ala*ce t!e balanced use of a set of potentiall* !ig!l* !eterogeneous resources

assembled on t!e spot to sol)e a gi)en problem-cological balance of t!is latter kind is +!at a fle.ible ecological

control s*stem seeks to ac!ie)e% ibid 5!at are t!e implications of Clark%s argument for an engagement +it! race and)irtual p!ilosop!*6 (n a recent posting 2011 on t!e blog 7ar)al Sub8ects, 7e)i 9r*ant suggests t!at Clark%s arguments can!elp transform social and political anal*sis 9r*ant notes t!at Clark%s e.tended mind !*pot!esis !as a number of

implications for feminist, racial, :ueer, and $ar.ist t!oug!t% (f it is true t!at mind is e.tended, !e +rites, t!en acrucial part of understanding race and gender +ill in)ol)e careful and nuanced in)estigation of t!e

+orldl* scaffolding t!at comes to structure race and gender% 9r*ant notes, moreo)er, t!at t!is also concernsse.ualit* and its institutions ground !eteronormati)it*6 5!at are t!e scaffoldings t!at ground patriarc!* and male

pri)ilege6 ;!ese scaffoldings,additionall*,s!ould be seen as simultaneousl* c!anneling men and+omen,:ueer and straig!t,+!ite and bro+n,etc(f +e don%t engage in ob8ect


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situated as actualised relati)el* congealed forms of affecti)it* abstracted from t!e flo+ of bodil*uattari%s concept of facialit* is not based on an intersub8ecti)e

dialectics enlarged to +orlduattari strongl* distance t!emsel)es from

p!enomenolog* and ps*c!oanal*sis ?irst of all, for t!em, it isn%t consciousness but an abstract mac!ine of facialit*

t!at arranges bodies into relations of po+er And second, facialit* constantl* in)ents ne+ faces to capture

de)iant bodies, multipl*ing possible positions far be*ond an* binaries suc! as black/+!ite t!oug!

binariation can be an important effect ;!at is precisel* its strengt! ;!ere are t!ousands of encounters, t!ousands of

trains =eleue and >uattari belie)e facialit*%s imperialism arose +it! institutional C!ristianit* 9eing imposed in landspopulated b* different p!enot*pes, facialit* became a matter of imperialist racialiation ;!at facialit*

originated inRenaissance !umanismand depictions of #esus seems a plausible if oneuattari%s unusual t!eor* of contemporar*

racism (f t!e face is in fact C!rist, in ot!er +ords, *our a)erage ordinar* 5!ite $an, t!en t!e first de)iances, t!e first di)ergence disappointment with the unfullled promises of

Mar!ism is matched by compassion for the uneasy, struggling and marginal position of post"war urope squashed between the GE- and the GEE=. his produces a renewed sense of care

and accountability that leads Morin to embrace a post"nationalistic redenition of urope as the site of mediation and transformation of it own history #@alibar, 9229+. @enecial or

positive aspects balance the negative aspects of the process. he benets are epistemological but e!tend beyond: they include a more adequate cartography of our real"life conditions

and hence less pathos"ridden accounts. his enhances the lucidity of our assessments and therefore clears the ground for more adequate and sustainable relations. It also reiterates the

point made before> that the emphasis commonly placed on the force of the negative is out of balance and needs to be reconsidered. he postsecular position on the armative force of

oppositional consciousness inevitably raises the question of faith in possible futures, which is one of the aspects of the residual spirituality I mentioned above. he system of feminist

civic values rests on a social constructivist notion of faith as the hope for the construction of alternative social hori1ons, new norms and values. $aith in progress itself is a vote of

condence in the future. Gltimately, it is a belief in the perfectibility of 6oMan, albeit it in a much more grounded, accountable mode that privileges partial perspectives, as ;araway

#%&44+ put it. It is a postsecular position in that it is an immanent, not transcendental theory, which posits generous bonds of cosmopolitanism, solidarity and community across locations

and generations. It also e!presses si1eable doses of residual spirituality in its yearning for social justice and sustainability. In order to ground this statement, please consider the perverse

temporality of our social system, with its obsession for the continuous present of everlasting consumption. 9eing not!ing more t!an alleorge #acksonM #enre, Dol , No 2 Summer 2011 =B( 10121/001FFE23enet focuses almost entirel* on !o+ #ackson%s use of language could be understood as a L+eaponM precisel* because#ackson%s lines +ere s!ot t!roug! +it! suc! )iolent !atred of t!e L+ords and s*nta. of !is enem*M t!at !e L!as onl* one recourse to accept t!is language but to corrupt it so skillfull* t!e +!ites +ill be caug!t in !is

trapM ibid ""F11 I* co%%$(&i*g &'e 0o%+s and s*nta.Mo# +oi*a&io*/ o*e +i%ec&l" a&&ac,s &'e co*+i&io*s

&'a& +es&%o" li#e/M because language is !ere considereda mec!anism b* +!ic! one%s t!oug!t, agenc*, relations,and sub8ecti)it* are Lcaug!tM b* Po+er As can be seen, t!is idea is not one t!at >enet imports into Soledad 9rot!er Rat!er, t!ese are ideas t!at #ackson !imself !as alread*

emp!asied #ackson%s Lminor useM of a standard, ma8or language t!us contributes to =eleue and >uattari%s understanding of literature ;!is is to sa* t!at, +!ile commonl* associated +it! ?ran Tafka, t!e

)er* notion of Lminor literatureM is also linked to t!e encounter bet+een black radicalism and ?renc!

p!ilosop!* in t!e earl* 1E0s ;!e connection forged bet+een +riting and feeling in #ackson%s letters suggests t!at

t!e production of resistant sub8ecti)ities al+a*s in)ol)es a +isa*&li*g o# &'e +oi*a*& o%+e% o#

la*g$age ;o Ldrop t!e s*nta.M names a strateg* for forcibl* rearranging e.isting relations9ut suc! a

strateg* also implies t!at one releasessomet!ing else, specificall* t!e affecti)e force of +!at resists t!ose relations5riting !ere becomes t!e

Lacti)e disc!arge of emotion, t!e counterattackM =eleue and >uattari G1E30H 1E3 00 Br put differentl*,+riting becomes a

+eapon12 5!en =eleue 1EE 1" states t!at Lin t!e act of +riting t!ere%s an attempt to make life somet!ing more t!an personal, of freeing life +!ere)er it%s

imprisoned,M!e seems to refer to somet!ing e.ceedingl* abstract, but #ackson%s letters concretel* assert +riting as a freeing of life of blackness from t!e

terms of racist imprisonment As +e +ill see, #ackson t+ists and pulls on t!e 8oints of language itself, :uite literall* seiing on t!e standard s*nta. until it breaks (n doing so, +!at

#ackson describes as !is Lcompletel* informalM st*le makes language an open field s!otuattari G1E30H 1E3 22E note t!e risk of Lt!e line of flig!t crossing t!e +all, getting out of t!e black !oles, but

instead of connecting +it! ot!er lines and eac! time augmenting its )alence, turns to destruction, abolition pure and simple, t!e passion of abolitionM Kere, a %es&%ic&e+ co*ce(& o#

a!oli&io*/ $*+e%s&oo+ si(l" as &'e +es&%$c&io* o# &'e e)is&i*g social o%+e%/ %$*s &'e %is, o#

&%a*s#o%i*g &'e li*e o# #lig'& i*&o a li*e o# +ea&'3 ?or t!is reason t!e issue of escape $s& *o& s&o( a&

*ega&io* Lpure and simpleM but become one of construction a*+ &'e a##i%a&io* o# li#e3And it is for t!is reason

t!at t!e effort to connect lines of flig!tM and to compose consistencies across t!ese linesbecomesa matter of politics a* a##i%a&io* o# a (oli&ics o#

%eco*s&%$c&io* as &'e ia*e*& co*+i&io* o# a!oli&io* #ackson G1E0H 1EE "23 +rote from prison L=on%t mistake t!is as a message

from >eorge to ?a* (t%s a message from t!e !unted running blacks to t!ose people of t!is societ* +!o profess to

+ant to c!ange t!e conditions t!at destro* lifeM A collecti)e imperati)e determines t!e reading of t!ese letters namel*, t!e necessit* to pu t t!em in connection +it!

ot!er lines ;!e circulation of t!ese letters in ?rance during t!e 1E0s offers a compelling e.ample of !o+ #ackson%s message insinuated itself into +!at +ould seem an

unlikel* arrangement of ?renc! p!ilosop!* in t!e 1E0s Wet it is precisel* in understanding t!at moment in ?renc! t!oug!t as an effort to Lc!ange conditionst!at destro* lifeM t!at +e gain a sense of !o+ #ackson%s book arri)es at its e.pressl* stated destination (n making t!e connection bet+een #ackson%s line and t!e lines of Capitalism andSc!iop!renia, =eleue and !is coaut!ors can be said to !a)e gotten t!e message

around *ou, find out +!at is keeping t!em from becoming actual


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AT> ;ILDERSONONTOLOGICALFATALIS8 ;ILDERSONSENTIREARGU8ENTRELIESONTHEIDEAOFBLACAND;HITEASTRANSCENDANTANDNON-CONTINGENTONTOLOGICALCATEGORIES;HICHISFALSEANDTHEORETICALLYBANRUPT

HUDSON1Political Studies =epartment, Ini)ersit* of t!e 5it+atersrand, #o!annesburg 1"Peter,Social =*namics 201" ;!e state and t!e colonial unconscious, Social =*namics A 8ournal of African

studies, =B( 101030/02""E2201"3023F

G9->(N ?BB;NB;-H

$* foil !ere is t!e ontological fatalism of ?rank 5ilderson%s argument See 5ilderson 2003, according to +!ic! Lt!e onl* +a* Kumanit* canmaintain bot! its corporeal and libidinal integrit* is t!roug! t!e )arious strategies t!roug! +!ic! 9lackness is t!e ab*ss into +!ic! !umanness can ne)er fallM 10 And L+ere t!ere to be a place and time for

blacks cartograp!* and temporalit* +ould be impossibleM 111 Keret!en, t!e closure of colonialism is absolute

G-N= ?BB;NB;-H

L5!itenessM as +!iteness & t!e meaning of +!iteness and t!at of LblacknessM & is carried )ia La constellation of

postulates, a series of propositions t!at slo+l* and subtl* +ork t!eir +a* into one%s mind and s!ape one%s )ie+ of t!e +orld of t!e group to +!ic! one belongsM & La t!ousand details,

anecdote storiesM +!ic! are L+o)enM into Lpre8udices, m*t!s, t!e collecti)e attitudes of a gi)en group M ?anon

1EF3, 3, 1"" ;!is is !o+ t!e Lsub8ect positionsM of bot! +!ites and blacks are constituted 5e can call t!is constellation t!e Colonial9ig Bt!er s*mbolic in and t!roug! +!ic! t!e colonial relation is constituted and reproduced ;!is 9ig Bt!er is +!ite, in t!at +!iteness is its master signifier and t!erefore all identities are L+!iteM undercolonialism

-)er*one is +!ite in t!e colonial s*mbolic & including blacks4 it is 8ust t!at t!e* are Lless +!iteM t!an L+!itesM to t!e point of not being at all & ?anon sa*s again and again t!at Lt!e black man desires to be +!iteM &

but, +!en !e looks at !imself t!roug! t!e e*es !e !as adopted, t!e Le*esM t!at are L!isM & +!at !e :ua +!ite e*es sees is somet!ing t!at doesn%t e.ist & Line:ualit*, no non


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+ere seen as part of e.istence but not, as *et, part of !uman being, a not


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5!en a linear spacetime epistemolog* begins, as man* 9lack diasporic epistemologies do, +it! ob8ect

statusbeing ensla)ed, colonied, relocated, and so ont!e la+s of cause and effect make it difficult to

re)erse t!e binar* t!at is set in place, because oppression is asserted as t!e cause of all !istorical e)ents

effects in t!e timeline, e.cepting t!ose e)ents t!at are caused b* a 9lack resistant reaction to an

oppressor%s action Wet because it is a reaction to an action, +e are again returned to a +eird and dismall*

fi.ed race


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AT> TOPICALITY


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A2> TINTENT

SUR5EILLANCEISNTDEFINEDBYINTENT

BO;ERS/2 August 200", #erem* 9o+ers, 8erforg,

!ttp//+++8erforg/iri/blogbook/communication[et!ics/pri)ac*,spark/I +e#i*e Js$%.eilla*ceJ as Jcollec&i*g i*#o%a&io* a!o$& (eo(leJ3 I+eli!e%a&el" lea.e o$& a*" co*si+e%a&io*s o# Ji*&e*&J35!en *ou accidentall* lookinto *our neig!borOs +indo+ and !appen to see t!em, for t!e purposes of t!is essa*, t!atOs Ysur)eillanceY, e)en t!oug! (Odne)er use t!e term t!at +a* normall* (Od like a more neutral term but ( canOt t!ink of one t!at doesnOt introduce its o+n

distortions ;!e reason ( belie)e intent s!ouldnOt enter into it at t!e most fundamental le)el is t!at t!e intent of t!ecollector !as no effect on t!e data collected Nor does t!e intent of t!e collector constrain +!at +ill be done +it!t!e data in t!e future4 police in)estigations routinel* use data t!at +as collected for accounting purposes, suc! as p!onerecords Suc! intent is useful in t!e conte.t of a specific problem, but it is not +ort! clouding t!e issue b* tr*ing to make it

part of t!e fundamental part of pri)ac* YI*&e*&J is a seco*+a%" co*si+e%a&io* a& !es& 5!atfundamentall* matters is t!at sur)eillance !as occurred, and information !as been collected

;E8EET GATHERINGOFDATA SUR5EILLANCEDOESNTINCLUDEINTENT

RULE12/#ames 9 Rule is a sociologist and +riter based in 9erkele*, California Ke is =istinguis!ed Affiliated

Sc!olar at t!e Center for t!e Stud* of 7a+ and Societ*, pictured belo+, part of t!e IC 9erkele* Sc!ool of

7a+ )*eeds+ for surveillance and te movement to protect privacy, googlebooks, spark/

Note t!is card is from section c of =a)id 7*on, Tristie 9all, and Te)in = Kaggert*%s book called

Routledge ,andboo' of Surveillance Studies& )*eeds+ for surveillance and te movement to protect

privacy' name of t!at section

?or man* people, t!e term Lsur)eillanceM con8ures up images of t!e s*stematic tracking ofindi)iduals% li)es b* distant and po+erful agencies ;!ese pop


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to call attention to t!eir recorded eligibilit* for t!ese t!ingsin effect demanding performancesbased on sur)eillance (ndeed, it is a measure of t!e per)asi)eness of sur)eillance in our +orld t!at +e refle.i)el*

appeal to our YrecordsY in seeking action from large institutions 9ut e.e* %ela&i.el" !e*e.ole*o%s of sur)eillance re:uire some toug!


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AT> REFOR8CENSUSCP KPT NBLINSTOPOLITICS

ONEILM/1F #ul* 200E, $ic!ael # B%Neil, Kuffington Post, (ensus Pic' llustrates "roader Obama Strategy,

!ttp//+++!uffingtonpostcom/mic!ael


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AT> CENSUSGOODUSINGTHECENSUSTOINCREASESOCIALSER5ICESONLYETERNALIZESRACIS8

ABROAD

SCHRA8/ SOSS FORDING

/Sanford ? Sc!ram is Disiting Professor of Social 5ork and Social Researc! at 9r*n $a+r College #oeSoss is Associate Professor of >o)ernment at American Ini)ersit* Ric!ard C ?ording is Associate

Professor of Political Science at t!e Ini)ersit* of Tentuck*,Race and te Politics of &elfare Reform,

googlebooks, spark/;!e +elfare state is a particularl* useful focus for t!e comparati)e stud* of race relations (t is, among ot!er t!ings, amec!anism of social solidarit*, a means of linking citiens to t!e state t!roug! a set of social rig!ts and to eac! ot!er b* ties

of interdependence $ars!all 1EF4 9ald+in 1EE0 Bf course,+elfare states are at once inclusi)e and e.clusi)e

mec!anisms Bn t!e one !and, t!e* embod* t!ese solidaristic ties among a communit* of citiens

Bn t!e ot!er !and, t!e* define a boundar* bet+een t!e communit* and outsiders, depending on

+!o is eligible for assistance on +!at terms, and in so doing t!e* can also construct and reconstruct

lines of ine:ualit* and social di)ision +it!in societies along lines not onl* of class but also of

gender, citiens!ip, and race-sping


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as +e s!all see, national and racial boundaries remained more politicall* porous t!an in 9ritain, producing a )er* differentset of political c!allenges for +!ite elites at !ome

THECENSUSDESTROYSTHEABILITYFORRACIALGROUPSTOCOALESCETOFIGHTRACIALOPPRESSIONANDTORECEI5ESTATESER5ICES

ING2

/Rebecca C!i*oko Ting is an assistant professor of sociolog* at t!e Ini)ersit* of San ?ranciscoRacialization. Recognition. and Rigts: /umping and Splitting 0ultiracial 1sian 1mericans in te 2333

(ensus, #ournal of Asian American Studies, Dolume ", Number 2, #une 2000, Pro8ect $use, spark/Problematiing t!e assumptions of a monolit!ic communit* and recogniing difference in t!e Asian American communit* isan important task t!at !as been taken on b* t!e Census ( argue t!at it is because t!e Census attempts to recognie bot!indi)idual racial/et!nic identities and collecti)e racial identities simultaneousl* t!at t!e c!ange in t!e Census !as been so

contro)ersial 9* tr*ing to respect t!e self


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ING2/Rebecca C!i*oko Ting is an assistant professor of sociolog* at t!e Ini)ersit* of San ?rancisco

Racialization. Recognition. and Rigts: /umping and Splitting 0ultiracial 1sian 1mericans in te 2333

(ensus, #ournal of Asian American Studies, Dolume ", Number 2, #une 2000, Pro8ect $use, spark/

Per!aps t!e most interesting de)elopment came +!en t!e issue of !o+ t!ese bo.es +ould be

tabulated +as being discussed 9ot! t!e NAACP and t!e Asian American 7egal =efense and

-ducation ?und AA7=-? urged t!ose +!o +ere part +!ite to identif* t!emsel)es as simpl* blackor Asian on t!e Census Bt!er ci)il rig!ts organiations are pressuring t!e go)ernment to reassign

multiracial Americans back into t!e traditional racial categories to resist dilution of an* indi)idual

non


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AT> POLITICSCENSUSISAHIGHLYCONTRO5ERSIALISSUE REPUBLICANSARELOOINGTOCURTAILIT

BER8AN1=

/E #une 201, Russell 9erman is a senior associate editor at ;!e Atlantic, +!ere !e co)ers political ne+s,;!e Atlantic,Republicans Try to Rein n te (ensus "ureau,

!ttp//+++go)e.eccom/o)ersig!t/201/0F/republicans


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doen business groups, including t!e IS C!amber of Commerce, +rote to la+makers in April to urge t!em to keep

participation in t!e sur)e* mandator* LT'e%e si(l" is *o o&'e% so$%ce o# 'ig'-$ali&"/+e&aile+ socioeco*oic i*#o%a&io* &'a& is co(a%a!le ac%oss &iea*+ geog%a('"/ allo0i*g $s &o a*al"4e c$%%e*& a*+ &%e*+i*g a%,e&sa*+ co$*i&" *ee+s a*+ &o (la* #$&$%e i*.es&e*&s acco%+i*gl",M t!eorganiations +rote 5e use t!e ACS data to make decisions on a dail* basis concerning in)estment in ne+ facilities, t!e

a)ailabilit* of :ualified +orkers and t!e need for 8ob training programs, t!e c!aracteristics suc! as language preference,disabilit*, )eterans status and t*pe of !ousing of t!e communities +e ser)e, and t!e need for ne+ plants , stores and ot!erplaces of business Reliable information about population gro+t! and densit* leads to t!e opening of ne+ businesses in t!e

best possible locations to ser)e t!e immediate needs of communities, !elping create 8obs 7ankford said !eunderstands t!e need for accurate data, but !e%s dubious of t!e claim t!at t!ere are no ot!eroptions for t!e go)ernment Ke said !e%s asked t!e administration +!* it can%t get some of t!e data it seeks )ia t!eACS from ot!er sources, or at minimum to stud* t!e met!ods t!at pri)ate researc! firms use to conduct sur)e*s L;!eirapproac! seems to be t!e most e.pensi)e, most intrusi)e +a* to go about collecting data,M 7ankford said L(f >allup +ere touse t!ese met!ods, t!e*%d !a)e la+suits all o)erM A ma8or part of t!e >BP concern +it! t!e American Communit* Sur)e* ist!at, in its e*es, t!e ACS takes t!e go)ernment far be*ond t!e rat!er straig!tfor+ard directi)e embedded in Article ( of t!eConstitutiont!at e)er* 10 *ears, it s!ould count all of t!e people for t!e purposes of determining proportionalrepresentation in Congress ;!e ACS, b* contrast, is conducted annuall* As 7ankford put it L;!is is not t!e e)er*


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AT> RACEBASEDSOCIALPROGRA8SGOOD;E8USTADDRESSRACIS8ANDITSHISTORICALANDSOCIALCONTET;ITHINTHESTATETOSOL5EFORTHESOCIOECONO8ICCONDITIONSOFTODAY

PRASHAD2Di8a* Pras!ad is t!e Professor of (nternational Studies at ;rinit* College and !as a P!=from t!e Ini)ersit* of C!icagoEverybody &as 4ung 5u 5igting: 1fro-1sian (onnections and te

0yt of (ultural Purity.Print 2002 #>

;!e problem of t!e t+ent*


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reliabilit* of data for all geograp!ic areas and populations];o !elp Kill staffers better understand t!e functions andsignificance of t!e ACS, ;!e Annie - Case* ?oundation partnered +it! t!e Population Reference 9ureau on $arc! 10 to !ost aseminar titled Y9etter =ata, 9etter =ecisions,Y +!ic! focused on !o+ Congress, t!e business communit*, and local go)ernments use

ACS data]As mandated b* t!e IS Constitution, Congress must conduct a national census of t!e IS population ;!e ACS,replaced t!e decennial census long form in 2010, and sur)e*s nearl* t!ree million Americans e)er* *ear ;!e difference bet+een t!e

t+o is t!at t!e census pro)ides a snaps!ot of t!e nation%s population count e)er* ten *ears, +!ile t!e ACS measures t!e

c!anging social and economic c!aracteristics of t!e IS populationACS data are released in t!e *ear after data are

collected]Congress uses ACS data to determine !o+ \0 billion of federal funds +ill be distributedt!roug!out t!e nation ?ederal agencies rel* on t!e ACS for implementation of t!e programs and

priorities of t!e federal go)ernment9usinesses use ACS data to make decisions based on costs and demograp!ics ACSdata dri)e state and local polic* decisions t!at encourage economic gro+t!, t!e recruitment and retention of industries, andeconomic sustainabilit*](n addition to !elping congressional staff understand !o+ ACS is used, t!e seminar pro)ided important

information about ACS confidentialit* and t!e benefits of t!e ACS for members of Congress to disseminate to t!eir constituents


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AT> RACEDATAI8PORTANT GENERALRACEDATAISOBSOLETE LARGENU8BEROF8IEDRACEPEOPLE8AEITHIGHLY

INACCURATE

:ACOBY11#eff #acob* is an op


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Penns*l)ania, -duardo 9onilla(n t!e area of statistics, Vuberi 2001 suggests t!at t!ere is a connection bet+een t!e de)elopment of t!e idea of race and t!e origins

of social statistics Ke argues t!at t!e beginning of racial categoriing re:uired a measure of social difference and t!att!e groundbreaking +ork of >alton and Pearson +as de)eloped in part to meet t!e need to raciall* differentiate 2001a Ke argues

t!at t!e logic of statistical measurements of race is strongl* connected to a period%s ideolog* and t!at t!ose

ideologies guide t!e interpretation of data ?or e.ample, t!e use of statistics during t!elate nineteent! centur*

eugenics mo)ement reflected t!e societ*%s o)ert commitment to categoriations of racial superiorit* and

inferiorit* ;!is suggests t!atin:uir* is not ob8ecti)e and )alue free, but reflects t!e ideolog* of t!e time


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EUGENICSADDONRACIALCATEGORIZATIONSAREATOOLFOREUGENICS

ZUBERIANDBONILLA-SIL5Aalton and Pearson +as de)eloped in part to meet t!e need to raciall*

differentiate 2001a Ke argues t!at t!e logic of statistical measurements of race is strongl* connected to a

period%s ideolog* and t!at t!ose ideologies guide t!e interpretation of data ?or e.ample, t!e use of statistics

during t!elate nineteent! centur* eugenics mo)ement reflected t!e societ*%so)ert commitment to

categoriations of racial superiorit* and inferiorit* ;!is suggests t!at in:uir* is not ob8ecti)e and )alue free, but reflectst!e ideolog* of t!e time

HISTORICALLY/ DATAUSEDFOREUGENICS

LO8BARDONODATEPaul 7ombardo is Senior Ad)isor to t!e Presidential Commission for t!eStud* of 9ioet!ical (ssues, !e !as lectured around t!e +orld and is an elected member of t!e American

7a+ (nstitute as +ell as !a)ing ser)ed as a committee member for t!e (nstitute of $edicine, =olan =NA

7earning Center Cold Spring Karbor 7aborator*, L-ugenics 7a+s Restricting (mmigration,M

!ttp//+++eugenicsarc!i)eorg/!tml/eugenics/essa*Ete.t!tml #>

(n 1E20, 7aug!lin appeared before t!e IS Kouse of Representati)es Committee on (mmigration and Naturaliation Ising data

for t!e IS Census 9ureauand a sur)e* of t!e number of foreign>alton Societ* members included eugenics !ea)*+eig!ts $adison >rant, Karr* 7aug!lin, Carl C 9rig!am, 7ot!rop Stoddard, and

C!arles =a)enport, among ot!ers (n 1E2, #o!nson asked t!e organiation for suggestions on eugenic uses of t!e

upcoming 1E"0 census 7aug!lin proposed t!at it become La permanent and complete pedigree record of

t!e American people as indi)iduals, and Gas suc!H also +ould enable t!e nation to measure its racial

trendM


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EUGENICSSEESTOCO88ITGENOCIDEAGAINSTALLDEE8EDOFALO;ERCLASS-TARGETEDTHE8ENTALLYILL/ ORPHAN/ BLAC/ANDI88IGRANTS

ELLY1@=ebra Tell*, L10 Korrif*ing ?acts About American -ugenics,M 2//1,!ttp//list)ersecom/201/02/0/10

state Supported 9* Ale.ander >ra!am 9ell And ;!e Rockefellers"< bell]An appalling number of people supported t!e

mo)ement, in )oice and in financeAle.ander >ra!am 9ell+as a staunc! supporter of t!e mo)ement, and t!oug!t t!at

deaf people s!ould not be allo+ed to marr* $an* eugenics pro8ects got t!eir financing from some of t!e corporatemoguls of t!e da*, including t!e Carnegie (nstitution, t!e Rockefeller ?oundation, and t!e Karriman railroad conglomerate (n fact,t!e Carnegies founded and funded t!e Cold Spring Karbor researc! facilit*, one of t!e largest centers of eugenics acti)ities more ont!at in a minute And it +as t!e Rockefellers +!o put up t!e mone* be!ind a branc! of eugenics in -uropet!at +as a >erman

branc! t!at counted #osep! $engele in its ranks ;!e* also funded organiations like t!e >erman Ps*c!iatric (nstitute, +!ic! in

turn ga)e rise to one of Kitler%s most instrumental minds in medical repression, -rnst Rudin ;!e Inited States Supreme

Court +as also on board, up!olding t!e la+s of t!e eugenics mo)ement, and one of t!e leaders of t!e

American eugenic mo)ement, $adison >rant, recei)ed a fan letter fromnone ot!er t!anAdolf Kitler, praising

!is +ork as inspiring 5!ile muc! of t!e financial support of families like t!e Rockefellers ended before t!e official beginningof 5orld 5ar ((, t!e* !ad alread* !elped set t!ings in motionF ;!e Racial (ntegrit* ActF< +edding];!e Racial (ntegrit* Act

of Dirginia +asestablis!ed in 1E2 ;!e purpose +as to document t!e race of e)er* person in t!e state, allo+ing for a massi)e

genetic database to be created ;!e database +as necessar* for t!e rest of t!e la+making sure t!at someone +!ose

!eritage +as purel* +!ite married onl* anot!er similarl* pure personState Registrars +ere forbidden fromissuing a marriage license unless t!e man and t!e +oman in :uestion could bot! produce suc! a certificate stating t!at t!ere +as notrace of an* race ot!er t!an Caucasian in t!eir ancestr* (f t!e clerk !ad an* reason to doubt t!at t!e racial profile +as accurate, t!e*didn%t !a)e to grant a marriage license, eit!ernot until bot! parties submitted proof t!at t!e* actuall*, trul* +ere +!ite 7*ing

about *our race on t!e form +as a felon*, and could be punis!ed b* up to a *ear in 8ail Cold Spring Karbor 7aborator*uardian, and more L-ugenics Are Ali)e and 5ell

(n t!e Inited States,M


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!a)e t!e best life, based on a)ailable genetic information, including information about nonirls and t!e Conse:uences of a 5orld ?ull of $en, 1F" million girls in Asia are LmissingM

;!e* +ere likel* aborted simpl* because t!e* lacked a W c!romosome](t is +ell kno+n t!at Asians !a)e a preference

for sons, but it +as not until t!e 5est%s ideas of reproducti)e c!oice and population control came to t!e-ast, along +it! c!eap ultrasound tec!nolog*, t!at girls started going LmissingM in t!e millions;!is preference forsons found refuge in a +orld+ide culture t!at supported a +oman%s indi)idual decision about +!et!er or not s!e +anted to bepregnant LReproducti)e rig!tsM no+ protect t!e personal decision to not gi)e birt! to a girl];!is deart! of girls is not a small

problem Bne !undred si.t*


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;ESTERNNO;LEDGEISBADPOLYCULTURALIS8BREASDO;NTHEINTELLECTUALHIERARCHYTHATPUTS

;ESTERNNO;LEDGEATTHETOP

PRASHAD2Di8a* Pras!ad is t!e Professor of (nternational Studies at ;rinit* College and !as a P!=from t!e Ini)ersit* of C!icagoEverybody &as 4ung 5u 5igtingPrint 2002 #>

;!ese e.amples are not random, for t!e* enable us to indulge in one of t!e traits of t!e pol*cultural approac!to snub

t!e pretensions of -urope and t!e Inited States,+!ic! arrogatescertain parts of +orld kno+ledge to itself,

t!ereb* placing its ideas at t!e top of a cultural !ierarc!* lea)ing t!e]rest of us to fend off bot! t!e legac* of colonial

kno+ledge and )iolence +it!]our meager economic and cultural resources Se)eral !istorians of -urope t!ese da*s

recognie t!e interlocking !eritage of t!e -urasian landmass, as+ell as t!esubstantiallinks bet+een Africa

and -urope12 ;!e interc!angebet+een t!e continentsproduced +!at is toda* so ca)alierl*called 5estern

rationalit*,%% 5estern science,%% and5estern liberalism%% t!is erases t!e influence of t!ose Arab and #e+is!

sc!olars +!o e.tended Aristotle%s insig!ts,t!ose (ndian +iards +!o made mat!ematics possible+it! t!eir

disco)er* of t!e ero, t!ose (ro:uois +!ose e.periments+it! federalism !elped frame some of t!e concepts for t!e

IS Constitution123 (nstead of la*ing claim to t!e comple. !eritage of t!ese modern p!enomena,

c!au)inists of color argue forsuc! traditions as Kindu -conomics%% and (slamic Science,%% as +ell

as cede

t!e terrain of democrac* to -urope 12E Pol*culturalism refuses to allo+ t!e 5est%% to arrogate t!ese

combined and une)ende)elopmentsof]so man* sociocultural formations, since it scrupulousl* in)estigates t!e

connections t!at d*namicall* generate t!em


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POLYCULTURALIS8 GENERALPOLYCULTURALIS8ISNOTABOUTUNDERSTANDINGTHAT;EAREALL:USTHU8ANS/ BUTTHAT;E8USTO5ERCO8ESOCIALDI5IDESTOCREATEAHU8ANITYTHATISEQUAL



;!e ans+er to American ideolog*, t!en, comes against a language of]skin,%% but not in a colorreeks and Romans did not establis! color as an

obstacle to integration in societ*4 and ancient societ*+as one t!at for all]its faults and failures *e.e% a+e

colo% &'e !asis #o% $+gi*g a a*3%%% ?urt!ermore,]as in Asia, t!e -uropeans associated t!e color black+it! certain]p!enomena suc! as t!e under+orld in >reek and Roman cosmolog*, but]t!is association !ad not!ing to do +it!skin color,%% and it +as per!aps onl*]muc! later t!at t!is association +as !arnessed to antiblack racism](n -urope, as in certain


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circles +it!in Asia, skin color de)eloped aest!etic]:ualities, so t!at some people +rote +ell of fair, as opposed to dark,]skinAncient te.ts recorded )ariable notions of beaut* and asked t!at eac!]standard be accorded its o+n )alidit* (t +as not odd,t!erefore, t!at P!ilodemus,];!eocritus, Dirgil, B)id, and $artial !ad paeans to t!ose +it! dark]skinF Ancient C!inese te.ts often

use +!ite 8ade as a metap!or for beaut*,]bot! for men and +omen At t!e court of t!e 5estern #in d*nast* &]ce,

=ikotter tells us t!at male nobles e)en used po+der to +!iten t!eir]faces%% (n (ndia too t!ere is a tendenc* among certain

groups to admire fair]skin more t!an dark skin alt!oug! duskiness is often eroticied, but, as ( ]argued earlier, to reduce anun!ealt!* obsession +it! skin color to t!e idea]of race%% does not enable us to grasp t!e !istorical d*namics of skin color on]t!esubcontinent3 -)en +!en t!e C!inese +ere made to suffer a -uropean]pretense, t!e* did not ascribe an* ontological meaning to

color difference]$ost C!inese intellectuals during t!e Bpium 5ar & deplo*ed notions]of skin color e:uall* to

denigrate t!eir )an:uis!ers -nglis! troops+ere called +!ite de)ils/g!osts%% or baiguit!ose +!ose skin +as t!oug!t]

to be +!ite due to dail* bat!s of cold +ater and t!e consumption of milk](ndian troopsin t!e 9ritis! arm*+ere kno+n as

black de)ils/g!osts%% or]!eigui5!ile eac! group +as distinguis!ed b* its skin color, bot! +ere condemned

as de)ilsor g!osts Peopleacross space and time used color as a s*mbol for communit*or for t!e cardinal points, or

else ascribed beaut* to )arious colors, but t!is use of color itself cannot be taken to mean t!at t!e* !eld

fi.ed cultural meanings for eac! color5!ite +as not al+a*s good, and black not al+a*s bad, and

certainl* +!en t!ese colors are used, t!e* are not al+a*s metap!ors for t!e pigment of t!e skin

RACIALCLASSIFICATIONALLO;SFORSYSTE8ATICRACIS8


0yt of (ultural Purity.Print 2002 #>?rank Sno+den, t!erefore, is :uite correct in !is assessment t!at antiblack notions per!aps +ould not !a)e gained

credencein t!e modern +orld in t!e absenceof suc! p!enomenon as Negro sla)er* and colonialism%% (ndeed,]mostsc!olars agree t!at t!e idea of race can be traced to t!e late 1F00%s and t!e con)entional marker is ?rancois 9ernier%s Nou)elledi)ision de la]terre par les differents espeQces ou races :ui%l !abitant1F3F 9ernier, a ?renc!]tra)eler, spent more t!an a

decade & in (ndia and +estern Asia,];!e Strange Career of enop!obia]about +!ic! !e +rote a famous tra)el book

Kis tra)elogue +as one of man*]suc!, a panopl* of books about places t!at -urope did not kno+ before in]an* detail and about

+!ic!, t!anks to $agellan%s circumna)igation of t!e]globe in&and t!e printing press, t!e -uropean public +as to

kno+]more t!an it could process 9ernier%s account of !is tra)els pro)ided considerable]kno+ledge to !is contemporaries, but italso allo+ed t!em to li)e +it!]t!e certain kno+ledge t!at t!eir o+n societ* +as t!e )er* best t!ing possible]Comparing $ug!al(ndia and Bttoman ;urke* +it! t!e ?rance of 7ouis](D, 9ernier +rote t!at take a+a* t!e rig!t to pri)ate propert* in land, and]

*ou introduce, as an infallible conse:uence, t*rann*, sla)er*, in8ustice, beggar*]and barbarism%% Ipon !is return to -urope and

after t!e success of]!is tra)el book, 9ernier +roteNou)elle di)ision +!ic! +as one of t!e first of man* suc!

compendiums on race9ernier di)ided !umanit* into four or fi)e espeQces ou races,%%+it! lines of

demarcation based on p!*sical traits!air, stature, nose, and lips, geograp!*, and, significantl*, skin color39ernier%s]+ork +as follo+ed, in t!e eig!teent! centur*, b* t!at of t!e S+edis!]scientist Carolus 7inneaus +!o transformed t!emet!od of raciolog* +it!]!is scientific classification sc!emes and of t!e >erman naturalist #o!ann]?riedric! 9lumenbac! +!o

de)ised t!e field of p!*sical ant!ropolog* and]+!o pro)ided t!e earl* linkage of African man +it! ape ;!is sc!olars!ip+as

t!e first to classif* !umanit* into groups or races based on biological principles enop!obia +as

classified and institutionalied and t!e idea of race +as born


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STATEEY;E8USTADDRESSTHEI8PERFECTRACIALSYSTE8OFTHESTATEINORDERTOSOL5EFORIT



;!e problem of t!e t+ent*


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NEG


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POLITICSLINSOBA8AGETSBLA8EDFORCHANGESTOTHECENSUS

8ATTHE;S1@$errill $att!e+s is a resident sc!olar at t!e (nstitute for Polic* (nno)ation in =allas,

;e.as, L(f ;!e ?acts =onOt ?it, C!ange ;!e ?acts Ko+ ;!e Bbama Administration Indercuts PublicConfidence (n >o)ernment StatisticsM

Bbama +ants lo+er uninsured numbersCoincidence6];!e 5as!ington Post :uotes Census 9ureau =irector #o!n K;!ompson as sa*ing, L( can assure *ou, ( !a)e !ad no discussions of t!is +it! t!e 5!ite Kouse or +it! an*one else in t!e

administrationM 9ut +asn%t t!at +!at former (RS Commissioner =ouglas S!ulman snidel* told Congress, t!en later ne+s reportss!o+ed !is name on t!e 5!ite Kouse )isitors% log 1 times6];o be sure, t!ere !as been a longregg of Ne+ Kamps!ire !ad acceptedan Bbama offer to become secretar* of t!e Commerce =epartment, +!ic! o)ersees t!e Census 9ureau >regg later retracted !isacceptance claiming t!e Bbama administration planned to politicie t!e Census 9ureau As t!e Ne+ Work ;imes reported on ?eb 12,

200E, LT'e ;'i&e Ho$se sig*ale+ las& 0ee, &'a& i& 0o$l+ e)e%& g%ea&e% co*&%ol

o.e% &'e Ce*s$s B$%ea$/ i* (a%& !eca$se o# a co*ce%* ao*g i*o%i&"g%o$(so)er $r >regg%s leading t!e Commerce =epartmentM];!e Census 9ureau regularl* conducts public sur)e*s toestimate !o+ man* Americans !a)e insurance co)erage, +!at kind of co)erage, and !o+ man* are uninsured People +!o +ent t!eentire *ear +it!out co)erage are considered uninsured4 t!ose +!o !ad co)erage for part or all of t!e *ear are considered insured]

(nter)ie+ers t*picall* ask sur)e* respondents if t!e* !ad !ad co)erage at an* time during t!e pre)ious *ear 9ut people can forgett!e* !ad co)erage at some point, or t!e* ma* omit $edicaid, or t!e* mig!t !a)e !ad a minimal


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announcement, t!is administration !as forfeited t!e benefit of t!e doubt Wou !a)e to assume Bbama is manipulating t!e

numbers to promote !is agenda and career, because !e does it so often

THECENSUSISAUNIQUELYCONTRO5ERSIALISSUE EYTOREDISTRICTINGANDREAPPORTION8ENT

SULLI5ANongoing po+er struggle bet+een =emocrats and Republicans And since t!e 2010 census +ill be t!e first in "0 *earsto be taken under a =emocratic administration, t!e stakes are particularl* !ig! t!is time around See be!indregg +ould not support efforts suc! as sampling t!at t!e* t!ink +ill result in a more accurate census count ;!e 5!iteKouse responded b* publicl* promising t!at t!e census director +ould Y+ork closel* +it! 5!ite Kouse senior managementY](t +asa simple restatement of e.isting practice 9ut it +as !eralded b* some liberals as a c!ange in polic* ;!e Kuffington Post ran an

article !eadlined Y=emocrats, $inorit* >roups Relie)ed ;!at >regg 5onOt B)ersee CensusY ;!ose reports, in turn, disturbedconser)ati)e acti)ists +!o immediatel* condemned t!e 5!ite Kouse Ypo+er grabY 9* ;!ursda*, +!en >regg bo+ed out, t!e >BP!ad launc!ed a coordinated assault on t!e Ypoliticiation of t!e censusY ;!e 5!ite Kouse +as forced to issue a +ritten clarification,noting t!at Yt!is administration !as not proposed remo)ing t!e Census from t!e =epartment of CommerceY]5!* does it matter

+!o o)ersees t!e census6 (n )er* general terms, Republicans +ould prefer to err on t!e side of undercounting and

=emocrats +ould prefer to err on t!e side of o)ercounting ;!e options can *ield )er* different numbers

for demograp!ic groups and localities and t!e* 'a.e sig*i#ica*& (oli&ical a*+ (olic"i(lica&io*s;!is most recent skirmis! is more manufactured t!an real, t!e result of +illful misunderstandings 9ut it !asits roots in an ongoing battle o)er +!om t!e census counts and !o+]As mandated b* t!e Constitution, a census !as been takenb* t!e go)ernment e)er* 10 *ears since 1E0 in an effort to count e)er* person li)ing in t!e Inited States, bot! citiens and nonuest Professor in t!e Communication, P!ilosop!*, and ;ec!nolog* sub


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utilities to promote rural economic de)elopment and 8ob creation4Rural Cooperati)e =e)elopment >rants,+!ic! impro)e t!e economic condition of rural areas t!roug! t!e de)elopment of ne+ cooperati)es and t!e impro)ement of

e.isting cooperati)es4 ;!e Der* 7o+ to $oderate (ncome Kousing 7oans program, +!ic! allo+s lo+

census affirmative - michigan7 2015

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