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CGIAR Research Program on Livestock Youth strategy

Version 2

June 2019

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CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food-secure future The CGIAR Research Pro-gram on Livestock provides research-based solutions to help smallholder farmers pastoralists and agro-pastoralists transition to sustainable resilient livelihoods and to productive enterprises that will help feed future generations It aims to increase the pro-ductivity and profitability of livestock agrifood systems in sustainable ways making meat milk and eggs more available and afford-able across the developing world The program brings together five core partners the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) with a mandate on livestock the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) which works on forages the Inter-national Center for Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) which works on small ruminants and dryland systems the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) with expertise particularly in animal health and genetics and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuumlr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) which connects research into development and innovation and scaling processes

The program thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund

copy2019

This publication is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 40 International Licence To view this licence visit httpscreativecommonsorglicensesby40

Unless otherwise noted you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) adapt (remix trans-form and build upon the material) for any purpose even commercially under the following conditions

ATTRIBUTION The work must be attributed but not in any way that suggests endorsement by the publisher or the author(s)

ISBN 92ndash9146ndash583-8

Citation International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 2019 CGIAR Research Program on Livestock Youth strategy Nairobi Kenya ILRI

2

CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food-secure future The CGIAR Research Pro-gram on Livestock provides research-based solutions to help smallholder farmers pastoralists and agro-pastoralists transition to sustainable resilient livelihoods and to productive enterprises that will help feed future generations It aims to increase the pro-ductivity and profitability of livestock agrifood systems in sustainable ways making meat milk and eggs more available and afford-able across the developing world The program brings together five core partners the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) with a mandate on livestock the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) which works on forages the Inter-national Center for Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) which works on small ruminants and dryland systems the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) with expertise particularly in animal health and genetics and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuumlr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) which connects research into development and innovation and scaling processes

The program thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund

copy2019

This publication is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 40 International Licence To view this licence visit httpscreativecommonsorglicensesby40

Unless otherwise noted you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) adapt (remix trans-form and build upon the material) for any purpose even commercially under the following conditions

ATTRIBUTION The work must be attributed but not in any way that suggests endorsement by the publisher or the author(s)

ISBN 92ndash9146ndash583-8

Citation International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 2019 CGIAR Research Program on Livestock Youth strategy Nairobi Kenya ILRI

3

Contents

Abbreviations 4

Executivesummarymdashmainfindingsandrecommendations 5

Towardsanunderstandingofyouth 6

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous group 8

Ananalyticalframework 9

What is special about youth 9 Challengesforyouth 10 Opportunitiesforyouth 12 Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach 13 Goalsandobjectives 13

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities 14

ToC 16

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity 16

Corestaffing 16

Collaborationwithpartners 17

Managementsystem 17

MampE 17

Budget 18

References 18

4

Abbreviations

CIAT InternationalCentreforTropicalAgriculture

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

ICT Informationandcommunicationtechnologies

ILRI InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute

MampE monitoringandevaluation

ToC Theoryofchange

UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization

5

Executivesummarymdashmainfindingsandrecommendations

1 ThestudyofyouthisnotnewHoweverinterestinthetopicofyouthhasrecentlyintensifiedduetothecurrentandprojectedpopulationgrowthinAfricaandtoalesserextentinAsiawhichwillleadtoahistoricallylargeyouthpopulation

2 OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketOnenarrativeperceivesthisisanopportunitythepotentialofademographicdividendHoweverthemoredominantnarrativeseesthisyouthbulgeasachallengealargenumberofunderemployedorunemployedyouthposessecurityrisksandcouldincreaseinternationalmigration

3 TheagrifoodsectoriskeyforfutureyouthemploymentscenariosInlow-incomecountriesitisthemainproviderofemploymentbutevenforyouthinlower-middle-incomecountriesandespeciallythoselivinginruralareasagricultureisanimportantlivelihoodoption

4 ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangeforyouthThisstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryperresearchdesign

5 BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthsimultaneouslyholdmanyotheridentitiesAnintersectionalapproachtakestheseidentities(genderracereligioneducationsocioeconomicstatusetc)intoaccountInadditionwecannotstudyandtargetyouthinisolationAsocial-relationalapproachhelpstoseeyoungpeoplewithinthecontextofkeyrelationshipssuchaswithparentsarekey

6 ThecategoriesofgenderandyouthsharesimilaritiesandenderandyouthresearchcansupporteachotherHowevertherearecleardifferencesGenderisembeddedinfeministtheoryandhasoftenbeenframedasanequityandmoralissuefirstandaneconomicissuesecondYouthisoftenframedintermsofsecurityandjobsMoreoverwomenofallagesoftenfacemoresystemicoppressionthanyoungmenIndeedsomeofthedisadvantagesrelatedtobeayoungpersonwilldecreasewithage

7 ThisreportprovidesananalyticalframeworklargelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Thisframeworkhelpstostudyyouthandtheirabilitytoasserttheirlsquoagencyrsquoinrelationtothelargerpolitical-economiccontextandsocioculturalstructures

8 ThereisatendencytoperceiveallyouthaspotentialentrepreneursInrealitymostentrepreneursinlow-incomeandlow-middle-incomecountriesengageinentrepreneurshipoutofnecessitynotbecauseofopportunityExamplesofandpotentialforthekindofentrepreneurshipthatgoesbeyondlsquotogetbyrsquoandtransformsintoabusinesswhichcanemployotheryouthisverylimited

9 ForthemajorityoftheworkingpopulationactiveinlivestocknowandinthefuturethebestcasescenarioisoneofmodestproductivityincreasesmdashraisingincomeswhilekickstartingstructuraltransformationForasmallersegmentofsocietyopportunitiesexisttosetuporgrowasignificantbusinessventureThepotentialofyouthtoparticipateinthesemoreprofitablebusinesseswillbepartoftheresearchagendalikelythroughtheentrepreneurshipangle

10 MostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlenswillbeoflimitedaddedvalueInsomecasesthechallengesthatyouthfacearethesameasforthegeneralpopulationbuttheireffectsarelargerinparticulartheeffectofclimatechangedegradingnaturalresourcebaseandneedforquickreturns

11 TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyisthereforenotaboutdevotinganentireresearchprogramtoyouthRatheralsquoyouthlensrsquowillbeaddedtocurrentandfutureresearchprojectsInadditiontheprogramwillintegrateyouthperspectivesonthelivestocksectoranditslivelihoodpotentialbyinterviewingyouthinthefield

12 AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesdorequireamorespecificyouthlensThesetopicsincludeaccesstolandandfinancesandmigration

13 AllCGIARresearchprogramshaveanelementoffocusonyouthintheirstrategiesfor2017ndash22YetspecificresearchactivitiesrelatedtoyoutharestilllimitedwithintheCGIARsystem

14 AlthoughyouthisclearlyintegratedthroughouttheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockproposalandflagshipstrategiesincludingtheallocationoffundsknowledgeontheparticipationofyouthinlivestockvaluechainsislimited

15 CurrentlyyouthparticipationishardtoestimateasgenerallyagedisaggregateddataarenotcollectedThelimiteddataavailableshowyouthparticipationislow(~15)

16 Threepathwaysorobjectivesforincreasedyouthengagementareproposed

a ThefirstobjectiveaimsatintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefits areoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

b Thesecondobjectiveistoidentifystrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouth employmentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivebeginswiththeyouththemselves

6

c Thethirdobjectiveistoimproveourunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)AnumberoftopicshavebeenidentifiedmigrationaccesstolandandfinancesTheonlineconsultationidentifiedothertopicsclimatechangeandpluri-activity(youthengaginginandoutoflivestockvaluechainsbasedontherelativereturnstolivestockandotheractivities)CooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARresearchprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

17 RegardingthesecondobjectivethereareseveralopportunitiesforagriculturalresearchtobeinvolvedinsupportingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipTheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockiswellpositionedtodesigntheoverallstructureoftheinterventioncarryouttheinitialvaluechainresearchdesignthetrainingmodulesanddesignandimplementamonitoringandevaluation(MampE)protocolIndeedthereisahugechallengeindesigninginterventionstocontributetoyouthemploymentthatcanbebroughttoscaleandshowsignificantimpactinacosteffectivemannerBothtrainingandfinancetheusualingredientsforentrepreneurshipprogramsoftenfailthecosteffectivenesstestBestpracticesforyouthemploymentprojectsespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockareverylimited

18 ThisstrategybuildsontheyouthframingpaperaswellastheonlineconsultationthattookplaceinNovember2018Itisalivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedbasedonnewfindings

Rationalemdashthelsquoyouthbulgersquothreatoropportunity

ThereisconsiderableattentionandinterestamongdonorsgovernmentsanddevelopmentagenciestoinvolvemoreyouthintheagricultureandlivestocksectorsasalsquoyouthbulgersquoisoccurringinAfricaandpartsofAsiaIndeedinthenextfewdecadesrapidpopulationgrowthinAfricaandAsiawillleadtoanunprecedentednumberofyouthenteringthelabourmarketWhilethismaypresentanopportunitytorealizethedemographicdividendwhichfuelledtheEastAsianmiracleafewdecadesagotherearealsofearsaboutnegativeconsequencesincludingmassunderorunemploymentandviolenceThishasledtoanincreaseininterestforyouthandtheroleofagricultureortheagrifoodsectorasapotentialpathwaytoprovideemploymentopportunitiesThisinturnhasspurreddonorinterestresourcesandaflurryofacademicpapersandstatusreportsAtthesametimetheevidencebaseonyouthemploymentmdashespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockmdashisstillratherthin(FoxandKaul2017)

ItisagainstthisbackgroundthatbothdevelopmentorganizationsandagriculturalresearchareincreasinglytakingstepstoengagewiththeyouthissueCGIARmentionsyouthspecificallyinitsStrategyandResultsFramework2016ndash2030(CGIARConsortium2015)Inadditionin2015CGIARrequiredproposalsforthesecondphaseoftheresearchprogramstospecifyhowyouthwillbeengaged(Ripolletal2017)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockNarrativeProposalfor2017ndash22addressesyouthintheTheoryofChange(Toc)ofthevariousflagshipsMoregenerallyitacknowledgestheimportanceofthesubjectstatingthatlsquoachievingtheaspirationaloutcomesoftheLivestockCRPwillonlybepossibleifnewapproachestoengagingyoungpeopleinthelivestocksectorareidentifiedandimplementedrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

InlinewiththecurrentframinginpopulardiscourseofyouthasanemploymentissuetheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthhasbeenformulatedtorevolvearoundlsquoemploymententrepreneurshipandcapacitydevelopmentrsquoItsobjectiveistolsquodesignandimplementinterventionsthatwillallowyoungpeopletobuildtheirfutureinlivestockdevelopmentandassociatedsubsectorsrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

ThisstrategyisbasedontheFramingyouthinlivestockpaper(Kleijnetal2019)complementedbyinternaldiscussionsThisdocumentwasalsodiscussedduringanonlineconsultationinNovember2018tocollectandincorporatetheinputsofasmanyscientistsinvolvedintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockaspossible

Thesedocumentsaretheresultofprimaryandsecondarydatacollection(literaturereview)PrimarydatawasobtainedfrominterviewswithscientistsworkingintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestock(flagshipleadersdirectorothers)andotherresourcepersonsinCGIARInadditionyouthassessmentswereconductedinUgandaEthiopiaandNicaraguaTheassessmentsprovidedinputfortheframingpaperandsupporteffortstoincorporateyouthincurrentandfutureactivitiesinthecountrieswherethefieldworkhasbeenconducted

TowardsanunderstandingofyouthThestudyoflsquoyouthrsquoisnotanewHoweveroverthelastdecadeorsotheattentiononyouthhasincreased(SukariehandTannock2015)ThishasresultedinamyriadofacademicpapersandstudiesaswellasinterestbythedevelopmentsectoregtheWorldBank(FilmerandFox2014)theAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA2015)theAfricanDevelopmentBank(2016)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2014)

Between2015and2030theworldpopulationisexpectedtorisetoover85billionpeopleandto98billionin2050correspondingtoa32populationincreasecomparedto2015ThistrendislargelyfuelledbypopulationgrowthinAsiaand

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Africathetwocontinentsaccountforastaggering89oftheworldpopulationgrowthfrom2015to2030and91from2015to2050AndwhileAsiarsquoscontributiontotheincreasewillgraduallydeclineafter2030Africarsquospopulationboomwillcontributeanincredible68toworldpopulationgrowthintheperiodfrom2030to2050

Figure1showstheabsolutenumberofyoungmenandwomen(definedasthosebetween15and24)inSub-SaharanAfricaincreasingrapidlyinthenearfutureButtheshareofyouthinthetotalpopulationinSub-SaharanAfricawillonlydecreasebeginningin2040(Figure2)asfertilityratesslowlydecrease(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure1Eachbarshowsanestimateoraprojectionofthenumberof15to24-year-oldsforoneyearatfive-yearintervals(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure2Percentof15ndash29yearoldsinthetotalpopulation(UNPopulationDatabase2017)

013

015

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2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

World

Africa

Uganda

Asia

Southern Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketespeciallyinAfricaThisisthebackdropagainstwhichthecurrentattentiononyouthoccursBasedoncurrentandprojecteddemographicstwonarrativesorscenariosarecommonlyevoked

ThefirstnarrativeisthatofthedemographicdividendAsyoungadultsenterthelabourmarketthedependencyratioofacountrymdashtheratiooftheworkingagepopulationversusthosetoooldandtooyoungtoworkmdashincreasesalsoknownasthelsquoyouthbulgersquoIftheseyoungadultsfindproductiveemploymenttheaverageincomepercapitawillincrease(Lin2012)EastAsiancountrieshavebeensuccessfulatutilizingthisdemographicadvantageAnincreaseinpopulationiscreditedasasignificantfactorinthelsquoEastAsianmiraclersquobysomeestimatesattributingtouptohalfoftotaleconomicgrowthThekeybehindthissuccessisthedemographicdividendincombinationwithlsquothesocialeconomicandpoliticalinstitutionsandpoliciesthatallowedthemtorealizethegrowthpotentialcreatedbythetransitionrsquo(BloomandWilliamson1998Bloometal2000)

AsecondmoreprevalentnarrativeisthatofthelsquotickingtimebombrsquoorlsquoangryyoungmenrsquoscenarioTheWorldBankestimatesthatonebillionadditionalyouthwillentertheglobaljobmarketinthenext10yearsOnly40areexpectedtofindemploymentbasedonthecurrentjobmarketThismeans600millionjobsneedtobecreatedoverthenextdecadewhichamountstofivemillionjobseachmonth(WorldBank2011)Manyarguethatthisarduouschallengeposesseveresecurityriskslinkingunemploymentofyouthtoviolentconflict(Urdal2010Huntington2001)

AgricultureisdeemedacrucialpathwaytofindsolutionstotheyouthlsquochallengersquofortwomainreasonsFirstaccordingtoprojectionsthebiggestsourceofemploymentoverthenextfewdecadesinmostlow-incomecountrieswillbefoundintheagriculturalorlsquoagrifoodrsquosector(ILO2016)AsFigure3onemploymentstructuresinthedifferentCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockcountriesupto2021showsagricultureremainsthemostimportantproviderofjobsforfourofthesecountriesthreeofthembeinginthelsquolowerincomecountriesrsquocategoryForthelower-middleincomecountries(TunisiaKenyaNicaraguaVietnamIndia)theestimatedemploymentderivedfromagricultureisconsiderablysmalleryetstillkey

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

4

Abbreviations

CIAT InternationalCentreforTropicalAgriculture

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

ICT Informationandcommunicationtechnologies

ILRI InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute

MampE monitoringandevaluation

ToC Theoryofchange

UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization

5

Executivesummarymdashmainfindingsandrecommendations

1 ThestudyofyouthisnotnewHoweverinterestinthetopicofyouthhasrecentlyintensifiedduetothecurrentandprojectedpopulationgrowthinAfricaandtoalesserextentinAsiawhichwillleadtoahistoricallylargeyouthpopulation

2 OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketOnenarrativeperceivesthisisanopportunitythepotentialofademographicdividendHoweverthemoredominantnarrativeseesthisyouthbulgeasachallengealargenumberofunderemployedorunemployedyouthposessecurityrisksandcouldincreaseinternationalmigration

3 TheagrifoodsectoriskeyforfutureyouthemploymentscenariosInlow-incomecountriesitisthemainproviderofemploymentbutevenforyouthinlower-middle-incomecountriesandespeciallythoselivinginruralareasagricultureisanimportantlivelihoodoption

4 ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangeforyouthThisstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryperresearchdesign

5 BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthsimultaneouslyholdmanyotheridentitiesAnintersectionalapproachtakestheseidentities(genderracereligioneducationsocioeconomicstatusetc)intoaccountInadditionwecannotstudyandtargetyouthinisolationAsocial-relationalapproachhelpstoseeyoungpeoplewithinthecontextofkeyrelationshipssuchaswithparentsarekey

6 ThecategoriesofgenderandyouthsharesimilaritiesandenderandyouthresearchcansupporteachotherHowevertherearecleardifferencesGenderisembeddedinfeministtheoryandhasoftenbeenframedasanequityandmoralissuefirstandaneconomicissuesecondYouthisoftenframedintermsofsecurityandjobsMoreoverwomenofallagesoftenfacemoresystemicoppressionthanyoungmenIndeedsomeofthedisadvantagesrelatedtobeayoungpersonwilldecreasewithage

7 ThisreportprovidesananalyticalframeworklargelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Thisframeworkhelpstostudyyouthandtheirabilitytoasserttheirlsquoagencyrsquoinrelationtothelargerpolitical-economiccontextandsocioculturalstructures

8 ThereisatendencytoperceiveallyouthaspotentialentrepreneursInrealitymostentrepreneursinlow-incomeandlow-middle-incomecountriesengageinentrepreneurshipoutofnecessitynotbecauseofopportunityExamplesofandpotentialforthekindofentrepreneurshipthatgoesbeyondlsquotogetbyrsquoandtransformsintoabusinesswhichcanemployotheryouthisverylimited

9 ForthemajorityoftheworkingpopulationactiveinlivestocknowandinthefuturethebestcasescenarioisoneofmodestproductivityincreasesmdashraisingincomeswhilekickstartingstructuraltransformationForasmallersegmentofsocietyopportunitiesexisttosetuporgrowasignificantbusinessventureThepotentialofyouthtoparticipateinthesemoreprofitablebusinesseswillbepartoftheresearchagendalikelythroughtheentrepreneurshipangle

10 MostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlenswillbeoflimitedaddedvalueInsomecasesthechallengesthatyouthfacearethesameasforthegeneralpopulationbuttheireffectsarelargerinparticulartheeffectofclimatechangedegradingnaturalresourcebaseandneedforquickreturns

11 TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyisthereforenotaboutdevotinganentireresearchprogramtoyouthRatheralsquoyouthlensrsquowillbeaddedtocurrentandfutureresearchprojectsInadditiontheprogramwillintegrateyouthperspectivesonthelivestocksectoranditslivelihoodpotentialbyinterviewingyouthinthefield

12 AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesdorequireamorespecificyouthlensThesetopicsincludeaccesstolandandfinancesandmigration

13 AllCGIARresearchprogramshaveanelementoffocusonyouthintheirstrategiesfor2017ndash22YetspecificresearchactivitiesrelatedtoyoutharestilllimitedwithintheCGIARsystem

14 AlthoughyouthisclearlyintegratedthroughouttheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockproposalandflagshipstrategiesincludingtheallocationoffundsknowledgeontheparticipationofyouthinlivestockvaluechainsislimited

15 CurrentlyyouthparticipationishardtoestimateasgenerallyagedisaggregateddataarenotcollectedThelimiteddataavailableshowyouthparticipationislow(~15)

16 Threepathwaysorobjectivesforincreasedyouthengagementareproposed

a ThefirstobjectiveaimsatintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefits areoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

b Thesecondobjectiveistoidentifystrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouth employmentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivebeginswiththeyouththemselves

6

c Thethirdobjectiveistoimproveourunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)AnumberoftopicshavebeenidentifiedmigrationaccesstolandandfinancesTheonlineconsultationidentifiedothertopicsclimatechangeandpluri-activity(youthengaginginandoutoflivestockvaluechainsbasedontherelativereturnstolivestockandotheractivities)CooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARresearchprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

17 RegardingthesecondobjectivethereareseveralopportunitiesforagriculturalresearchtobeinvolvedinsupportingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipTheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockiswellpositionedtodesigntheoverallstructureoftheinterventioncarryouttheinitialvaluechainresearchdesignthetrainingmodulesanddesignandimplementamonitoringandevaluation(MampE)protocolIndeedthereisahugechallengeindesigninginterventionstocontributetoyouthemploymentthatcanbebroughttoscaleandshowsignificantimpactinacosteffectivemannerBothtrainingandfinancetheusualingredientsforentrepreneurshipprogramsoftenfailthecosteffectivenesstestBestpracticesforyouthemploymentprojectsespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockareverylimited

18 ThisstrategybuildsontheyouthframingpaperaswellastheonlineconsultationthattookplaceinNovember2018Itisalivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedbasedonnewfindings

Rationalemdashthelsquoyouthbulgersquothreatoropportunity

ThereisconsiderableattentionandinterestamongdonorsgovernmentsanddevelopmentagenciestoinvolvemoreyouthintheagricultureandlivestocksectorsasalsquoyouthbulgersquoisoccurringinAfricaandpartsofAsiaIndeedinthenextfewdecadesrapidpopulationgrowthinAfricaandAsiawillleadtoanunprecedentednumberofyouthenteringthelabourmarketWhilethismaypresentanopportunitytorealizethedemographicdividendwhichfuelledtheEastAsianmiracleafewdecadesagotherearealsofearsaboutnegativeconsequencesincludingmassunderorunemploymentandviolenceThishasledtoanincreaseininterestforyouthandtheroleofagricultureortheagrifoodsectorasapotentialpathwaytoprovideemploymentopportunitiesThisinturnhasspurreddonorinterestresourcesandaflurryofacademicpapersandstatusreportsAtthesametimetheevidencebaseonyouthemploymentmdashespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockmdashisstillratherthin(FoxandKaul2017)

ItisagainstthisbackgroundthatbothdevelopmentorganizationsandagriculturalresearchareincreasinglytakingstepstoengagewiththeyouthissueCGIARmentionsyouthspecificallyinitsStrategyandResultsFramework2016ndash2030(CGIARConsortium2015)Inadditionin2015CGIARrequiredproposalsforthesecondphaseoftheresearchprogramstospecifyhowyouthwillbeengaged(Ripolletal2017)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockNarrativeProposalfor2017ndash22addressesyouthintheTheoryofChange(Toc)ofthevariousflagshipsMoregenerallyitacknowledgestheimportanceofthesubjectstatingthatlsquoachievingtheaspirationaloutcomesoftheLivestockCRPwillonlybepossibleifnewapproachestoengagingyoungpeopleinthelivestocksectorareidentifiedandimplementedrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

InlinewiththecurrentframinginpopulardiscourseofyouthasanemploymentissuetheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthhasbeenformulatedtorevolvearoundlsquoemploymententrepreneurshipandcapacitydevelopmentrsquoItsobjectiveistolsquodesignandimplementinterventionsthatwillallowyoungpeopletobuildtheirfutureinlivestockdevelopmentandassociatedsubsectorsrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

ThisstrategyisbasedontheFramingyouthinlivestockpaper(Kleijnetal2019)complementedbyinternaldiscussionsThisdocumentwasalsodiscussedduringanonlineconsultationinNovember2018tocollectandincorporatetheinputsofasmanyscientistsinvolvedintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockaspossible

Thesedocumentsaretheresultofprimaryandsecondarydatacollection(literaturereview)PrimarydatawasobtainedfrominterviewswithscientistsworkingintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestock(flagshipleadersdirectorothers)andotherresourcepersonsinCGIARInadditionyouthassessmentswereconductedinUgandaEthiopiaandNicaraguaTheassessmentsprovidedinputfortheframingpaperandsupporteffortstoincorporateyouthincurrentandfutureactivitiesinthecountrieswherethefieldworkhasbeenconducted

TowardsanunderstandingofyouthThestudyoflsquoyouthrsquoisnotanewHoweveroverthelastdecadeorsotheattentiononyouthhasincreased(SukariehandTannock2015)ThishasresultedinamyriadofacademicpapersandstudiesaswellasinterestbythedevelopmentsectoregtheWorldBank(FilmerandFox2014)theAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA2015)theAfricanDevelopmentBank(2016)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2014)

Between2015and2030theworldpopulationisexpectedtorisetoover85billionpeopleandto98billionin2050correspondingtoa32populationincreasecomparedto2015ThistrendislargelyfuelledbypopulationgrowthinAsiaand

7

Africathetwocontinentsaccountforastaggering89oftheworldpopulationgrowthfrom2015to2030and91from2015to2050AndwhileAsiarsquoscontributiontotheincreasewillgraduallydeclineafter2030Africarsquospopulationboomwillcontributeanincredible68toworldpopulationgrowthintheperiodfrom2030to2050

Figure1showstheabsolutenumberofyoungmenandwomen(definedasthosebetween15and24)inSub-SaharanAfricaincreasingrapidlyinthenearfutureButtheshareofyouthinthetotalpopulationinSub-SaharanAfricawillonlydecreasebeginningin2040(Figure2)asfertilityratesslowlydecrease(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure1Eachbarshowsanestimateoraprojectionofthenumberof15to24-year-oldsforoneyearatfive-yearintervals(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure2Percentof15ndash29yearoldsinthetotalpopulation(UNPopulationDatabase2017)

013

015

017

019

021

023

025

027

029

031

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

World

Africa

Uganda

Asia

Southern Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketespeciallyinAfricaThisisthebackdropagainstwhichthecurrentattentiononyouthoccursBasedoncurrentandprojecteddemographicstwonarrativesorscenariosarecommonlyevoked

ThefirstnarrativeisthatofthedemographicdividendAsyoungadultsenterthelabourmarketthedependencyratioofacountrymdashtheratiooftheworkingagepopulationversusthosetoooldandtooyoungtoworkmdashincreasesalsoknownasthelsquoyouthbulgersquoIftheseyoungadultsfindproductiveemploymenttheaverageincomepercapitawillincrease(Lin2012)EastAsiancountrieshavebeensuccessfulatutilizingthisdemographicadvantageAnincreaseinpopulationiscreditedasasignificantfactorinthelsquoEastAsianmiraclersquobysomeestimatesattributingtouptohalfoftotaleconomicgrowthThekeybehindthissuccessisthedemographicdividendincombinationwithlsquothesocialeconomicandpoliticalinstitutionsandpoliciesthatallowedthemtorealizethegrowthpotentialcreatedbythetransitionrsquo(BloomandWilliamson1998Bloometal2000)

AsecondmoreprevalentnarrativeisthatofthelsquotickingtimebombrsquoorlsquoangryyoungmenrsquoscenarioTheWorldBankestimatesthatonebillionadditionalyouthwillentertheglobaljobmarketinthenext10yearsOnly40areexpectedtofindemploymentbasedonthecurrentjobmarketThismeans600millionjobsneedtobecreatedoverthenextdecadewhichamountstofivemillionjobseachmonth(WorldBank2011)Manyarguethatthisarduouschallengeposesseveresecurityriskslinkingunemploymentofyouthtoviolentconflict(Urdal2010Huntington2001)

AgricultureisdeemedacrucialpathwaytofindsolutionstotheyouthlsquochallengersquofortwomainreasonsFirstaccordingtoprojectionsthebiggestsourceofemploymentoverthenextfewdecadesinmostlow-incomecountrieswillbefoundintheagriculturalorlsquoagrifoodrsquosector(ILO2016)AsFigure3onemploymentstructuresinthedifferentCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockcountriesupto2021showsagricultureremainsthemostimportantproviderofjobsforfourofthesecountriesthreeofthembeinginthelsquolowerincomecountriesrsquocategoryForthelower-middleincomecountries(TunisiaKenyaNicaraguaVietnamIndia)theestimatedemploymentderivedfromagricultureisconsiderablysmalleryetstillkey

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

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tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

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ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

5

Executivesummarymdashmainfindingsandrecommendations

1 ThestudyofyouthisnotnewHoweverinterestinthetopicofyouthhasrecentlyintensifiedduetothecurrentandprojectedpopulationgrowthinAfricaandtoalesserextentinAsiawhichwillleadtoahistoricallylargeyouthpopulation

2 OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketOnenarrativeperceivesthisisanopportunitythepotentialofademographicdividendHoweverthemoredominantnarrativeseesthisyouthbulgeasachallengealargenumberofunderemployedorunemployedyouthposessecurityrisksandcouldincreaseinternationalmigration

3 TheagrifoodsectoriskeyforfutureyouthemploymentscenariosInlow-incomecountriesitisthemainproviderofemploymentbutevenforyouthinlower-middle-incomecountriesandespeciallythoselivinginruralareasagricultureisanimportantlivelihoodoption

4 ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangeforyouthThisstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryperresearchdesign

5 BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthsimultaneouslyholdmanyotheridentitiesAnintersectionalapproachtakestheseidentities(genderracereligioneducationsocioeconomicstatusetc)intoaccountInadditionwecannotstudyandtargetyouthinisolationAsocial-relationalapproachhelpstoseeyoungpeoplewithinthecontextofkeyrelationshipssuchaswithparentsarekey

6 ThecategoriesofgenderandyouthsharesimilaritiesandenderandyouthresearchcansupporteachotherHowevertherearecleardifferencesGenderisembeddedinfeministtheoryandhasoftenbeenframedasanequityandmoralissuefirstandaneconomicissuesecondYouthisoftenframedintermsofsecurityandjobsMoreoverwomenofallagesoftenfacemoresystemicoppressionthanyoungmenIndeedsomeofthedisadvantagesrelatedtobeayoungpersonwilldecreasewithage

7 ThisreportprovidesananalyticalframeworklargelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Thisframeworkhelpstostudyyouthandtheirabilitytoasserttheirlsquoagencyrsquoinrelationtothelargerpolitical-economiccontextandsocioculturalstructures

8 ThereisatendencytoperceiveallyouthaspotentialentrepreneursInrealitymostentrepreneursinlow-incomeandlow-middle-incomecountriesengageinentrepreneurshipoutofnecessitynotbecauseofopportunityExamplesofandpotentialforthekindofentrepreneurshipthatgoesbeyondlsquotogetbyrsquoandtransformsintoabusinesswhichcanemployotheryouthisverylimited

9 ForthemajorityoftheworkingpopulationactiveinlivestocknowandinthefuturethebestcasescenarioisoneofmodestproductivityincreasesmdashraisingincomeswhilekickstartingstructuraltransformationForasmallersegmentofsocietyopportunitiesexisttosetuporgrowasignificantbusinessventureThepotentialofyouthtoparticipateinthesemoreprofitablebusinesseswillbepartoftheresearchagendalikelythroughtheentrepreneurshipangle

10 MostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlenswillbeoflimitedaddedvalueInsomecasesthechallengesthatyouthfacearethesameasforthegeneralpopulationbuttheireffectsarelargerinparticulartheeffectofclimatechangedegradingnaturalresourcebaseandneedforquickreturns

11 TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyisthereforenotaboutdevotinganentireresearchprogramtoyouthRatheralsquoyouthlensrsquowillbeaddedtocurrentandfutureresearchprojectsInadditiontheprogramwillintegrateyouthperspectivesonthelivestocksectoranditslivelihoodpotentialbyinterviewingyouthinthefield

12 AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesdorequireamorespecificyouthlensThesetopicsincludeaccesstolandandfinancesandmigration

13 AllCGIARresearchprogramshaveanelementoffocusonyouthintheirstrategiesfor2017ndash22YetspecificresearchactivitiesrelatedtoyoutharestilllimitedwithintheCGIARsystem

14 AlthoughyouthisclearlyintegratedthroughouttheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockproposalandflagshipstrategiesincludingtheallocationoffundsknowledgeontheparticipationofyouthinlivestockvaluechainsislimited

15 CurrentlyyouthparticipationishardtoestimateasgenerallyagedisaggregateddataarenotcollectedThelimiteddataavailableshowyouthparticipationislow(~15)

16 Threepathwaysorobjectivesforincreasedyouthengagementareproposed

a ThefirstobjectiveaimsatintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefits areoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

b Thesecondobjectiveistoidentifystrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouth employmentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivebeginswiththeyouththemselves

6

c Thethirdobjectiveistoimproveourunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)AnumberoftopicshavebeenidentifiedmigrationaccesstolandandfinancesTheonlineconsultationidentifiedothertopicsclimatechangeandpluri-activity(youthengaginginandoutoflivestockvaluechainsbasedontherelativereturnstolivestockandotheractivities)CooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARresearchprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

17 RegardingthesecondobjectivethereareseveralopportunitiesforagriculturalresearchtobeinvolvedinsupportingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipTheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockiswellpositionedtodesigntheoverallstructureoftheinterventioncarryouttheinitialvaluechainresearchdesignthetrainingmodulesanddesignandimplementamonitoringandevaluation(MampE)protocolIndeedthereisahugechallengeindesigninginterventionstocontributetoyouthemploymentthatcanbebroughttoscaleandshowsignificantimpactinacosteffectivemannerBothtrainingandfinancetheusualingredientsforentrepreneurshipprogramsoftenfailthecosteffectivenesstestBestpracticesforyouthemploymentprojectsespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockareverylimited

18 ThisstrategybuildsontheyouthframingpaperaswellastheonlineconsultationthattookplaceinNovember2018Itisalivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedbasedonnewfindings

Rationalemdashthelsquoyouthbulgersquothreatoropportunity

ThereisconsiderableattentionandinterestamongdonorsgovernmentsanddevelopmentagenciestoinvolvemoreyouthintheagricultureandlivestocksectorsasalsquoyouthbulgersquoisoccurringinAfricaandpartsofAsiaIndeedinthenextfewdecadesrapidpopulationgrowthinAfricaandAsiawillleadtoanunprecedentednumberofyouthenteringthelabourmarketWhilethismaypresentanopportunitytorealizethedemographicdividendwhichfuelledtheEastAsianmiracleafewdecadesagotherearealsofearsaboutnegativeconsequencesincludingmassunderorunemploymentandviolenceThishasledtoanincreaseininterestforyouthandtheroleofagricultureortheagrifoodsectorasapotentialpathwaytoprovideemploymentopportunitiesThisinturnhasspurreddonorinterestresourcesandaflurryofacademicpapersandstatusreportsAtthesametimetheevidencebaseonyouthemploymentmdashespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockmdashisstillratherthin(FoxandKaul2017)

ItisagainstthisbackgroundthatbothdevelopmentorganizationsandagriculturalresearchareincreasinglytakingstepstoengagewiththeyouthissueCGIARmentionsyouthspecificallyinitsStrategyandResultsFramework2016ndash2030(CGIARConsortium2015)Inadditionin2015CGIARrequiredproposalsforthesecondphaseoftheresearchprogramstospecifyhowyouthwillbeengaged(Ripolletal2017)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockNarrativeProposalfor2017ndash22addressesyouthintheTheoryofChange(Toc)ofthevariousflagshipsMoregenerallyitacknowledgestheimportanceofthesubjectstatingthatlsquoachievingtheaspirationaloutcomesoftheLivestockCRPwillonlybepossibleifnewapproachestoengagingyoungpeopleinthelivestocksectorareidentifiedandimplementedrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

InlinewiththecurrentframinginpopulardiscourseofyouthasanemploymentissuetheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthhasbeenformulatedtorevolvearoundlsquoemploymententrepreneurshipandcapacitydevelopmentrsquoItsobjectiveistolsquodesignandimplementinterventionsthatwillallowyoungpeopletobuildtheirfutureinlivestockdevelopmentandassociatedsubsectorsrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

ThisstrategyisbasedontheFramingyouthinlivestockpaper(Kleijnetal2019)complementedbyinternaldiscussionsThisdocumentwasalsodiscussedduringanonlineconsultationinNovember2018tocollectandincorporatetheinputsofasmanyscientistsinvolvedintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockaspossible

Thesedocumentsaretheresultofprimaryandsecondarydatacollection(literaturereview)PrimarydatawasobtainedfrominterviewswithscientistsworkingintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestock(flagshipleadersdirectorothers)andotherresourcepersonsinCGIARInadditionyouthassessmentswereconductedinUgandaEthiopiaandNicaraguaTheassessmentsprovidedinputfortheframingpaperandsupporteffortstoincorporateyouthincurrentandfutureactivitiesinthecountrieswherethefieldworkhasbeenconducted

TowardsanunderstandingofyouthThestudyoflsquoyouthrsquoisnotanewHoweveroverthelastdecadeorsotheattentiononyouthhasincreased(SukariehandTannock2015)ThishasresultedinamyriadofacademicpapersandstudiesaswellasinterestbythedevelopmentsectoregtheWorldBank(FilmerandFox2014)theAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA2015)theAfricanDevelopmentBank(2016)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2014)

Between2015and2030theworldpopulationisexpectedtorisetoover85billionpeopleandto98billionin2050correspondingtoa32populationincreasecomparedto2015ThistrendislargelyfuelledbypopulationgrowthinAsiaand

7

Africathetwocontinentsaccountforastaggering89oftheworldpopulationgrowthfrom2015to2030and91from2015to2050AndwhileAsiarsquoscontributiontotheincreasewillgraduallydeclineafter2030Africarsquospopulationboomwillcontributeanincredible68toworldpopulationgrowthintheperiodfrom2030to2050

Figure1showstheabsolutenumberofyoungmenandwomen(definedasthosebetween15and24)inSub-SaharanAfricaincreasingrapidlyinthenearfutureButtheshareofyouthinthetotalpopulationinSub-SaharanAfricawillonlydecreasebeginningin2040(Figure2)asfertilityratesslowlydecrease(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure1Eachbarshowsanestimateoraprojectionofthenumberof15to24-year-oldsforoneyearatfive-yearintervals(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure2Percentof15ndash29yearoldsinthetotalpopulation(UNPopulationDatabase2017)

013

015

017

019

021

023

025

027

029

031

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

World

Africa

Uganda

Asia

Southern Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketespeciallyinAfricaThisisthebackdropagainstwhichthecurrentattentiononyouthoccursBasedoncurrentandprojecteddemographicstwonarrativesorscenariosarecommonlyevoked

ThefirstnarrativeisthatofthedemographicdividendAsyoungadultsenterthelabourmarketthedependencyratioofacountrymdashtheratiooftheworkingagepopulationversusthosetoooldandtooyoungtoworkmdashincreasesalsoknownasthelsquoyouthbulgersquoIftheseyoungadultsfindproductiveemploymenttheaverageincomepercapitawillincrease(Lin2012)EastAsiancountrieshavebeensuccessfulatutilizingthisdemographicadvantageAnincreaseinpopulationiscreditedasasignificantfactorinthelsquoEastAsianmiraclersquobysomeestimatesattributingtouptohalfoftotaleconomicgrowthThekeybehindthissuccessisthedemographicdividendincombinationwithlsquothesocialeconomicandpoliticalinstitutionsandpoliciesthatallowedthemtorealizethegrowthpotentialcreatedbythetransitionrsquo(BloomandWilliamson1998Bloometal2000)

AsecondmoreprevalentnarrativeisthatofthelsquotickingtimebombrsquoorlsquoangryyoungmenrsquoscenarioTheWorldBankestimatesthatonebillionadditionalyouthwillentertheglobaljobmarketinthenext10yearsOnly40areexpectedtofindemploymentbasedonthecurrentjobmarketThismeans600millionjobsneedtobecreatedoverthenextdecadewhichamountstofivemillionjobseachmonth(WorldBank2011)Manyarguethatthisarduouschallengeposesseveresecurityriskslinkingunemploymentofyouthtoviolentconflict(Urdal2010Huntington2001)

AgricultureisdeemedacrucialpathwaytofindsolutionstotheyouthlsquochallengersquofortwomainreasonsFirstaccordingtoprojectionsthebiggestsourceofemploymentoverthenextfewdecadesinmostlow-incomecountrieswillbefoundintheagriculturalorlsquoagrifoodrsquosector(ILO2016)AsFigure3onemploymentstructuresinthedifferentCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockcountriesupto2021showsagricultureremainsthemostimportantproviderofjobsforfourofthesecountriesthreeofthembeinginthelsquolowerincomecountriesrsquocategoryForthelower-middleincomecountries(TunisiaKenyaNicaraguaVietnamIndia)theestimatedemploymentderivedfromagricultureisconsiderablysmalleryetstillkey

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

6

c Thethirdobjectiveistoimproveourunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)AnumberoftopicshavebeenidentifiedmigrationaccesstolandandfinancesTheonlineconsultationidentifiedothertopicsclimatechangeandpluri-activity(youthengaginginandoutoflivestockvaluechainsbasedontherelativereturnstolivestockandotheractivities)CooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARresearchprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

17 RegardingthesecondobjectivethereareseveralopportunitiesforagriculturalresearchtobeinvolvedinsupportingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipTheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockiswellpositionedtodesigntheoverallstructureoftheinterventioncarryouttheinitialvaluechainresearchdesignthetrainingmodulesanddesignandimplementamonitoringandevaluation(MampE)protocolIndeedthereisahugechallengeindesigninginterventionstocontributetoyouthemploymentthatcanbebroughttoscaleandshowsignificantimpactinacosteffectivemannerBothtrainingandfinancetheusualingredientsforentrepreneurshipprogramsoftenfailthecosteffectivenesstestBestpracticesforyouthemploymentprojectsespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockareverylimited

18 ThisstrategybuildsontheyouthframingpaperaswellastheonlineconsultationthattookplaceinNovember2018Itisalivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedbasedonnewfindings

Rationalemdashthelsquoyouthbulgersquothreatoropportunity

ThereisconsiderableattentionandinterestamongdonorsgovernmentsanddevelopmentagenciestoinvolvemoreyouthintheagricultureandlivestocksectorsasalsquoyouthbulgersquoisoccurringinAfricaandpartsofAsiaIndeedinthenextfewdecadesrapidpopulationgrowthinAfricaandAsiawillleadtoanunprecedentednumberofyouthenteringthelabourmarketWhilethismaypresentanopportunitytorealizethedemographicdividendwhichfuelledtheEastAsianmiracleafewdecadesagotherearealsofearsaboutnegativeconsequencesincludingmassunderorunemploymentandviolenceThishasledtoanincreaseininterestforyouthandtheroleofagricultureortheagrifoodsectorasapotentialpathwaytoprovideemploymentopportunitiesThisinturnhasspurreddonorinterestresourcesandaflurryofacademicpapersandstatusreportsAtthesametimetheevidencebaseonyouthemploymentmdashespeciallyinagricultureandlivestockmdashisstillratherthin(FoxandKaul2017)

ItisagainstthisbackgroundthatbothdevelopmentorganizationsandagriculturalresearchareincreasinglytakingstepstoengagewiththeyouthissueCGIARmentionsyouthspecificallyinitsStrategyandResultsFramework2016ndash2030(CGIARConsortium2015)Inadditionin2015CGIARrequiredproposalsforthesecondphaseoftheresearchprogramstospecifyhowyouthwillbeengaged(Ripolletal2017)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockNarrativeProposalfor2017ndash22addressesyouthintheTheoryofChange(Toc)ofthevariousflagshipsMoregenerallyitacknowledgestheimportanceofthesubjectstatingthatlsquoachievingtheaspirationaloutcomesoftheLivestockCRPwillonlybepossibleifnewapproachestoengagingyoungpeopleinthelivestocksectorareidentifiedandimplementedrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

InlinewiththecurrentframinginpopulardiscourseofyouthasanemploymentissuetheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthhasbeenformulatedtorevolvearoundlsquoemploymententrepreneurshipandcapacitydevelopmentrsquoItsobjectiveistolsquodesignandimplementinterventionsthatwillallowyoungpeopletobuildtheirfutureinlivestockdevelopmentandassociatedsubsectorsrsquo(LivestockCRP2016)

ThisstrategyisbasedontheFramingyouthinlivestockpaper(Kleijnetal2019)complementedbyinternaldiscussionsThisdocumentwasalsodiscussedduringanonlineconsultationinNovember2018tocollectandincorporatetheinputsofasmanyscientistsinvolvedintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockaspossible

Thesedocumentsaretheresultofprimaryandsecondarydatacollection(literaturereview)PrimarydatawasobtainedfrominterviewswithscientistsworkingintheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestock(flagshipleadersdirectorothers)andotherresourcepersonsinCGIARInadditionyouthassessmentswereconductedinUgandaEthiopiaandNicaraguaTheassessmentsprovidedinputfortheframingpaperandsupporteffortstoincorporateyouthincurrentandfutureactivitiesinthecountrieswherethefieldworkhasbeenconducted

TowardsanunderstandingofyouthThestudyoflsquoyouthrsquoisnotanewHoweveroverthelastdecadeorsotheattentiononyouthhasincreased(SukariehandTannock2015)ThishasresultedinamyriadofacademicpapersandstudiesaswellasinterestbythedevelopmentsectoregtheWorldBank(FilmerandFox2014)theAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA2015)theAfricanDevelopmentBank(2016)andtheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2014)

Between2015and2030theworldpopulationisexpectedtorisetoover85billionpeopleandto98billionin2050correspondingtoa32populationincreasecomparedto2015ThistrendislargelyfuelledbypopulationgrowthinAsiaand

7

Africathetwocontinentsaccountforastaggering89oftheworldpopulationgrowthfrom2015to2030and91from2015to2050AndwhileAsiarsquoscontributiontotheincreasewillgraduallydeclineafter2030Africarsquospopulationboomwillcontributeanincredible68toworldpopulationgrowthintheperiodfrom2030to2050

Figure1showstheabsolutenumberofyoungmenandwomen(definedasthosebetween15and24)inSub-SaharanAfricaincreasingrapidlyinthenearfutureButtheshareofyouthinthetotalpopulationinSub-SaharanAfricawillonlydecreasebeginningin2040(Figure2)asfertilityratesslowlydecrease(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure1Eachbarshowsanestimateoraprojectionofthenumberof15to24-year-oldsforoneyearatfive-yearintervals(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure2Percentof15ndash29yearoldsinthetotalpopulation(UNPopulationDatabase2017)

013

015

017

019

021

023

025

027

029

031

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

World

Africa

Uganda

Asia

Southern Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketespeciallyinAfricaThisisthebackdropagainstwhichthecurrentattentiononyouthoccursBasedoncurrentandprojecteddemographicstwonarrativesorscenariosarecommonlyevoked

ThefirstnarrativeisthatofthedemographicdividendAsyoungadultsenterthelabourmarketthedependencyratioofacountrymdashtheratiooftheworkingagepopulationversusthosetoooldandtooyoungtoworkmdashincreasesalsoknownasthelsquoyouthbulgersquoIftheseyoungadultsfindproductiveemploymenttheaverageincomepercapitawillincrease(Lin2012)EastAsiancountrieshavebeensuccessfulatutilizingthisdemographicadvantageAnincreaseinpopulationiscreditedasasignificantfactorinthelsquoEastAsianmiraclersquobysomeestimatesattributingtouptohalfoftotaleconomicgrowthThekeybehindthissuccessisthedemographicdividendincombinationwithlsquothesocialeconomicandpoliticalinstitutionsandpoliciesthatallowedthemtorealizethegrowthpotentialcreatedbythetransitionrsquo(BloomandWilliamson1998Bloometal2000)

AsecondmoreprevalentnarrativeisthatofthelsquotickingtimebombrsquoorlsquoangryyoungmenrsquoscenarioTheWorldBankestimatesthatonebillionadditionalyouthwillentertheglobaljobmarketinthenext10yearsOnly40areexpectedtofindemploymentbasedonthecurrentjobmarketThismeans600millionjobsneedtobecreatedoverthenextdecadewhichamountstofivemillionjobseachmonth(WorldBank2011)Manyarguethatthisarduouschallengeposesseveresecurityriskslinkingunemploymentofyouthtoviolentconflict(Urdal2010Huntington2001)

AgricultureisdeemedacrucialpathwaytofindsolutionstotheyouthlsquochallengersquofortwomainreasonsFirstaccordingtoprojectionsthebiggestsourceofemploymentoverthenextfewdecadesinmostlow-incomecountrieswillbefoundintheagriculturalorlsquoagrifoodrsquosector(ILO2016)AsFigure3onemploymentstructuresinthedifferentCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockcountriesupto2021showsagricultureremainsthemostimportantproviderofjobsforfourofthesecountriesthreeofthembeinginthelsquolowerincomecountriesrsquocategoryForthelower-middleincomecountries(TunisiaKenyaNicaraguaVietnamIndia)theestimatedemploymentderivedfromagricultureisconsiderablysmalleryetstillkey

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

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tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

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ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

7

Africathetwocontinentsaccountforastaggering89oftheworldpopulationgrowthfrom2015to2030and91from2015to2050AndwhileAsiarsquoscontributiontotheincreasewillgraduallydeclineafter2030Africarsquospopulationboomwillcontributeanincredible68toworldpopulationgrowthintheperiodfrom2030to2050

Figure1showstheabsolutenumberofyoungmenandwomen(definedasthosebetween15and24)inSub-SaharanAfricaincreasingrapidlyinthenearfutureButtheshareofyouthinthetotalpopulationinSub-SaharanAfricawillonlydecreasebeginningin2040(Figure2)asfertilityratesslowlydecrease(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure1Eachbarshowsanestimateoraprojectionofthenumberof15to24-year-oldsforoneyearatfive-yearintervals(FilmerandFox2014)

Figure2Percentof15ndash29yearoldsinthetotalpopulation(UNPopulationDatabase2017)

013

015

017

019

021

023

025

027

029

031

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

World

Africa

Uganda

Asia

Southern Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

OverthenextfewdecadestheworldwillseeanunprecedentednumberofyouthenterthelabourmarketespeciallyinAfricaThisisthebackdropagainstwhichthecurrentattentiononyouthoccursBasedoncurrentandprojecteddemographicstwonarrativesorscenariosarecommonlyevoked

ThefirstnarrativeisthatofthedemographicdividendAsyoungadultsenterthelabourmarketthedependencyratioofacountrymdashtheratiooftheworkingagepopulationversusthosetoooldandtooyoungtoworkmdashincreasesalsoknownasthelsquoyouthbulgersquoIftheseyoungadultsfindproductiveemploymenttheaverageincomepercapitawillincrease(Lin2012)EastAsiancountrieshavebeensuccessfulatutilizingthisdemographicadvantageAnincreaseinpopulationiscreditedasasignificantfactorinthelsquoEastAsianmiraclersquobysomeestimatesattributingtouptohalfoftotaleconomicgrowthThekeybehindthissuccessisthedemographicdividendincombinationwithlsquothesocialeconomicandpoliticalinstitutionsandpoliciesthatallowedthemtorealizethegrowthpotentialcreatedbythetransitionrsquo(BloomandWilliamson1998Bloometal2000)

AsecondmoreprevalentnarrativeisthatofthelsquotickingtimebombrsquoorlsquoangryyoungmenrsquoscenarioTheWorldBankestimatesthatonebillionadditionalyouthwillentertheglobaljobmarketinthenext10yearsOnly40areexpectedtofindemploymentbasedonthecurrentjobmarketThismeans600millionjobsneedtobecreatedoverthenextdecadewhichamountstofivemillionjobseachmonth(WorldBank2011)Manyarguethatthisarduouschallengeposesseveresecurityriskslinkingunemploymentofyouthtoviolentconflict(Urdal2010Huntington2001)

AgricultureisdeemedacrucialpathwaytofindsolutionstotheyouthlsquochallengersquofortwomainreasonsFirstaccordingtoprojectionsthebiggestsourceofemploymentoverthenextfewdecadesinmostlow-incomecountrieswillbefoundintheagriculturalorlsquoagrifoodrsquosector(ILO2016)AsFigure3onemploymentstructuresinthedifferentCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockcountriesupto2021showsagricultureremainsthemostimportantproviderofjobsforfourofthesecountriesthreeofthembeinginthelsquolowerincomecountriesrsquocategoryForthelower-middleincomecountries(TunisiaKenyaNicaraguaVietnamIndia)theestimatedemploymentderivedfromagricultureisconsiderablysmalleryetstillkey

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Agricultu

re

Industry

Services

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

8

Figure3Employmentstructureprojections2021(inpercent)

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Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya Nicaragua Tunisia Vietnam India

AgricultureprovidesjobopportunitiesbothonandoffthefarmInalargestudyonRwandaTanzaniaandNigeriabyAllenetal(2016)offfarmactivitieswerefoundtogrowmuchmorerapidlythanonfarmactivitiesHoweverofffarmactivitiesgrowfromalowerbaseprimaryproductionremainsmoreimportantasasourceofpotentialemployment

Asecondreasonwhyagricultureisanimportantpathwayforyouthemploymentisthemultipliereffect(FilmerandFox2014Allenetal2016)AnincreaseinagriculturalproductivityandproductionthroughsmallholdersgeneratespurchasingpowerNotonlydoesthisleadtoanincreaseintheavailabilityoffoodandareductionofcostsdemandforgoodsandservicesgoesupaswellAsaresultemploymentopportunitiesintheindustrialandservicessectorsincreasewithlabourmovingtotheofffarmsectorsaprocessknownasstructuraltransformation(Lipton2005)

WithinthefieldofagriculturaldevelopmentoneadditionalreasonthatmighthavesparkedtheinterestinyouthistherecognitionthatyouthdonotseemtobeveryinterestedinagricultureAgricultureandlivestockjustseemlesslsquosexyrsquotothem(Brooksetal2013Pyburnetal2015)

Conceptualizing youth youth as an heterogenous groupThissectiondescribesinmoredetailthewaylsquoyouthrsquocanbeconceptualizedItdescribeshowanintersectionalandsocial-relationalapproachhelptobetterunderstandyouthaspirationschallengesandopportunities

GenerallyspeakinglsquoyouthrsquoreferstotheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodYetdifferentagerangesareusedtostatisticallydefinelsquoyouthrsquoAcommononeisadefinitiongivenbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)whichdefinesyouthaspeoplebetween15and24yearsofageTheAfricanYouthCharterreferstoyouthasanybodylsquobetweentheagesof15and35yearsrsquo(AfricanUnion2006)TheCommonwealthrsquosdefinitionofyouthincludesthosebetween15and29years(Commonwealthorg)

ThereisnolsquoperfectrsquoagerangethetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodisafluidprocessthatdependsamongotherfactorsontheconsensuswithindifferentsocietiesonwhatitistobeyoungInmanyculturesforinstancelsquoyouthrsquoendsthemomentanindividualentersintomarriageIndeedtheconceptofyouthisculturallyandhistoricallyconstructed(LeavyandSmith2010)AssuchtheconceptofyouthalsochangesovertimeManyruralyouthtodayareconsideredtobelsquoyouthrsquolongerthaninthepastTheiryouthisprolongedduetoincreasedaccesstoeducationwhichpostponestheirentryintothelabourmarketwhiletheaverageageofmarriageisontherise(White2012)

TheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockstrategyrecognizesthatagecategoriesshouldbecontextspecificandmayvaryacrossresearchdesignsTheconceptualizationoflsquoyouthrsquotakesamoresophisticatedapproachgoingfarbeyondageincorporatingintersectionalityandinterrelationalitywhichwillbeelaborateduponinthissection

IntersectionalityreferstosocialidentitiesofanindividualinrelationtooppressionanddominationAnintersectionalapproachisimportantasyoutharenotahomogenousgroup(Pyburnetal2015)BesidesbeinglsquoyoungrsquoyouthholdmanyotheridentitiesaswellTheseidentitiesarerelatedtoreligiongendertribeincomelevellocation(urbanrural)agroecologicalzonenaturalresourcesmarketaccesseducationlevelandaccesstohealthfacilities

Ourunderstandingofyouthshouldalsoborrowfromasocial-relationalapproachYoungpeopledonotexistinavacuumTheirrealitiesareshapedbythesocialcontextsinwhichtheyliveandtherelationstheyupholdArelationalapproachaimstostudyyouthinthecontextofrelationshipstootherindividualsandsocialgroups

Forinstancetherelationshipwithparentsorothercaretakers(egcommunitymembersfamilymembers)playsafundamentalroleintheaspirationsandagencyofyouthFlynnandSumberg(2017)concludethatbasedonfieldworkinTanzaniaZambiaUgandaandGhanatheengagementofyouthwithsavingsgroupsinSub-SaharanAfricadependsheavilyonthenetworksof

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

9

familyandsocialrelationsFieldworkinUgandaandEthiopiarevealsthatrelationshipswithparentscanbothenableaswellasdiscourageyouthfromengagingwiththelivestocksector

AnanalyticalframeworkTogroundthediscussionasimpleanalyticalframeworkispresentedinFigure4largelyadoptedfromRipolletal(2017)Itanalysesyouthinrelationtothelargepolitical-economiccontextsocioculturalstructuresandagencywithinthesestructuralforces

Figure4Ananalyticalframeworktounderstandtheabilityofyouthtolsquomaketheirfuturersquo

Themacrocontextrelatestothelargerpolitical-economicstructuresandchangesinthosestructuresForinstancetheincreaseinworldpopulationwillleadtoanincreaseindemandforagriculturalproductsOtherfeaturesofthemacrocontextincludeinternationalpoliciesguidingagriculturaldevelopment(egtheComprehensiveAfricaAgricultureDevelopmentProgramme)aswellasnationalpoliciesandstrategiesAtanationallevelmanycountrieshavehadnationalyouthpoliciesinplaceyearsbeforetherecentattentiononyouthOthermacro-levelvariablesmayincludeinfrastructureelectricitypoliticalstabilityandtheimminentthreatofclimatechangeAllofthesehigherlevelfactorsshapetheoutcomesofanyinterventionsrelatedtoyouthemploymentThestructureoftheeconomyalsofallsintothiscategoryThelevelofstructuraltransformationhighlyimpactsthetypeofemploymentavailableforyouth

ThelocalcontextincludesmanyofthelocaleffectsderivedfromthetrendsandstructuresatthemacrolevelThesefactorsaretheavailabilityoftechnologieslandaccesstowaterinputsandelectricityinfrastructurefinancelocalimpactofclimatechangepenetrationofcommunicationtechnologiesproximitytoanddensityofurbancentrestheaccessibilityofmarketsnaturalresourcesandagroecologicalcircumstances(egsoilfertilitydiseaseprevalenceweather)

ThemacroandlocalcontextinteractwiththesocialstructuresRipolletal(2017)definesocialstructuresaslsquolawsregulationstraditionsexpectationsvaluesandnormsndashformalandinformalndashthatacttoconstrainorenablepeoplersquosindividualandcollectiveagencyrsquoSocialstructuresevolvebutarenormallyratherstable

ItistheinterplaybetweenthemacrocontextlocalcontextandsocialstructuresthatdefinethespacewithinwhichyouthcanoperatetomakedecisionsandtotakeadvantageofeconomicopportunitiesThisinteractswiththecircumstancesoftheindividualyouth(theirsituationsassetsandcharacteristics)YoungmenandwomencanoperateindividuallyorcollectivelytotakeadvantageofthisspacedependingontheirsocioeconomicstatusTheycanalsochallengethestructuresinplacecontestinggenderandagenorms(Kea2013)reclaimingcustomaryentitlementstolandandotherresources(Chauveau2006)ordemandingstateinterventionintheirfavour(White2012)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

10

What is special about youthNowwhatdoyoungpeoplewantIthinktheywantthesamethingaswhatallofuswant

mdashSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonatatownhallmeetingwithTunisianyouth(USDepartmentofState2012)

TodeveloptheentrypointsoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockfocusonyouthacriticalunderlyingquestionneedstobeaddressedWhatisdifferentaboutyouthanddothesedifferenceswarrantadifferentapproachInterviewsconductedwithprogramstaffrevealedacertaindiscomfortregardingthetargetingofyouthandayouthspecificapproach(includingalsquoyouthstrategyrsquo)InthewordsofonestaffmemberlsquoWhatisreallydifferentaboutyoungpeoplersquoThequotebyformerSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonistellingIndeedifyouthwantthesamethingwhydotheyneedspecialattentionWelookattheliteratureonconstraintsorchallengesfacedbyyouthbeforeanalysingtheiropportunities

Challengesforyouth

ThereisagrowingbodyofliteraturerelatedtothechallengesyouthfaceinagricultureForexampletheFAOreport(2014)onyouthinagriculturesinglesoutsevenmainchallengesinsufficientaccesstoknowledgeinformationandeducationlimitedaccesstolandinadequateaccesstofinancialservicesdifficultiesaccessinggreenjobslimitedaccesstomarketsandlimitedinvolvementinpolicydialogueMostofthesechallengesalsofeatureingeneralanalysesonagriculturaldevelopmentandthechallengessmallholdersfaceTheymaybemoreacuteforyouthbutareoftenpresentfornon-youthorsociallydisadvantagedgroupssuchaswomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesFilmerandFox(2014)identifyfourmainchallengesforyouthfinancialserviceslandpoliciesinfrastructureandcapitalYetagainallofthesearealsocitedaschallengesforsmallholdersingeneral(WorldBank2008)Thesameargumentcanbemadeformacrolevelconstraintssuchasresearchanddevelopmentextensioninfrastructurehealthandeducationwhichapplyjustasmuchtoyouthastheydotonon-youthFilmerandFox(2014)agreestatingthatstudyingtheissueofyouthemploymentforexampleismuchlikestudyingoverallemployment

NeverthelessinpopularandacademicdiscoursesomespecificchallengesarerepeatedlymentionedinrelationtoyouthandagriculturewhichmaywarrantadifferentyouthsensitiveapproachThesespecificchallengesincludeaccesstolandandfinanceandmigration

Limitedaccesstolandandfinance

ThedynamicsoflandaccessarecreatinganewrealityinagricultureespeciallyforyouthBothAsiaandAfricaarewitnessingadecreaseinfarmsizeandlanddistributionwhichisprimarilyaconsequenceofgrowingruralpopulationsandsubdivisionoflanduponinheritance(DjurfeldtandJirstroumlm2013)AlsotheurbaneliteisincreasinglyacquiringlandcontributingtoscarcityLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanistheregionwiththegreatestinequalityinthedistributionoflandlandownershipisdominatedbylargefarms(FAO2017Oxfam2016)

InsomeareaslandisstillabundantbutthislandisoftenquiteconcentratedForinstanceinSub-SaharanAfrica90ofsurplusarablelandisconcentratedinsixtoeightcountriesdependingonthedefinitionsused(Jayneetal2016)DifferencesalsoexistwithincountriesFieldworkconductedinUgandafortheyouthinlivestockframingpaperrevealedthatinsomeruralareaslandisbecomingscarceHowevercertainlivestockventuressuchaspigfarmingdoesnotrequiremuchlandsoyouthareusuallynotconstrainedintheiraccesstolandInmoreurbanareasaccesstolandisabiggerchallengeInEthiopiatheyouthassessmentidentifiedaccesstolandasamajorchallengeIndeedonewouldbecorrectinarguingaccesstolandisachallengeforagriculturaldevelopmentingeneral(WorldBank2008)YetduetopopulationgrowthinAsiaAfricaandLatinAmericacombinedwithprivateinvestmentinlandlandisbecomingscarceatanunprecedentedrateAssuchaccesstolandisnotanewissuebutitisdefinitelymorepressingforyouth

Oftenmentionedinthesamesentenceaslandislimitedaccesstofinancialservices(RuttenandFanou2015AGRA2015)HoweveraccesstofinanceseemstobeimprovingwhereasaccesstolandisbecomingmoredifficultFormalandinformalmoneylendersareincreasinglyofferingaccesstofinancialservicesfacilitatedbynewtechnologiesForinstancethemobilepaymentserviceM-PesainKenyahasbeencreditedwithsignificantpovertyreduction(SuriandJack2016)Howeveraccesstofinanceespeciallyfortheruralpoorisstillamajorchallenge(Rabobank2013)Accesstolandandfinancearechallengesthataffectsmallholdersingeneralbutmaybemoreacuteforyoungpeopleastheircollateralisoftennonexistent(Asciuttietal2016)HoweverasyoungmenagesomelsquogrowoutrsquooftheseproblemsThecurrentgenerationofyouthisnotdisproportionatelyexposedtothesechallengesForwomenservicesarelessaccessiblebutthisismostlyaconsequenceofprevailinggendernorms

Climate change

ThereisclearevidencethatclimatechangeisalreadyaffectingthedistributionofanimalandplantpestsanddiseasescausingerosionsoildegradationdroughtsanderraticrainsthecompleteeffectsaredifficulttopredictHoweveritislikelythatclimatechangewillrenderagricultureandlivestockmoreknowledgeintensiveandlessofanattractivelivelihoodoption(FAO2017)Assuchitwillaffecttheinterestandengagementofyouthinagriculture(AGRA2015)Someevenstipulatemigrationstreamsareverylikelytointensifyduetotheincreasedpressurecausedbychangesintheenvironment(QuartzIndia2018)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

11

ClimatechangesharessimilaritiestothechallengeofaccesstolandInterventionsthathelptomanagetheimpactofclimatechangedonotnecessarilyrequireayouthperspectiveandoughttoincludeallsocialgroups(dependingonthedegreeofexposuretoclimatechange)Howevermitigationofandadaptiontoclimatechangearemoreacuteforyouththanfornon-youthastheimpactofclimatechangeisexpectedtoincreaseEvidencesuggestsyoungpeoplehaveanunderstandingofclimatechangeandhowtoadapttoityettheydonotnecessarilyhavethemeanstodoso(Amsler2017)

AdditionalresearchontheimpactofclimatechangeonyoungfarmersrsquowaninginterestinagricultureandlivestockwouldbewelcomeThiscouldshedlightonthequestionregardingtheextenttowhichthisaffectstheirmotivationtoengageinsustainableandprofitablefarmingandagribusinessThiscouldbetiedtoresearchonmigration

Lazyuninterestedyouthandquickreturns

Anotherchallengefrequentlydiscussedinrelationtoyouthandtheirengagementinagricultureistheirlackofinterestinthesector(Bennell2007Anyidohoetal2012)Somefearthatyouthwillabandonagriculturehurtingthesectorandbroadergoalsoffoodandnutritionsecurity(Pyburnetal2015)

Attimesthisispartofanarrativeinwhichyoutharedescribedaslazyandorevendeviant(Anyidohoetal2012)FieldworkinUgandarevealedthatyouththemselvesstartedtointernalizesuchstigmasandseetheirpeersasimpatientandlackingdedicationAttimesadesirebyyouthforquickerreturnsorlsquoquickmoneyrsquoismentionedinthiscontext(Ochilo2014)TheKenyanYouthPolicy2017ndash21forinstancestatesthatlsquothedesireforquickreturnsandimpatience[oftheyouth]oftenleadstopoordecisionmakingandinabilitytogrowandnurtureagriculturalenterprisesrsquo(MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017)

AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthattheinterestofyoungpeopleinagricultureisindeedwaninginsomecountriesandareasForexampleinarecentsurveybytheAgaKhanFoundationyouthinterestintheagriculturalsectorisgenerallylow

bull InKenyaonly11wouldwishtogointofarmingcomparedto48intobusinessbull InUganda12farmingversus48businessbull InTanzania20farmingversus50businessbull InRwanda5farmingversus(65business1

HoweverthereasonsforthislackofengagementdonotseemtobecausedbysomeformoflazinessorlsquoslackingrsquoForexampleKosecetal(2017)observelowinterestinagricultureinEthiopiaaswellTheyfindthattheinterestinfarmingissignificantlyaffectedbytheaccesstoland(pushfactors)incomparisonwithpullfactorsThisisinagreementwithfindingsbyBezuandHolden(2014)forEthiopiaaswellassimilarfindingsinGhana(Amanor2010)andBurundi(BerckmoesandWhite2014)Inallcaseslimitedaccesstolandaffectstheinterestofyouthnegativelyalthoughlittlecomparativeanalysiswasdonebetweenpushandpullfactors

HoweverTadeleandGella(2012)foundthatalthoughlandisasignificantissueinEthiopiayouthperceiverurallifeandagricultureaslsquobackwarddemandingandevendemeaningndashespeciallyforthosewhohavegonethroughyearsofeducationwithhigherhopesandexpectationsrsquo(p41)Inamulticountrystudyconductedin23ruralurbanandperi-urbancommunitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomeAsianAfricanandLatinAmericancountriesLeavyandHossain(2014)concludethatthelackofinterestbyyouthinagricultureisacombinationoftwodeterminingfactorsOneiseconomicpower(accesstolandandcredit)theotherconstituteslsquosociologicalexplanationsgoverningworkandoccupationalchoicendashstatusaspirationandmeritontheonehandandperceivedriskontheotherrsquo

InsummarywhileyouthseemtohavelessinterestinagriculturethaninothersectorsitishardtodetermineifthisinterestisconsiderablylowerthanagenerationagoInanycasethelackofinterestislargelyaresultofstructuralpushfactors(mostsignificantlyland)whileinsomecasespullfactorsalsoplayaroleAlthoughtherearecertainlycasesofapathyandlazinessandgamblingandalcoholabusearerealissuesthereisnoevidenceforwidespreadapathyorlazinessamongyouth

ThesameappliestoyouthwantingquickmoneyMostagriculturalandlivestockactivitiesrequiretimebeforeprovidingareturnoninvestmentArangeofpotentialthreatssuchasweatheranddiseasesrenderagricultureariskyandunattractiveenterpriseThisfactisoftenusedasanargumentastowhyyoutharesaidtopreferforinstancevegetablefarmingoverstaplecropsorpoultryoverlivestockkeepingInastudyonyouthinvolvementintomatoproductioninGhanaOkaliandSumberg(2012)observethatyouthengageintomatoproductiontosatisfyshort-termcapitalneedsoftenusedforactivitiesoutsideofagriculturesuchasmarriagebusinessdevelopmentconstructionandrecreationYetinanotherstudyinGhanabyYeboahandSumberg(2016)youthdidnotranklsquoquickmoneyrsquoasoneoftheirmainprioritiesHowevernoneofthesestudiesconductedacomparativeanalysiswithnon-youth

Migration

YouthandmigrationarecloselyrelatedissuesMigrationgenerallyfallsintotwocategoriescross-border(international)andwithincountriesInternationalmigrationdrivespartoftheagendaonyouthemploymentWesterncountriesareconcernedwithmigrantflowsandthereisfearthatunemployedyouthwilljointerroristgroupsTheseconcernshavespurredanincreaseinaidexpenditureonmigrantcontrolbutalsoprovidearationaleforpolicymakersfundersdevelopmentandresearchorganizations1MethodologyisapointofemphasishereInsomestudies(egKosecetal2017AgaKhanFoundation2017)youthareaskedabouttheirpreferredsectorofemploymentOftenservicesindustry-basedemploymentispreferredduetopreferenceforsteadyformalwagejobsHoweverthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereiszerointerestinagriculture

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

12

tofocusonactivitiestargetingyouthindevelopingcountriesAnexampleisthe32billioneuroEuropeanUnionEmergencyTrustfundforAfrica(EuropeanCommission2017)

HoweverthevastmajorityofmigrationoccursbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithincountriesfromruraltourbanareasAggregate-leveldataoninternalmigrationarenotavailableduetothevariabilityindatacollectionmethodsacrosscountriesQuestionsremainregardingyouthandmigrationHoweverinmanylow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesmostofthemigrationfromruralareastotownsandcitiesappearstobeconstitutedbyyouthoftentwicetothreetimesmorethanadults(Goldinetal2017)

TocategorizemigrationasachallengeissomewhatproblematicasmigrationhasclearbenefitsMigrationhasthepotentialtounlockaccesstoeducationandimprovedincomesForwomenitcansupporttheirempowerment(Goldinetal2017)Moregenerallystructuraltransformationhashistoricallybeenlinkedtomigrationaslabourmovesoutofagricultureandintotheindustrialsector

ButtherearealsoclearchallengesYouthmigrationputspressureonurbancentresincreasingtheneedforlocalyouthemploymentsolutionsbothinurbanandruralareasMoreoveryouthinruralareasarehighlymobileThisholdsimplicationsforactivitiestargetingyouthWhoaretheyouththatleaveandwhichyouthremainandwhyDuringprojectimplementationhowdoyouaccountforthefactthatsomeofyourtargetpopulationmaychoosetomoveForinstancefieldworkfortheILRIAcceleratedValueChainDevelopmentprogramrevealedthatsomeyouthdropoutofsavinggroupswhentheymovetothecity(KIT2017)ThesametrendwasobservedintheIndex-basedLivestockInsurance(IBLI)projectinwhichlivestockinsuranceagentswereconsideredtechsavvyyetalsoquitelsquomobilersquoandthereforeattimesunreliable

OpportunitiesforyouthInspiteofthechallengesyouthfacetheliteratureidentifiesadvantagesyouthholdforagriculturaldevelopmentFilmerandFox(2014)statelsquoYoungpeoplebringenergyvitalityandinnovationintotheworkforceandwhentheirwillingnesstocontributeismatchedwithopportunitytheycanhaveatransformativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentrsquoTheseopportunitiesareassociatedwiththisgenerationofyouthrsquosinnatecharacteristicsskillsandassets(quality)ratherthantoapotentialdemographicdividend(quantity)ThemainopportunitiesoradvantagesdiscussedareeducationandskillsandInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)

Educationandskills

ThecurrentgenerationofyouthisbettereducatedthananybeforeAssuchthethinkinggoesyouthhavemoreopportunitiesthanadultsatgettingareasonablejobisaconsequenceofbothdemand(thenumberofjobs)andsupplyrepresentedbytheappropriateskillsandeducationoftheyouthpopulationEvidencesuggeststhatthosewitheducationandtherightskillsaremorelikelytoincreasetheirincomesbyrespondingtomarketopportunitiesandadoptimprovedtechnologies(WorldBank2017bFilmerandFox2014)

EducationindevelopingcountriesisindeedvastlyimprovingintermsofnumbersMorechildrenattendschoolthaneverbeforeYetarecentreportbyUNESCO(2017)concludesthat387millionchildrenofprimaryschoolageand230millionadolescentsoflowersecondaryschoolage(56and61respectively)willnotachieveminimumproficiencylevelsinreadingandmathInSub-SaharanAfrica202millionchildrenandadolescentsmdashnearly90mdasharenotattainingproficiencyinthesefundamentalsubjectsIncentralandsouthAsia81or241millionaredeficientinthesesubjects

Two-thirdsofthesechildrenwhofailproficiencytestsinreadingandmathareinschoolThissuggeststhatalongsideproblemsoflackofaccesstoeducationandhighdropoutratesamajorchallengeisthequalityoftheeducationoffered(UNESCO2017)

FormaleducationmaycontributetothesocalledlsquodeskillingrsquoofyouthManyruralyouthdonotlearnthenecessaryagriculturalandbusinessskillsnecessarytosurvivethecurrentlabourmarket(EisslerandBrennan2015)AccordingtoLeavyandSmith(2010)thereisalsquofundamentaltensionbetween[MillenniumDevelopmentGoal2](universalprimaryschooling)andthedesiretoseeyoungpeoplemaintainanengagementinfarmingrsquo(2010)TheincreaseinaccesstoeducationdoesnotnecessarilyrenderyouthwellequippedtoadoptnewtechnologiesandtoengageinagricultureandlivestockinamoresustainablemannerIndeedwhileyoutharekeenintestingnewpracticesandtechnologiestheymaynothavetherelevantknowledge

ICT

OverthelastdecadeorsoICTareincreasinglyusedastoolstoenhanceagriculturaldevelopmentYouthincombinationwithICTareoftenseenasapromisingopportunitywhichwillrevolutionizetheagriculturalsectorandgenerateemployment(AGRA2015)

ThereareseveralwaysthroughwhichICTcanhelptostimulateagriculturaldevelopmentdirectlywhichinclude

bull informationonagriculturalpracticesdiseasesandweatherconditions(egiCowFeedAssessmentTool)bull priceinformationandmarketchannels(egMkulimaYoungLivestockMarketInformationSystems)bull facilitatingaccesstofinancialservices(egIBLI)bull organizingfarmers

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

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AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

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BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

13

ThereisatendencytoviewICTasasilverbulletwiththepowertocompletelyrevolutionizesmallholder-basedagricultureandlivestockICTdoesholdpromiseforsmallholdersandyoungerpeopletendtoadoptICTmorereadily(WorldBank2017a)HoweverchallengesremainregardingICTinagriculture(FAO2015)Forinstancetheaccesstointernetandpenetrationofsmartphonesisstilllowinmanydevelopingcountriesespeciallyinruralareas(Sakil2017)Moreovermanyapplicationsarenoteconomicallysustainable(WorldBank2018)althoughtheargumentcanbemadethatinsomeinstancesfinancialsupportfromthepublicsectorisaworthwhileinvestmentFinallyanapportextmessageservicealonewillnotsolvethestructuralproblemsthatlimitagriculturaldevelopmentandstructuraltransformationForinstancewithregardtoeducationFilmerandFox(2014)notethatlsquomuchdependsonwhethertheindividualuserofICTsisabletoframerelevantquestionsbasedonlearningacquiredingoodprimaryschoolscoupledwithpracticeinimaginingstatesoftheworldotherthanthosealreadyexperiencedrsquo

Themeritsofayouthspecificapproach

YouthhasemergedasatopiconthedevelopmentagendaanditislikelytoremainthereforawhileconsideringthedemographicsituationdescribedaboveThispresentsbothopportunitiesforfundingaswellasincreasedpressurefromdonorstoincorporatethelsquoyouthperspectiversquoAcknowledgingtheserealitieswefirstneedtoassessifaspecificyouthapproachtoagriculturalresearchmakessenseBasedontheprevioussectionthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn

1 Alargesetofchallengesarenotyouthspecific

TheevidenceshowsamixedpictureMostoftheperceivedchallengesandopportunitiesforyoutharenotnewnordotheyapplyspecificallytoyouthForthemostpartyoutharenotinherentlydifferentthannon-youthAssuchasignificantincreaseinresearch(fordevelopment)withaspecificyouthlensforinstanceonagriculturalextensionfarmerorganizationinputsystemsandaccesstofinancewillbeoflimitedaddedvalue

ThisassertionalignswithanemergingbodyofliteraturewhichcritiquestheyouthlensInaframingpaperfortheCGIARResearchProgramonMaizeRipolletal(2017)arguethatthefocusofagriculturalresearchshouldbeonstructuralchallengesthatinhibitsocioeconomicdevelopmentforsmallholderagricultureandlivestockwhichleavesonlyalimitedroleforresearchonyouthTheriskistofallforthelsquosilverbullettraprsquoLosch(2016)makesasimilarargumentstatingthatlsquothepolicyprioritytodayisnottoseeksilverbulletswhichwouldgiveyouthdirectaccesstodecentjobsitistoseriouslyfocusonyouthspecificswithinanoverallstrategyforaninclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopmenthellipyouthemploymentwillstemfromadynamicprocessofchangeanditiscrucialtoidentifytheindispensablebuildingblocksinordertofacilitatetransitionsrsquo

2 Onlyalimitedsetofchallengesandopportunitieshaveayouthspecificdimensionandrequiremoreyouthspecificresearch

AselectfewchallengesandopportunitiesidentifiedintheprevioussectionsdorequireamorespecificyouthlensLandisincreasinglyaconstraintforyouthandtheirintegrationintoagricultureICTholdpromiseandcanassistactorsalongthevaluechainingeneralandyouthspecificallyICTarekeytoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisHoweverICTandyouthasasubjectandportfolioofagriculturalresearchisnotoptimalAgriculturalresearchcanplayamodestroleusingICTinthefollowingtwowaysFirstbytheidentificationofopportunitiesforICTsolutionsDevelopmentofICTapplicationswillbeoutsourcedtothirdpartiesSecondthroughthedevelopmentoftoolstoimprovedeliveryofimprovedtechnologiesandpracticesTrainingaidscanbedevelopedbasedonblendedlearningapproachesacombinationoffacetofaceanddigitallearningDigitaltoolsincludee-learningcoursestextmessagesandinteractivevoiceresponse

FinallymigrationamongyouthissignificantlyhigherthanadultsUsinganintersectionalapproachtobetterunderstandhowmigrationaffectstargetgroupsandadoptionpatternscouldbeusefulSelectivestructuralresearchtoidentifythelinksbetweenmigrationandclimatechangeisnecessaryAlsothelinksbetweenyouthemploymentopportunitiesandmigrationrequireattentionAreyouthwithhigherincomesandmoreemploymentopportunitiesmoreorlesslikelytomigrateHoweverthistypeofresearchisprobablybetterpositionedoutsideofaprogramwithaspecificfocusonlivestock

OveralltheuniquenessofyouthishighlyquestionableItismostlythenumberofyoungmenandwomeninthecontextoflimitedemploymentopportunitiesthatwarrantsattentionButsolutionstothischallengearenotnecessarilydifferentthantheonesresearchershavebeenstudyingfordecadesPerhapsthequalityandpracticalityofthisresearchshouldbequestionedwhichisnottheaimofthisstrategypaperUsingayouthlenshoweverwillnotsolvesuchissues

3 Moreyouthshouldbecometargetbeneficiarieswhichholdslimitedimplicationsforresearch

AlthoughusingayouthspecificresearchlenstoreducestructuralproblemsisilladvisedincreasedtargetingofyouththroughdevelopmentinterventionswarrantssupportAsdemonstratedabovethereisasignificantopportunityorchallenge(dependingononersquosperspective)associatedwiththelargeyouthcohortsnowandinthedecadestocomeLivestockisoneofthepathwaysthroughwhichsometypeofemployment(wagehouseholdenterpriseselfemployment)canbefoundMoreoveranincreaseinproductivityandemploymentofyouthcanhelptocreatethenecessarymultipliereffectswhichcontributetooverallstructuraltransformation

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

14

Goalsandobjectives

ThegoaloftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategyistoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksectoraswellastoenhancethebenefitstheyderive

Toachievethisgoalthreeobjectivesarebeingpursued

1 IntroduceandintegrateayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevelsThiswouldensurethatatleastasubsetofourresearchoutputsisintentionallyyouthsensitive

Thefirstobjectiveistobuildontheexistingresearchworkinthedifferentflagshipsandusealsquoyouthlensrsquowhenidentifyingtestingandevaluatingtechnologies(egvaccinesmdashyouthincentiveandabilitytoadopttheInfectionandTreatmentMethodtechnologyagainsttheEastCoastFeverdisease)practices(egfeedingpractices)orinstitutionalarrangements(eghubsmdashincludeyouthinterestsandneeds)eitheraslivestockkeepers(technologiespractices)orasothervaluechainactorsengagedinthedeliveryofinputsandservicesTwoapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthmainstreamingtoincreasetheparticipationofyouthinactivitiespromotingprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangementswhenrelevantThesecondobjectivefocusesonyouthresponsivedesignThisobjectiveaimstoincreaseyouthengagementinthelivestocksector

2 Identifystrategiesforlivestockdevelopmenttoeffectivelycreateyouthemploymentandentrepreneurship opportunities

WhilethefirstobjectivetakestheexistingCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockworkasastartingpointtoenhanceyouthengagementthesecondobjectivestartswiththeyouththemselvesTwomainapproachesareproposedoneisfocusedonyouthemploymentandoneonentrepreneurshipswhichincludestheworkaroundbusinessincubatorsThisobjectivethereforedealswithhowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoods

Insummarythefirstobjectiveisabouthowcanyouthsupportthelivestocksector(byincreasingtheirengagement)whilethesecondobjectiveisabouthowyouthcanleveragethelivestocksectortoimprovetheirlivelihoodsThetwoobjectivesthereforecomplementoneanother

3 Improveunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticular constraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

TheliteraturereviewconductedfortheyouthframingpaperconcludesthatyoutharenotinherentlydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationoflivestockkeepersyouthencountersimilarconstraintsandopportunitiesThestrategicresearchonyouthwillthereforefocusonspecifictopicsthatrequiremoreinvestigationwithclearlinkstotheothertwopathwaysThesethreetopicsarecurrentlymigrationaccesstolandandaccesstofinanceCooperationwillbesoughtwithotherCGIARprogramsasmoststrategicresearchisnotnecessarilylivestockspecific

Whilethefirsttwoobjectivesaremoreimpactorientedthethirdobjectiveunderstandingthenatureofyouthinvolvementiscriticaltojustifywhetheroureffortsonthefirsttwoarewelltargeted

Figure5presentsthethreeobjectivesorpathwaystowardsgreateryouthengagementinthelivestocksector

Figure5GoalsandobjectivesoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockyouthstrategy

Increasing youth engagement

1 Introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to ensure benefits are optimized for youth

Youth mainstreaming

Youth-responsive design

2 Identify strategies for how livestock development can be

effective in creating youth employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities

Design and pilot cost-effective

youth employment interventions

Identify and support youth

entrepreneurship opportunities

3 Improve understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities (strategic

research on youth)

Migration Access to land Access to finance

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

15

Researchquestionsandpriorityactivities

RegardingObjective1onintroducingandintegratingayouthlensacrosstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestocktoensurebenefitsareoptimizedforyouthatfarmandvaluechainlevels

- WhatisthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesinthefocusvaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesAretheredifferencesdrivenbythevaluechaincharacteristicspolicyandinstitutionalcontextsorsocialnorms

- WhatarethespecificconstraintsfacedbyyouthintheadoptionoftechnologiesatfarmlevelandcantechnologiesandpracticesbedesignedorpackageddifferentlytoincentivizeuptakeOntheotherhandaretheretechnologiesorpracticesthatyoutharemorelikelytoadoptandbenefitfrom

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthmorepresentwhatchallengesdotheyfaceandwhyandhowdoesthatimpacttheoverallvaluechainperformance

- HowdowedesigninstitutionalarrangementsthatallowstrongeryouthengagementWhatbusinessapproachesarelikelytoincreaseyouthbenefitsyouththroughgreaterengagementandrewards

- Whatarethebarrierstoincreasedyouthengagementconsideringtechnicalcapacityandexternalfactorslikesocialnorms- Areyouthmoreengagedinlivestockasasoleenterpriseorwhencombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarmactivities

Whyandhowdoesthatimpacttheproductivityandoverallvaluechainperformance

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Developanassessmenttooltoassesswhetheraproposedinnovationisyouthfriendly(possiblyusingaStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreats(SWOT)analysis)andidentifywaystomitigatepossiblebiaswiththedesignandorimplementationoftheinnovation

2 Assessthecurrentlevelandextentofyouthengagementinlivestockactivitiesfocusingonthevaluechainsandsystemsoftheprogramintheprioritycountriesandassociatedconstraints(egaccesstoland)andopportunities(egbetterabilitytouseICT)toidentifywaystorelaxaspecificconstrainteghowcouldyouthwithoutlandownandbenefitfromadairycowThiswouldalsoprovidetheopportunitytoshowcasesuccessfulyouthworkinginlivestock(positivedeviance)andlearnlessonsforwideruse

RegardingObjective2onidentifyingstrategiesforhowlivestockdevelopmentcanbeeffectiveincreatingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipopportunities

- Atwhatnodeofthelivestockvaluechainsareyouthcurrentlyemployedandforwhatkindofjobs- Whataretheentrypointsandapproachestoenhanceyouthemploymentinlivestocksystemsandvaluechainsfocusing

ontheprogramprioritycountriesWhatkindsofjobsaretheyperformingwhatconstraintsaretheyfacingandistheirinvolvement by choice

- Whatisthecurrentlevelofyouthentrepreneurshipinthelivestocksectoroftheprogramprioritycountriesforwhichactivities

- WhatarethebarrierstoyouthentrepreneurshipintermsoftechnicalconstraintscapacityfinancialorotherfactorsWhatarethedifferentmechanismstoencouragemoreyouthtobeentrepreneursandunderwhichcircumstancesareincubatorssuccessfulWhatcombinationoftechnicalandfinancialsupportandmentoringismostpromisingfordifferentvaluechainsin the program priority countries

- Areunconditionalandorconditionalcashtransfersusedbyyouthtostartlivestockrelatedbusinesses- Areinternshipsgoodmechanismstoharnessandincreaseyouthinterestinlivestockandwhatformismoresuccessful- Doyoungentrepreneursfocusonlivestockbusinessoraretheiractivitiescombinedwithotheragriculturalornonfarm

businesses - WhatpoliciesandinvestmentssupportyouthasentrepreneursEghowdoesthevariouscountriesrsquoschoolcurriculums

influenceyouthdecisionstoengageinlivestock

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Inthecontextofyouthemploymentreviewbusinessmodelsinabroadlivestockvaluechaincontexttoassesswhetherandhowotherprogramshaveprovidedincreasedjobopportunitiesforyoungpeople(eghownecessaryskillsareprovidedthroughdifferentformsofeducationandextensionservicesforbothtechnicallivestockrelatedskillsaswellasgeneralbusinessskills)

2 Reviewexistingyouthemploymentandentrepreneurshipprogramsinprioritycountriestoassesslessonslearnedwhichprogramsorelementsofitcontributetosuccessorlackofit

3 Atthesametimeworkwithpartnerstoactivelyexploreoptionstopilottestpromisingoptions(egincubatorapproach)TheprogramwillimplementanMampEprotocoltogeneratelessonslearnedforabroaderaudience

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

16

RegardingObjective3onimprovingtheunderstandingofthenatureanddriversofyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheparticularconstraintstheyfacebothfundamentalandimmediate(strategicresearchonyouth)

- Doyouthfindagriculturelesslsquosexyattractiversquocomparedtononyouthandwhydoesthisperceptiondifferwithinvaluechainsandcountries

- WhatarethelinksbetweenyouthincomeincludingfromlivestockanddecisiontomigrateinternationallyAretherelivestockrelatedinvestmentsthataremorelikelytoaffectyouthdecisiontomigrate

- Howdoeslocalandregionalmigrationofyouth(mainlytocities)affectthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandviceversa

- Giventheincreasinglandpressurewhatinnovativemechanismscanbepromotedtoimproveyouthaccesstolandegintergenerationallandtransferschemesstatelandtransfertoyouthorcollectiveactionatproductionlevel

- Whatalternativelivestockvaluechainactivitieswhichdonotrequiremuchlandsupportyouthengagementinlivestock- Whatistheimpactofclimatechangeonyouthabilityandinteresttoinvestinlivestockandonyouthmigration- HowdoesruraltransformationaffectyouthmigrationandshiftsfromfarmtononfarmenterprisesWhatarethepush-pull

factors- Howarethesequestionsansweredwhentakingalsquolifecyclersquocareerperspective

Asastartingpointsuggestedpriorityactivitiesareasfollows

1 Assesstheextentofyouthinvolvementinexistingprogramprojects(typeofactivitieswhatnodepercentageincludegenderdisaggregateddata)

2 Basedonexistingdatafromsourcesbothwithinandoutsideoftheprogram(egDemographicHealthSurveydata)buildtheevidencebasetounderstandthecurrentroleandtrendsforyouthinvolvementinlivestockactivitiesandtheassociateddrivers(incentivesconstraints)

3 Assessthefeasibilityofcollectingagedisaggregateddataforallprojects(trainingworkshopsfieldactivitiesetc)4 BuildallianceswithotherCGIARprogramsontheabovementionedtopics(migrationaccesstolandaccesstofinance)

ToC Figure6presentsaToCwithayouthlensbasedontheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCpresentingthethreespheresfromtheresearchoutputs(objectivesasdescribedabove)inthesphereofcontrolfollowedbytheexpectedresearchoutcomesinthesphereofinfluenceandfinallythesubIDOs(intermediatedevelopmenttoutcomes)ofrelevancetotheyouthworkinthesphereofinterestWeincludedthesubIDOsalreadyincorporatedintotheoverallprogramToC

TheresearchoutcomesareorganizedbythefourdomainsofchangeaspertheoverallprogramToCWhilesuchhigh-levelrepresentationisusefulconceptuallytoidentifybroadlevelofengagementaToCatalowerlevelforexampleforakeyoutputunderanobjectiveismoreusefultoarticulatetheactivitiesactorsandstakeholderstoengageandthesequenceofactionsThedevelopmentofamoredetailedToCisanextstep

NotethattheassumptionsareyettobeformulatedintwosetsonefromtheresearchoutputstotheresearchoutcomesandtheothersetfromtheresearchoutcomestothesubIDOsTheymaymatchtheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockToCortheymaybeadjustedThinkingthroughtheassumptionswillallowustorevisittheresearchquestionsandthesewouldbemorepertinentwhendevelopingmoredetailedToCatkeyoutputs(orproductline)level

Figure6TheoryofChangemdashCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockforyouthObjective 1 introduce and integrate a youth lens across the CGIAR Research

Program on Livestock

Youth mainstreaming and youth-sensitive design and pilotingAt farm other nodes and levels of livestock value-chains and systems- How can youth support the livestock sector by increasing their engagement

Objective 2 youth employment and entrepreneurship in the livestock sector

Design and pilot cost-effective youth employment interventionsIdentification and support youth entrepreneurship opportunities- How can youth leverage the livestock sector to improve their livelihoods

Objective 3 improve the understanding of the nature and drivers of youth involvement in livestock activities

MigrationAccess to landAccess to financeIdentification of new research topics based on lessons from the first two objectives

Improved capacity of women and

youth to participate in

decision-making

Increased livelihood

opportunities

Research outputs Research amp (near) development outcomes Sub-IDOs (Sphere of control) (Sphere of influence) (Sphere of influence rarrrarrinterest)

Reduced market barriers

For rapid inclusive growth and fragile growth trajectories

Changes in markets enterprises and consumer behaviourbull Private sector uses program solutions and business models to reach young

livestock keepers and other livestock value-chain actorsbull Youth entrepreneurs invest in the livestock sectorbull Government agencies and the private sector invest and use evidence from the

program to develop institutional arrangements that are attractive to youth

Changes in local national and international research and development systemsbull Partners use program research outputs on

youth to prioritize research and develop interventions (eg how to design incubator programs in livestock value-chains)

bull Partners consider youth concerns in decision-making

bull Partners adopt youth supportive approaches

Changes in producer systemsbull Youth in livestock communities apply

tested technologies practices and institutional arrangements

bull Youth benefit from their increased engagement in the livestock sector

Changes in policy and investments systems for scalingbull National governments and regional

bodies use program evidence on institutional arrangements to involve more youth in the delivery of livestock-related inputs and services

bull Public and private investors focusing on youth design their interventions based on the program evidence to attract more youth as employees and entrepreneurs in the livestock sector

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

17

Corestaffingandinstitutionalcapacity

CorestaffingAsstatedabovemostoftheyouthlsquoissuesrsquoarenotspecifictothispopulationwithmostoftheconstraintsyouthfacebeingthesameastherestofthelivestockactorsThisstrategyhasidentifiedyouthspecificresearchtopicsandsocialscientistswillbewellplacedtoleadthisresearchWhilepartnerswithinandoutsideoftheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockallhavestrongsocialsciencesexpertiseitislikelythatthesocialscientistswillhavelimitedtimetodedicatetoyouthissuesgiventheircurrentresearchfocusThedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthisstrategywaspossiblethroughinvestmentsbytheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockmanagementunitandsupportfromtheYoungExpertProgrammesofTheNetherlandswiththesecondmentofayouthexpertfromKITin2017Toavoidlosingmomentumitissuggestedthatayouthprogramfocalpersonbenominatedtocoordinatetheworkacrosstheflagshipsandthedifferentpartnersuntilasufficientlystrongyouthportfoliocanbebuilttowarranttherecruitmentofafulltimeyouthscientist

Thisexpertisewillbesupplementedbypartnershipswithuniversitiesresearchandotherorganizationsasdescribedinthenextsection

CollaborationwithpartnersCollaborationwithpartnershastwoobjectivesbringincomplementaryskillsandengageboundarypartnerstomeettheexpectedresearchoutcomesaspertheToCPotentialpartnersarelistedbelow

- KITmdashgiventhepreviousengagementindevelopingtheyouthframingpaperexpertiseandthefactthatKITisalreadyworking on other topics within the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock

- InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(Nigeria)YouthAgripreneurInitiative- AfricanMigrationandDevelopmentPolicyCentremdashongoingdiscussionwithILRIonmigrationtopics- HeiferInternationalmdashlongstandingpartnerofILRIandCIATcurrentlyimplementingtheEastAfricaYouthInclusionProject

withthesupportoftheMastercardFoundation- YoungProfessionalsforAgriculturalDevelopmentmdashaninternationalmovement- OthernongovernmentalorganizationsworkingonyouthissuesintheagriculturalsectorincludingNetherlandsDevelopment

Organization- AfricaAgribusinessAcademymdashapan-Africanbusinessplatformaimingtostimulateentrepreneurship- CTAInternational(wwwctaint)theTechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationmdashrecentlyinvolvedinaseries

ofworkshopsonnext-generationAfricanCaribbeanandPacificgroupofStatesagriculturethroughyouthentrepreneurshipjobcreationanddigitalizationItidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforruralentrepreneurshipandjobcreationaccessbyyouthtoinvestmentandfinancescalableapproachesandmodelsthatcanbetakenupenablingpolicyenvironmentsforyouthagriculturethatisattractivetoyouthaccessbyyouthtomarketsbusinessmodelsthatworkandaccesstoapoolofappropriateskillscapacitiesandknowledgeandwaystogrowtheseAstrongcasewasmadeformarketaccessasthemostcriticalelementbusinesswillnotbeprofitablewithoutamarketregardlessofinputssuchasskillsandventurecapital

Management system

ForthesamereasonsasthosestatedintheprevioussectionsonlyalsquolightrsquomanagementsystemissuggestedTheoverallcoordinationresponsibilitywillbegiventotheyouthprogramfocalpersonworkingwithacontactpersonineachoftheprogrampartnerorganizationsAyouthworkinggroupwillbeformedcomposedoftheappointedyouthprogramfocalpersonandtheyouthcontactpersonsofthedifferentprogrampartnerorganizationsThegroupwouldbringinadditionalmemberswhenneeded

Thecoordinationentailsthefollowingtasks

- Identifyhowsuccessoftheyouthstrategywillbemeasured(includingmetrics)- Guideprogrammanagementandresearchteamsinprioritizinglevelofeffortsbyobjective- Beinformedofnewopportunitiesandinitiativesandsharetheinformationtostimulatecollaborationbetweentheprogram

partnersandbeyond- Regularlyupdatethelistofrelevantpublications- Organizetheyouthworkinggroupregularly(twiceyearlyvirtuallyorphysicallyifpossible)- Reviewtheyouthmonitoringdataandsupporttheprogrammanagementinsynthesizingyouthrelatedworkfortheannual

report

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

18

MampE

RegardingmonitoringofactivitiesandoutputstheCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockisusingMARLO(ManagingAgriculturalResearchforLearningandOutcomes)whichrequiresflagshipstoprovideinformationonlsquoyouthrsquoatmajoractivityanddeliverableslevelsAtthisstagesuchdataarelikelytobesufficient

From2019theLivestockLivelihoodsandAgri-FoodSystems(LLAFS)flagshipplanofworkandbusiness(POWB)includesamajoractivityonlsquoyouthrsquoaspartofitsclusteronGenderandSocialEquityThisistoprovidealsquohomersquototheseactivitieswhilestillsupportingtheintegrationofyouthinothermajoractivities

ThenextstepistoagreeonaminimumsetofindicatorstotrackbasedontheToCandaspartofthedevelopmentoftheoverallCGIARResearchProgramonLivestockMampEframeworkThiswouldlikelyincludethefollowing

- Thecollectionanduseofageandgenderdisaggregateddataonyouthparticipationinresearchactivities- Anassessmentofyouthuptakeofprogramsupportedtechnologiespracticesandinstitutionalarrangements- Howsuchuptakeinfluencesyouthincomeandotherindicatorsoflivelihoods- Whetherandhowtheprogramevidenceonyouthinfluencedinvestmentsandpolicies

Budget

NoseparatebudgetallocationhasbeenmadeforresearchonyouthonW12whilethereiscurrentlynobilateralprojectmappedtotheYouthMajorActivityIn2017asstatedaboveprogrammanagementinvestedUSD100000forthedevelopmentoftheyouthframingpaperandthestrategy

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

19

References

AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup2016 Jobs for youth in Africa Strategy for creating 25 million jobs and equipping 50 million youth 2016ndash2025(AvailablefromhttpswwwafdborgfileadminuploadsafdbDocumentsBoards-DocumentsBank_Group_Strate-gy_for_Jobs_for_Youth_in_Africa_2016-2025_Rev_2pdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllenAHowardJKondoMJamisonAJayneTetal2016Agrifood youth employment and engagement study (AgYees)MichiganStateUniversity(Availablefromwwwispmsuedufiles481472497008AgYees_Report_FINAL_webpdf)(Accessed7February2019)

AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)2015Africa agriculture status report Youth in agriculture in Sub-Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya(AvailablefromhttpsagraorgAGRAOldwp-contentuploads201604africa-agriculture-status-re-port-2015pdf)(Accessed5February2019)

AmanorKS2010Familyvalueslandsalesandagriculturalcommodificationinsouth-easternGhanaAfrica80(1)104ndash125doi103366e0001972009001284

AmslerKHeinCandKlasekG2017Youth decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate changeCCAFSWorkingPaperno206WageningentheNetherlandsCGIARResearchProgramonClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)

AnyidohoNAKayuniHNdunguJLeavyJSallMetal2012Young people and policy narratives in Sub-Saharan AfricaFACWorkingPaper32BrightonFutureAgriculturesConsortium(AvailablefromhttpwwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Working_PaperYoungPeoplePolicyNarativesinsub-SaharanAfricapdf)(Accessed31May2019)

AsciuttiEPontAandSumbergJ2016Young people and agriculture in Africa A review of research evidence and EU documenta-tionInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesResearchReport82(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle12345678912175RR82pdfjsessionid=2B92E927B083513A908E6D1482B199A0sequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

BennellP2007Promotinglivelihoodopportunitiesforruralyouth(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdown-loaddoi=10113602874amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

BerckmoesLandWhiteB2014YouthfarmingandprecarityinruralBurundiEuropean Journal of Development Research26(2)190ndash203doi101057ejdr201353

BezuSandHoldenS2014AreruralyouthinEthiopiaabandoningagricultureWorld Development64259ndash272

BloomDEandWilliamsonJ1998DemographictransitionsandeconomicmiraclesinemergingAsiaWorld Bank Economic Review 12(3)419ndash55

BloomDCanningDandMalaneyPN2000PopulationdynamicandeconomicgrowthinAsiaPopulation and development review 26(S)257ndash90

BrooksKZoryaSandGautamA2013EmploymentinagricultureJobsforAfricarsquosyouthIn2012 Global Food Policy Report WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute48ndash57

CGIARConsortium2015Strategy and results framework 2016ndash2030httpshdlhandlenet109473865

ChauveauJPColinJPJacobJLavigneDPandLeMeurP2006Changes in land access and governance in West Africa Markets social mediations and public policies Results of the CLAIMS Research ProjectLondonIIED

DjurfeldtAAandJirstroumlmM2013Urbanization and changes in farm size in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia from a geographical perspective A Review of the literatureAforesightstudyofthendependentScienceandPartnershipCouncilConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchWashingtonDC(Availablefromhttpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownload-doi=10113657744amprep=rep1amptype=pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EisslerSandBrennanM2015Review of research and practice for youth engagement in agricultural education and training systems(Availablefromhttpinnovateoiredvteduwp-contentuploads201509EisslerBrennanYouth-EngagementFINALpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

EuropeanCommission2017The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa(Availablefromhttpseceuropaeueuropeaidregionsafri-caeu-emergency-trust-fund-africa_en)(Accessed31May2019)

FAO2015e-agriculture10yearReviewReportImplementationoftheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)ActionLineC7ICTApplicationse-agriculturebyKristinKolshusAntonellaPastoreSophieTreinenandAliceVanderElstraetenRomeItalyFAO

FAO2017The state of agriculture 2017 Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformationRomeItalyFAO

FAOCTAandIFAD2014Youth and agriculture Key challenges and concrete solutionsRomeItalyFAO

FilmerDandFoxL2014Youth employment in Sub-Saharan AfricaWashingtonDCUSAWorldBankandAgenceFranccedilaisedeDeacuteveloppement

FlynnJandSumbergJ2017YouthsavingsgroupsinAfricaTheyrsquoreafamilyaffairEnterprise Development and Microfinance 28(3)

20

(Availablefromhttpwwwdevelopmentbookshelfcomdoiabs1033621755-198616-00005)(Accessed31May2019)

FoxLandKaulU2017TheevidenceisinHowshouldyouthemploymentprogramsinlowincomecountriesbedesignedUSAID(Availablefromhttpconferenceizaorgconference_filesGLMLICNetwork_2017fox_l4959pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

GoldinNAdhikariSGlickPRomeroJandSmithR2017Toward employment solutions for youth on the move Solutions for youth employment(Availablefromhttpswwws4yeorgsitesdefaultfiles2017-09S4YE20Youth20on20Move_Com-plete20Final20Report20July2017pdf)(Accessed31May2019)

HuntingtonSP2001SoarecivilizationsatwarInterviewTheObserverSundayOctober21(Availablefromhttpswwwtheguar-diancomworld2001oct21afghanistanreligion2)(Accessed31May2019)

JayneTSChamberlinJTraubLSitkoNMuyangaMetal2016Africarsquoschangingfarmsizedistributionpatternstheriseofmedium-scalefarmsAgricultural Economics47197ndash214doi101111agec12308

JohnstonBFandKilbyP1975Agriculture and structural transformation Economic strategies in late developing countriesNewYorkUSAOxfordUniversityPress

KeaP2013ThecomplexityofanenduringrelationshipgendergenerationandthemoraleconomyoftheGambianMandinkahouseholdJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute19102ndash119

MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries2017Kenya youth agribusiness strategy 2017ndash2021 Positioning the youth at the fore-front of agricultural growth and transformationNairobiKenya(Availablefromwwwypardnetsitesdefaultfilesresourceskenya_youth_in_agribusiness_strategy_2017-2021_apdf)(Accessed31May2019)

ILRI2017Report on youth engagement in the Accelerated Value Chain Development projectILRIinternalreportNairobiKenyaILRI

KleijnWBaltenweckIdeHaanNandPyburnR2018Livestock CRP framing paperILRIinternaldocument

KosecKGhebruHHoltemeyerBMuellerVandSchmidtE2017Theeffectoflandinheritanceonyouthemploymentandmigra-tiondecisionsEvidencefromruralEthiopiaWashingtonDCUSAandAddisAbabaEthiopiaInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)andEthiopianDevelopmentResearchInstitute(EDRI)(Availablefromhttpebraryifpriorgcdmrefcollectionp15738coll2id131116)(Accessed31May2019)

LeavyJandSmithS2010Future farmers Youth aspirations expectations and life choices(AvailablefromhttpswwwidsacukfilesdmfileFAC_Discussion_Paper_013FutureFarmerspdf)(Accessed31May2019)

LeavyJandHossainN2014Who wants to farm Youth aspirations opportunities and rising food pricesWorkingPaper439BrightonUKInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhan-dle1234567893550Wp439rpdfsequence=4)(Accessed31May2019)

LinJ2012Youth bulge A demographic dividend or a demographic bomb in developing countries(Availablefromhttpblogsworldbankorgdevelopmenttalkyouth-bulge-a-demographic-dividend-or-a-demographic-bomb-in-developing-countries)(Ac-cessed31May2019)

LiptonM2005Crop science poverty and the family farm in a globalizing world2020IFPRIdiscussionpaperNo40WashingtonDCUSAInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute

ResearchProgramonLivestock2016Proposal Livestock Agri-Food Systems CGIAR Research Program overall and flagship narratives(Availablefromhttpscgspacecgiarorgbitstreamhandle1094743982Livestock20-20CRP20and20FP20Narra-tives20Proposal202017-2022pdfsequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

LoschB2016Structural transformation to boost youth labour demand in sub-Saharan Africa The role of agriculture rural areas and territorial developmentGenevaILO

OchiloW2014Youth changing the face of agriculture in Kenya(Availablefromhttpsblogplantwiseorg20140519youth-changing-the-face-of-agriculture-in-kenya)(Accessed31May2019)

OkaliCandSumbergJ2012QuickmoneyandpowerTomatoesandlivelihoodbuildinginruralBrongAhafoGhanaInstitute of Development Studies Bulletin43(6)44ndash57

PyburnRAudet-BeacutelangerGDidoSQuirogaGandFlinkI2015Unleashing potential gender and youth inclusive agri-food chainsKITSNVWorkingPaperSeries7

QuartzIndia2018Climate change may force 200000 people in Bangladesh to migrate(Availablefromhttpsqzcomin-dia1432375climate-change-may-force-200000-people-in-bangladesh-to-migrate)(Accessed31May2019)

Rabobank2013Access to finance in Rwanda(Availablefromhttpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=IWgPIEPUm-4)(Accessed31May2019)

RipollSAnderssonJBadstueLButtnerMChamberlinJErensteinOandSumbergJ2017RuraltransformationcerealsandyouthinAfricaWhatroleforinternationalagriculturalresearchOutlook on Agriculture46(3)

RuttenLandFanouSL2015InnovativeandinclusivefinanceforyouthinagricultureInAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(eds)AfricaAgricultureStatusReportYouth in Agriculture in Sub Saharan AfricaIssueNo3NairobiKenya94ndash117(Availablefromhttpwwwypardnetsitesypardnetfilesfinance20agriyouthpdf)(Accessed31May2019)

21

SakilAH2017ICTyouthandurbangovernanceindevelopingcountriesBangladeshperspectiveInternational Journal of Adoles-cence and Youth1-16doi1010800267384320171330697

SukariehMandTannockS2015Youth rising The politics of youth in the global economydoi1043249781315884660

SuriTandJackW2016Thelong-runpovertyandgenderimpactsofmobilemoneyScienceMagazinepp1288ndash1292(Availablefromhttpsciencesciencemagorgcontent35463171288full)(Accessed31May2019)

TadeleGandGellaAA2012AlastresortandoftennotanoptionatallFarmingandyoungpeopleinEthiopiaInstitute of Development Studies Bulletin43(6)33ndash43

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UrdalH2004The devil in the demographics The effect of youth bulges on domestic armed conflict 1950ndash2000SocialDevelopmentPapers14WashingtonDCUSAWorldBank

WhiteB2012AgricultureandthegenerationproblemruralyouthemploymentandthefutureoffarmingInstitute of Development Studies Bulletin43(6)9ndash19(Availablefromhttpsopendocsidsacukopendocsbitstreamhandle1234567897535IDSB_43_6_101111-j1759-5436201200375xpdfsequence=1)(Accessed31May2019)

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httphdlhandlenet109865990

WorldBank2017aICT in agriculture (updated edition) Connecting smallholders to knowledge networks and institutionshttphdlhandlenet1098627526

WorldBank2017bFuture of food Shaping the food system to deliver jobshttphdlhandlenet1098626506

WorldBank2018Working with smallholders A handbook for firms building sustainable supply chainshttphdlhandlenet1098629764

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YeboahTandSumbergJ2016PerspectivesondesirableworkFindingsfromaQstudywithstudentsandparentsinruralGhanaThe European Journal of Development Research 29(2)423ndash440