Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions

Nationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-States▫Nationalism—loyalty to a nation rather than

a king or empire0▫Nation-State—nation with its own

independent government▫1815: Only France, England and Spain are

nation-states▫Liberals and radicals support nationalism▫3 types of nationalist movements:Unification: Merges culturally similar landsSeparation: Splits off culturally distinct groupsState-building: Binds separate cultures into one

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power•Greeks Gain

Independence▫Balkans—region

controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s.

▫Rebel against Ottomans in 1821

▫Popular support for revolution

-Britain, France, and Russia contribute▫1830: Independence

Continued•1830s: Uprisings Crushed

▫Old order breaks down▫Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and

nationalists launch revolts▫Mid-1830s: Conservatives back in control

•1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite▫Ethnic uprisings (Esp. in Austrian Empire)▫Liberals hold power for short time, but

conservative status-quo restored (Prussian and Austrian armies restore monarchy).

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

•Austria▫1866:-Defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)-Hungarian nationalism -Empire split into Austria and Hungary

-Still ruled by emperor•Russia

▫Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

Italian Unification▫ Camillo di Cavour—

prime minister of Sardinia in 1852

-Wins Austrian-controlled Italian land

-Helps nationalist rebels in southern Italy▫ Giuseppe Garibaldi

-Red shirts-Victor Emmanuel

rules as king after unification

German Unification• Prussia Leads German Unification

-Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany

-mainly German population-powerful army-liberal constitution

• Bismarck -Junkers: Conservative wealthy landowners

— support Prussian Wilhelm I-Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister

-Realpolitik:power politics without idealism

-Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

Continued

•Prussia Expands-Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain

two provinces•Seven Weeks War

-Provoke war w/ Austria-Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany-Eastern and western Prussia joined

•The Franco-Prussian War-Provoke war with France to unite all Germans-Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles-United Germany w/ Prussian dominance

Effects•Balance Is Lost

-In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:

Austria Prussia Britain France Russia

-By 1871, Britain and Germany more powerful-Austria and Russia weaker militarily and economically