Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Humiliating Defeat in the Crimean War

Need for reforms:1.Emancipation Edict

1861..bondage gone…but, free?

2. 1864-Zemstvos

1881-assassinated..era of reform comes to an end

Emancipation Edict, 1861Emancipation Edict, 1861

• proclaimed the emancipation of the serfsproclaimed the emancipation of the serfs• more than twenty-three million people received their more than twenty-three million people received their

libertyliberty• All personal serfdom was abolished, and the peasants All personal serfdom was abolished, and the peasants

were to receive land from the landlords and pay them were to receive land from the landlords and pay them for it. The state advanced the money to the landlords for it. The state advanced the money to the landlords and recovered it from the peasants in 49 annual sums and recovered it from the peasants in 49 annual sums known as redemption payments.known as redemption payments.

• Serfs were granted the full rights of free citizensSerfs were granted the full rights of free citizens• Emancipation Proclamation(1863) consists of two Emancipation Proclamation(1863) consists of two

executive orders issued by United States President executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil WarAbraham Lincoln during the American Civil War

Great Emancipator’sGreat Emancipator’s• Czar Alexander II Czar Alexander II Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln• 18611861 18631863• RussiaRussia U.S.U.S.

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Reactionary.

Slavophile(believed in the uniqueness of Russian culture and contended that Russia should rely on its own character and history to determine its future development.).

“Russification” program.

Alexander III is considered by historians to have been a repressive and reactionary tsar.

Under Alexander IIIUnder Alexander III

• Trans-Siberian Railway’s success encouraged Trans-Siberian Railway’s success encouraged foreigners to use their capital to build factories foreigners to use their capital to build factories in Russia.in Russia.

• By 1900, only German & the U.S. were By 1900, only German & the U.S. were producing more steel than the Russians, & producing more steel than the Russians, & Russia was producing & refining half the Russia was producing & refining half the world’s oil output!world’s oil output!

Sergei WitteSergei Witte• policy-maker who presided over extensive policy-maker who presided over extensive

industrialization within the Russian Empire.industrialization within the Russian Empire.

• Witte served as Russian Director of Railway Witte served as Russian Director of Railway Affairs within the Finance Ministry from 1889 – Affairs within the Finance Ministry from 1889 – 18911891

• building of the Trans-Siberian Railwaybuilding of the Trans-Siberian Railway

• At 9,259 kilometres (5,753 miles), spanning a At 9,259 kilometres (5,753 miles), spanning a record 7 time zones and taking eight days to record 7 time zones and taking eight days to complete the journey, it is the third-longest complete the journey, it is the third-longest single continuous service in the world.single continuous service in the world.

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

The

Pale

The

Pale

Sergei WitteSergei Witte• highly influential policy-maker who presided highly influential policy-maker who presided

over extensive industrialization within the over extensive industrialization within the Russian EmpireRussian Empire

• 11stst PM of Imperial Russia PM of Imperial Russia

Trans-Siberian RailwayTrans-Siberian Railway

The marker for kilometre 9,288, at the end of the line in

Vladivostok

Bridge over Kama River, near Perm in

1912

The Modernization of Russia and the The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

The Russian Revolution of 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1905

1. Military Defeat 1. Military Defeat

2. Bloody Sunday 2. Bloody Sunday

3. Czarist Reforms 3. Czarist Reforms

4. Russia in 1914 4. Russia in 1914

The Modernization of Russia and the The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire

1. Ottoman Decline 1. Ottoman Decline

2. The Tanzimat 2. The Tanzimat

3. The Limits of Reform 3. The Limits of Reform

4. The Young Turks4. The Young Turks

• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory

• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews

• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against

independence movement, external threats

• 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled

Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled

Empire in Decline• Situation created “Eastern

Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed?

• Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean

• French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off

The Eastern Question

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sick Man of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sick Man of Europe”

““Sick Man of Europe”Sick Man of Europe”• Nickname to describe European country Nickname to describe European country

experiencing time of economic difficultyexperiencing time of economic difficulty• Attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of RussiaAttributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

– Not clear Nicholas I ever saidNot clear Nicholas I ever said– During Crimean WarsDuring Crimean Wars

• Referred to Ottoman Empire Referred to Ottoman Empire because it was because it was falling under financial control of European falling under financial control of European powers & lost territory in series disastrous powers & lost territory in series disastrous warswars– Nicholas I referred the Empire as a very Nicholas I referred the Empire as a very

sick man, “a man” who “has fallen into a sick man, “a man” who “has fallen into a state of decrepitude”state of decrepitude”

Modern Use of “Sick man of Europe”Modern Use of “Sick man of Europe”

• United Kingdom United Kingdom Industrial strife & Poor economic Industrial strife & Poor economic performanceperformance– Winter of Discontent (1978-1979)Winter of Discontent (1978-1979)

• Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland Long period of poverty before Long period of poverty before 1990s1990s

• Greece Greece Decade-old poor economic performance & Decade-old poor economic performance & political instabilitypolitical instability

• Russia Russia Severe economic hardships (1990s) Severe economic hardships (1990s)• Soaring rates of alcoholism, drugs & AIDsSoaring rates of alcoholism, drugs & AIDs

• Germany Germany Economic difficulties due to cost of Economic difficulties due to cost of reunification after 1990reunification after 1990

Modern Sick Man….Modern Sick Man….• In 2007, a report by Morgan Stanley referred to In 2007, a report by Morgan Stanley referred to

France as the "new sick man of Europe”France as the "new sick man of Europe”

• In April 2007, The Economist described In April 2007, The Economist described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe”.Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe”.

• In 2008 the nickname was given to Italy by The In 2008 the nickname was given to Italy by The Daily Telegraph.Daily Telegraph.

• In July 2009, the nickname was given to In July 2009, the nickname was given to Greece, due to the 2008 Greek riots, rising Greece, due to the 2008 Greek riots, rising unemployment and political corruption, unemployment and political corruption, bureaucracy and inefficiency.bureaucracy and inefficiency.

It was succeeded by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October

29, 1923

.

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire, a “Multinational” Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire, a “Multinational” Empire

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy

• formed by the Compromise of 1867(Ausgleich), formed by the Compromise of 1867(Ausgleich), created a king of Hungary in addition to the existing created a king of Hungary in addition to the existing Austrian emperor; though these were the same Austrian emperor; though these were the same person, Hungary was granted its own parliament and person, Hungary was granted its own parliament and considerable autonomyconsiderable autonomy

• Francis Joseph held both titles from Austria-Hungary's Francis Joseph held both titles from Austria-Hungary's inception until his death in 1916inception until his death in 1916

• His 68 yrs. on throne makes him one of longest seving His 68 yrs. on throne makes him one of longest seving monarchs in European History.monarchs in European History.

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Dual Monarchy, con’tDual Monarchy, con’t

• The two capitals of the Monarchy were, Vienna for The two capitals of the Monarchy were, Vienna for Austria, and Budapest for HungaryAustria, and Budapest for Hungary

• The Dual Monarchy existed for 51 years until 1918, The Dual Monarchy existed for 51 years until 1918, when it was dissolved following military defeat in the when it was dissolved following military defeat in the First World War.First World War.

• Austria–Hungary was geographically the second Austria–Hungary was geographically the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire (621 538 km², or 239,977 sq. m in 1905), and the third (621 538 km², or 239,977 sq. m in 1905), and the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). Today, the territory it covered has a population of Today, the territory it covered has a population of about 69 million.about 69 million.