center for advancing correctional excellence, ace! department of criminology, law & society...
TRANSCRIPT
San Francisco APD: Building a Responsive System
Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, ACE!Department of Criminology, Law & SocietyGeorge Mason University
Amy Murphy, MPPFaye Taxman, Ph.D.
2
Systemic ResponsivityRefers to having an array of programming available in a given jurisdiction that matches the risk-need profile of the individual offenders (Taxman, 2014)Are the programs and services suitable
given the probationer profiles?Does the programming include services to
stabilize the person in the community (e.g. mental health, housing, food, employment, etc.)
3
http://www.gmuace.org/tools/
33
Responding to Risk and Needs
4
5
Clarifying the “Silver Bullet” Myth
•Substance dependence is equivalent to criminal lifestyle/thinking errors in terms of affecting recidivism ▫Effective programs for substance dependence
exist▫Co-morbid criminal thinking may be addressed
through positive reinforcers to shape decisions •Risk level and unmet criminogenic needs
should drive who receives programming▫Prioritize high-need (both criminogenic and
noncriminogenic) people for programming to improve supervision performance
▫Risk level can drive supervision level, but type/severity of criminogenic need(s) should drive programming
6
Challenges to Prioritizing Needs•Many APD clients present with multiple
dynamic needs--substance abuse, criminal peers, lack of employment.
•Temptation is to address the “easier” issues, such as completing GED, or place clients in places with available slots.
•Programming for life skills is much less expensive than drug treatment.
•Client preference may be to focus on job-seeking, etc.
7
What’s Wrong with that Approach?•It is critical to determine what is driving
the individual’s criminal behavior and address those drivers
•Employment and education are not directly tied to repeated criminal behavior
•Clients who have more serious needs like substance dependence and homelessness may not be ready to engage in vocational classes or hold a job, so addressing SUD and criminal thinking must come first
Hierarchy of Dynamic NeedsCriminogenic Needs
Destabilizers/Stabilizers
• Criminal Thinking• Substance
Dependence
• Antisocial Peers/Family
• Low Self-Control• Antisocial Values
• Mental Health• Substance Abuse
• Employment• Education• Housing• Family Dysfunction
Together these dynamic factors influence the ideal level of care under the RNR model
8
9
Substance Abuse vs. Dependence•Drug use is prevalent among criminal
justice-involved individuals everywhere…but does everyone need treatment?▫Substance Dependence: A pattern of
harmful use of any substance for mood-altering purposes. Prevalence in APD clients: 20%
▫Substance Abuse: Use of mood-altering substances often tied to lifestyle/peer issues. Prevalence in APD clients: 53%
•With limited resources, dependent individuals should be the priority.
Criminal Thinking/Antisocial Cognitions
•Criminal thinking is an important dynamic risk factor that is often overlooked▫A pattern of thinking that rationalizes
and supports criminal behavior▫Should be assessed using a validated
instrument▫Can be treated with cognitive-behavior
interventions▫Prevalence among APD clients: 56%
10
11
Snapshot of Probationers’ Major Needs
(source: COMPAS Overall Sample, n=4,474)
Crim. Peers
Housing
Drug Abuse
Mental Health
Drug Dep.
Crim. Thinking
Clinic
al F
act
ors
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
54%
57%
53%
36%
20%
56%
12
Comparison of Needs
Drug Dependence
Drug Abuse
Crml Thinking
Employment
0 20 40 60 80 100
Domestic ViolenceMHHomelessnessYouthfulFemaleAB109
Red Bar=Average for that Need
13
APD Estimated Responsivity Gap
•Greatest unfulfilled needs are cognitive restructuring programs, mental health, co-occurring disorders, and substance abuse
14
Responsivity Gap in Cognitive Restructuring Programming (Criminal Thinking)
AB109
Female
Young Adults
Homelessness
Mental Health
Domestic Violence
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
65
19
61
55
66
39 Green Bar= AvailableProgramming for General Population
Red Bar=Need forProgrammingamong General Population
15
Responsivity Gaps in Substance Dependence Programming
Green Bar= AvailableProgramming for General Population
Red Bar=Need forProgrammingamong General Population
Domestic Violence
Mental Health
Homeless
Young Adults
Female
AB109
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
11
29
29
10
23
21
16
Responsivity Gap in Self-Management Programming (Drug Abuse, Co-Occurring Disorder)
AB109
Female
Young Adults
Homelessness
Mental Health
Domestic Violence
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
8
19
17
10
5
31Green Bar= AvailableProgramming for General Population
Red Bar=Need forProgrammingamong General Population
17
Multiple Programming Needs among those with Criminal Thinking/Restructuring Need•56% have criminal thinking plus:
▫41% are high risk; 22% are moderate risk
▫53% are substance abusers too▫36% have mental health needs▫37% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors
Stabilizing factors can include 30+ hours employment, high school diploma, supportive family, housing stability
•Greatest unmet programming need
18
Multiple Programming Needs among those with Substance Dependence•20% of General Population has Dependence plus:▫42% are high-risk; 32% are
moderate-risk▫37% have mental health disorder▫38% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors▫About 40% of those in need of SUD
programming need other services and high dosage programming
19
Multiple Programming Needs among those with Substance Abuse•53% abuse drugs (do not meet criteria for dependence) plus:▫42% are high risk; 22% are moderate
risk▫37% have a mental health diagnosis ▫56% exhibit criminal thinking▫38% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors
•Nearly 50% need programming for other criminogenic needs
20
Conclusions and Recommendations• High-need clients need greater intensity of
treatment. Front-load services to target clients during the first 30-60 days post-release.
• Integrate “criminal thinking” programming and ensure that TAY services are responsive to youth needs.
• Ensure that probation officer and treatment providers understand common goals and reinforce each other.
• Provide female-only substance abuse programming that incorporates trauma-informed curriculum.
• Provide additional training to CASC and DPOs on reward-sanctions grid and track whether it is being followed.
