Ch. 2. Sanitation management today and in future

Women washing clothes in a way which optimises water use (R. Shrestha)

Aeration lagoons in a city sewage treatment plant (J-O Drangert)

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

2.1 Sanitation arrangements

at household and community levels

Learning objectives: matching management with technology and local conditions

Is there one system that

suits most conditions or must

we choose and combine?

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Changes in our perceptions of urban flows

Household, community or city

chemicals

food

water

wastewater

Year 1900: nutrients from human waste were recycled but ⇒disposal of glass and metal in latrine bins made this impossible

Human-derived nutrients went into the water cycle⇒

Year 2000: use of sewage sludge as fertiliser but heavy ⇒metals and hormones in wastewater made this impossible ⇒Sludge went to landfill or incineration Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

non-organic items

lakeWWTP

(a) An urban eco-house for a single family

Greywater treatment

plant

Urine-diverting

toilet

Dug well for groundwater

recharge

Roof tanksHot water solar heater Rainwater catchment

Rainwater catchment

flower garden

Vegetable garden with urine

& composted faecal matter

Rainwater collection tank Biosand filter for well water treatment

SODIS drinking water

Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

Underground tank & rainwater flushing

Groundwater recharge

Biosand filter

Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

Roof catchment

for rain

Bio-sand filter for

well water

Underground tank

Rainwater pipe

Well for groundwater

recharge

Rainwater overflow

pipe

(a 1) Rainwater collection and storage

Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet

Co-compost bin

Co-compostbin

Resting bin for faeces

Porcelain UD-toilet

Collection bin

Shute

Urine tank with tap

(a 3) Gardening with greywater, urine and composted faecal matter

Reed bed for treating greywater that is recycled on the terrace

Lawn and flowers on terrace garden

SODIS treatment of drinking water

Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal

(b) Self-contained neighbourhood with six houses in a small town in Australia

Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia

Fly trap – a simple plastic bottle cut in two

(b 1) Some ingenious technical details

Newly installed container for excreta (Clivus Multrum)

Rainwater filter box

Collection tube for the first rain

Diversion of clean rainwater

Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia

(c) A block of semi-detached ecosan houses in Kimberley, South Africa

J-O Drangert, Linköping UniversitySweden

Courtesy of SIPU International, Sweden

(c 1) The sanitation arrangements at each house

Bio-solids

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(c 2) Design solutions in Kimberley, South Africa

Greywater use in the garden

Small garden

Water-less urinal

Kimberley UDT in píeces

plastic bucket

opening to remove bucket Door to reach

the bucket from outside

of houseJan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(d) Eco-blocks in water-scarce Erdos, China

Surrounding farmland

Pond with effluent

Surroundingfarmland

Greywater treatment

plant

4-5 storey buildings

Composting station

Source: Zhu Quiang 2008

(d 1) Sanitation arrangements in Erdos eco-town

Source: Zhu Quiang 2008

(d 2) Resident assessment in Erdos

Source: Zhu Quiang, 2008

Bent vent pipes to evacuate bin

Ventilated cabinet

Four types of problems – frequency of occurrence in August 2008

(e) High-rise housing complex in the water-scarce city of Bangalore, India

J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

(e 1) Mini-wastewater treatment plant in the cellar

Sedimentation and aeration tanks

Dewatering compressor

J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Carbon filter

Pressure sand filter

(e 2) Experiences and future trends

Ganesh Consultancy & Analytical Services, Bangalore (Mini-WWTP)

(f) Self-contained housing complex

WC

STP 130

130 L

55 L groundwater recharge

wetland/tank

groundwater

well water

80 L

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden

50 L

80 L 10 L

70 L

25 L

15 L

Source: Financial Times, 2011

Restoring nature in urban settings

A cross-section of Bosco Verticale

Principle:

• Organic ≠ other solid waste

• Stormwater ≠ sewage

• Industrial ≠ household wastewater

• Toilet water ≠ greywater

• Faeces ≠ urine

Strategies for sanitation improvements

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden