census: decennial and annual american community survey

Health Care Reform: Measuring its impact

American Indians & Alaska Natives

In 34 Metro Areas with large Indian Populations

February 20, 2012

Review of New Data from the 2008-2010 American Community Survey on rates of insurance and income distribution for Alaska Natives and American Indians

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Census: Decennial and Annual American Community Survey• 2010 Census is official census:• 5,220,579 AIAN alone and in combination

• 2010 ACS estimates:• 4.9 million AIAN alone and in combination• of which 4,676,933 were born in United States.

• 1,802,733 total AIAN alone and in combination population in 34 largest Metro areas.• 37% of all AIANs live in the 34 metro areas with the

largest AIAN population (alone and in combination).

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Overview of AIANs health insurance status in 34 large Metropolitan Areas• 1,802,733 total AIAN alone and in combination population.

• 34 Metropolitan Areas with the largest American Indian and Alaska Native Population (ACS 3 year 2008-2010 data)• 1,802,733 Total AIAN population of 34 Metros• 54.7% (985,494) have private health insurance (vs. 48% nationally)• 30.4% (548,736 )have Medicaid or Medicare (vs. 35% nationally)• 22.3% (402,844 )are uninsured (vs. 24% nationally)

Nationally: Total AIAN population ACS estimate 4.9 million• 48% have Private Insurance (2,352,932)• 35% have Medicaid or Medicare (1,692,375 )• 24% are uninsured (1,157,179)

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Example: how to use data for impact analysis• Your Mertropolitan Area• 1st step: How many AIANs are there?• 1. ____AIAN alone• 2. ______AIAN alone and in combination - most commonly used

• 2nd step: What is rate of private and public insurance?• 1. _____have private insurance• 2. ______of ____ have private insurance (repeat for public)

• 3rd step: What is number and rate of uninsured? • 1. _____uninsured ( _____) in __metro area for AIAN alone and

in combination and____% for AIAN alone.

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Using data for planning• 4th step: Determine distribution across 3 income categories.• A. __ under 138% of poverty, B. __138 to 400%, C. ___over 400%

• California Rural Indian Health Board developed estimates of distribution of income across these categories and one 138-300% for states and metropolitan areas.

• 5th step: Use estimates to provide information needed for planning outreach and education, workforce, facilities, budgets.

• 6th step: Remember these are estimates, check with reality as it becomes known, make no assumptions, remember error rates.

• Compare your area to your state and to other metro areas so you can adopt, but adapt best practices appropriately.

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Metropolitan Seattle-Tacoma-Everett14,948 AIAN* uninsured according to 2008-2010 ACS

0-138% of poverty

• 31% or 5,996 Uninsured• 46% or 8,760 Medicaid• 23% or 4,437 Private • 14% or 2,719Medicare

138% to 400%

• 20% or 5,664 Uninsured• 25% or 7,171 Medicaid• 56% or 15,921 Private • 12% or 3,437Medicare

ACS 2009 Data for income distribution

* AIAN alone and in combination

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Metropolitan Spokane ACS 2009 Data

0-138% of poverty

• 22% or 1,304 Uninsured• 67% or 4,021 Medicaid• 18% or 1,066 Private • Insufficient data for

Medicare

138% to 400%

• No data Uninsured• 37% or 1,582 Medicaid• 57% or 2,467 Private • 21% or 9,11

Medicare*

* Medicare beneficiaries are apparently typically above 138% of poverty

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Metropolitan Portland12,759 uninsured AIAN* reported by 2008-2010 ACS

0-138% of poverty

• 34% or 5,721 Uninsured• 48% or 7,932 Medicaid• 20% or 3,316 Private • 5% or 1,814 Medicare

138% to 400%

• 14% or 2,823 Uninsured• 16% or 3,286 Medicaid• 69% or 13,992 Private • 9% or 1,814 Medicare

ACS 2009 Data for income distribution

* AIAN alone and in combination

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The American Community Survey Notes

3-year data (2008-2010 surveys pooled data) released October 27, 2011• State, County and Metropolitan Area data for areas w/

≥ 20,000 AIAN alone and in combination• Health Insurance data partially available:

• most reliable data thus far• first time including 3-year data as question on health insurance first

asked in 2008• Current release does not report Medicaid or Medicare separately,

but as public coverage• IHS ‘coverage’ and Income distribution for AIANs:

• 3-year data is now available for analysis, but analyses seldom present AIAN data compared to Hispanic, Black or even Asian.

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How many AIANs will remain uninsured in Metro Areas in 2014 – 2019?

It is a behavioral question how many will remain uninsured in 2014-2019, but this presentation describes the basic components of the insurance equation for AIANs:

• What is the Metro AIAN population’s current insurance status?• What is the income of the AIAN population-

eligibility for Medicaid or Exchange subsidies?• Is IHS available as an acceptable (however

inadequate) alternative to health insurance?

Edward Fox

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Questions on the ACS

The health insurance question asks the respondent to give a separate answer for each member of household regarding health insurance coverage.1. Employer Sponsored Insurance (ESI)2. Private, paid by individual3. Medicare4. Medicaid 5. Tricare, Health care insure for military and families6. VA, Veteran’s Administration 7. IHS coverage-not used to compute rates of insurance • Question on insurance is ‘point in time’ or ‘current coverage’

not the coverage in the ‘past year’ asked in some surveys.• It is generally believed that Medicaid is underreported .

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ACS question on insurance coverage

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Limitations of ACS data• Estimates are based on survey samples:• do not have calculated error rates to inform the range of

uncertainty in the estimates• three years of data for Washington include more than 6308

responses from self-identified AIANs• As the first set of 3-year estimates, it is relatively new and little

research has examined its relative accuracy.Example: there is some evidence that it underestimates Medicaid coverage by a couple points

• Uninsured is calculated when a respondent answers:• no to all 6 types of health insurance coverage• also, IHS is not considered coverage

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Estimating impact of health care reform on AIANs

• 2014 expansion depends on number of AIANs already receiving health care services through…1. Private insurance, many are surprised at how much experience

AIANs have with Private Insurance in some states (CA, OK, TX,)2. Public: Medicaid (800,000), Medicare(200,000)3. Military, Veteran’s Administration4. Indian health services

• Or are… 1. Uninsured2. Underinsured, or whose co-pay/deductibles are too high for

current income

FOR THOSE NEW TO INDIAN HEALTH PROGRAMS, PLEASE NOTE: There are many AIANs with access to VA or IHS services who currently have no way to pay for their needed health care services…uninsured, underinsured (or in Indian health programs, hereafter IHPs, who can’t pay for patient referral care due to shortages of CHS funding or shortages of Urban Indian Health Care Program funding).

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American Community SurveyHealth Insurance Data:

3-year Estimates forAmerican Indians & Alaska Natives

Alone and in Combination (2008-2010)

Following 5 Tables were created from October 27, 2011 Census release of public data, with error rates calculated, via the Census Factfinder.

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ACS insurance coverage tables for American Indians and Alaska Natives

Alone and in Combination

The following six slides on insurance coverage (that include reporting for Medicaid and Medicare and IHS separately were compiled from PUMS raw data released December, 2011, with percentage calculation for American Indians and Alaska Natives with no error rate calculation (by Ed Fox).

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Fresno, CA Metro Area

St. Louis, MO-IL Metro Area

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area

Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metro Area

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area

Kansas City, MO-KS Metro Area

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area

Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Metro Area

Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metro Area

Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA Metro Area

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area

Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Metro Area

Albuquerque, NM Metro Area

Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area

Oklahoma City, OK Metro Area

Tulsa, OK Metro Area

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Metro Area

19,58319,79321,14422,16522,43923,99125,55025,93826,39128,00629,592

36,46541,01041,17541,61143,06143,944

48,40249,80552,07652,86053,89456,059

59,79660,142

78,67585,66986,468

94,666112,372

118,963132,646

148,382

Estimated Population AIAN alone and in combination

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Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Metro Area





Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Metro Area


San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metro Area

San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Metro Area

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area




Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ Metro Area

- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 2,146 2,460 2,854

3,917 4,132

5,107 6,094 6,283 6,624 6,644 6,658 6,749 7,023 7,148 7,607 8,072

8,970 9,887 10,043 10,253

11,481 12,759

13,311 14,821 14,948

16,780 16,962

21,703 23,761

29,384 29,825

32,366 36,071

Estimated Uninsured AIAN in 34 largest Urban Indian Metropolitan Population 402,844 total uninsured for all 34

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Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area





New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area


Tucson, AZ Metro Area



Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Metro Area

Albuquerque, NM Metro Area


8.4%11.1%

13.5%14.1%14.4%15.1%15.1%16.2%16.6%

19.0%19.0%19.2%19.8%20.1%21.1%22.5%22.5%

24.1%24.4%24.5%24.6%24.7%24.9%25.1%25.1%25.1%25.4%25.8%

27.5%27.5%27.9%

32.1%33.9%

% Uninsured

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San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Metro Area




New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area




Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area


Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area

Tucson, AZ Metro Area



San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area


20.4%22.8%23.0%23.1%23.4%23.8%23.9%

26.5%28.0%29.1%29.2%29.8%30.0%30.1%30.2%30.6%30.6%30.9%31.2%31.4%31.6%32.2%32.6%

34.5%34.8%35.0%35.3%35.9%36.4%36.8%37.6%

45.1%45.9%

% Public Insurance

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San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metro Area

Baltimore-Towson, MD Metro Area





Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area



Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area





5,161 5,542 5,734 6,450 7,358 8,423 8,738 8,832 9,078 9,292 9,474 9,607 10,783 11,520 11,645 12,288 13,205

15,313 15,674 15,935 17,154 17,581 17,939 18,899 20,234 20,749

23,445 27,071

28,589 34,737

36,633 40,988

44,663

Public Insurance Population of AIANs

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Expect revisions to estimates• There is a great deal of uncertainty in estimates of newly insured through

Medicaid expansion and even greater uncertainty in the number of AIANs who are likely to be newly insured in the health insurance exchange offered plans in 2014.• No effective mandate, no penalties for AIANs who do not obtain insurance.• Reluctance to accept subsidies if income varies due to seasonal income

from fishing or other subsistence activity if reconciliation results in a tax bill.• Urban Indians will often not have access to tribal resources for sponsorship,

will have higher cost of living, but inadequate income for health exchange plans, and urban programs will need increased funding to serve their needs.

• Tribes located in urban areas will not be able to serve Urban Indians in 2014 if they remain uninsured and Urban Indian Health Programs are not funded to provide uncompensated care for AIANs.

• Community Health Center funding has been cut from level authorized and appropriated in the Affordable Care Act twice (latest February, 2012 release of President’s Proposed Budget for 2014).

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Overall AssessmentThe impact of Health Care Reform in Metro Areas1. Great variation between Metropolitan Areas in health insurance status

with some metros exceeded all-races (Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles) private insurance rates.

2. AIANs are not subject to minimum coverage requirement’s penalities (no effective mandate) thus fewer will buy insurance.

3. Will involve many AIANs who do not have access to Indian Health Services funded services for care if they choose not to purchase insurance.

4. Urban Indian Health Programs already unable to provide health care for their Urban Indian Communities will only benefits from ACA if AIANs enroll in Medicaid or Exchange Offered health plans

5. Will involve over 400,000 AIANs who are uninsured and living in the nation’s 34 largest urban Indian Metros.

6. Exchange will involve a large number who will be eligible for subsidies and waiver of cost sharing (up to 300% of poverty).

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References• Uninsured American Indians and Alaska Natives with Incomes 133% to 300% of

Poverty: Data for Health Insurance Exchange Outreach, 2011, California Rural Indian Health Board

• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid: Health Care Reform: Health Care Reform: Tracking Tribal, Federal, and State Implementation

• U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey (ACS) 2008,2009, 2010, 3 year 2008-2010. American Community Survey accessed through Factfinder2 for 3 year reports for years 2008, 2009, 2010.

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Insurance Component (MEPS-IC). Table II.A.2 (2009), available at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/summ_tables/insr/state/series_2/2009/tiia2. pdf

• Reports based on the Current Population Survey do not include reports on AIANs due to the small sample size. This was even true for the State of California’s recent Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates (in California Health Almanac; California’s Uninsured, December 2011) for race/ethnicity based on the CPS---despite the largest in the nation AIAN population of over 800,000 in 2010.

https://www.cms.gov/AIAN/.../CMSHealthCareReform5202011.pdf



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