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Chapter 1 : RespirationChapter 1 : Respiration

1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism Human respiratory system Path of air in the respiratory system

Breathing mechanism1.2 Transport of Oxygen in the Human

Body i!usion of oxygen from the a"#eo"i in

to the $"ood capi""aries Transport of oxygen $y $"ood i!usion of oxygen from $"ood capi""ar

ies to $ody ce""s

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Chapter 1 : RespirationChapter 1 : Respiration

1.% The &mportance of Hea"thyRespiratory 'ystem

Harmfu" su$stances

(n experiment to sho) the e!ects ofsmo*ing on the "ungs

Types of disease of a respiratory syst

em and its symptoms


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1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism

Trachea+)indpipe,

Bronchus Bronchio"e

-ung

iaphragm

asa"ca#ity

ostri"

Mouth

Bronchio"e

C"uster ofa"#eo"i

To pu"monary #e

/rompu"monaryartery B"ood

capi""ari

("#eo"us

uman respiratory system


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th of air in the respiratory system

asa" ca#ities

Moisten air that passes

through/i"ter dust partic"es in air

Trachea

Passage of airto $ronchi

Bronchi

Passage ofto "ungs

("#eo"i(ir sacs forthe exchange of

gases

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Bronchio"es

Passage of airto a"#eo"i

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Breathing mechanism

+a, &nha"ation +$reathing in,

Ri$ cage mo#es up and out

0xterna" intercosta"musc"es contract

(ir mo#es in

Ri$ cage

Diaphragm

o"ume of

thoracic ca increases(ir pressur the "ungs

decreases

iaphragm contracts an attens

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+$, 0xha"ation +$reathing out,

Ri$ cage mo#es do)n and in

0xterna" intercosta"musc"es re"ax

(ir mo#es out

o"ume of t thoracic ca#

decreases(ir pressurethe "ungsincreases

iaphragm re"axes and m up)ardDiaphragm


Ri$ cage

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CO2

O2

1.2 Transport of Oxygen in the1.2 Transport of Oxygen in the

Human BodyHuman Body

i!usion of oxygen from the a"#eo"i into $"ood

eoxygenated $"ood o)s in

B"ood capi""ary

High concentrationof oxygen +O2,

-o) concentrationof car$on dioxide+CO2,

Oxygenated $"ood"ea#es a"#eo"us

&nha"ed air

0xha"ed air

("#eo"us

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Alveoli are the sites where gas exchange occurs

The exchange of oxygen (O2 and car!on dioxide ("O2 occurs inthe alveoli !y diffusion

"haracteristics of the alveoli#

$ %arge surface area& thin walls& surrounded !y 'any !loodcaillaries and 'oist surfaces

)aseous exchange in the alveoli#

$ Oxygen in the inhaled air diffuses into !lood caillaries via the

alveolar wall

$ "ar!on dioxide in !lood diffuses into the alveolus viacaillaries and alveolar walls* Then& the car!on dioxide will !e

exelled out

The thin wall of the alveoli ena!les the gaseous exchangeoccurs effectively in the lungs




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Transport of oxygen $y $"ood

Oxygen is transported in the blood byhaemoglobin

Haemoglobin is a complex molecule consisting

of iron and protein that gives blood its red colour

Oxygen combines ith haemoglobin in red blood

cells to form oxyhaemoglobin


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Human BodyHuman Bodyi!usion of oxygen from $"ood capi""aries tce""s

B"ood o) to "ung

Oxygen

Car$on dioxide

Body ce""

B"ood

capi""ary

Body ce""

Red $"ood

ce""


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Oxygenated blood is carried by the bloodcapillaries and flos near the bodies cellsBody cells that have a loer concentration of

oxygen ill receive oxygen from the bloodcapillariesHaemoglobin pic!s up carbon dioxide from thebody cells to transport bac! to the lungs" herethe carbon dioxide is exhaled



Haemog"o$inOxygen3 Oxyhaemog"o$-ungs

Body ce""s


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1.# The $mportance of a Healthy1.# The $mportance of a Healthy

%espiratory &ystem%espiratory &ystem

Harmfu" su$stances


Cigarette smo*e/actory smo*eMotor exhaust fu

icotine

TarHydrogencyanide

itrogen

oxide

'u"phur

dioxide/ine dust and soot

Car$on

monoxideBen4o5a"ph pirena-ead

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(n experiment to sho) the e!ects of smo*ing

Bicar$onateindicator

6"o)ingcigarette

Moist cotton

Thermometer

To 7"ter pump

85tu$e


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'rom the experiment

( The temperature of the thermometer increases

( )hite cotton is turns bronish ith blac!

spots ( The bicarbonate indicator is turns yello

)e can conclude that cigarette smo!e

( $ncrease the temperature of the lungs ( Contains tar that causes the lungs to become

dar!

( Contains acidic gas




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Types of respiratory system diseases and its

*ersistent cough" eight loss" coughing

up blood" chest pain+ung cancer

'ever" chest pain" cough that brings upmucus

Bronchitis

,ifficulty in breathing-mphysema

Chill" fever" headache" aches$nfluena

Chest pain" high fever" cough*neumonia

&ymptomsTypes of

disease


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The 0nd

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Bab 1 : Respirasi1.1 Me!anisme *ernafasan Manusia

&istem respirasi manusia

+aluan udara di dalam sistem respirasi

Me!anisme pernafasan1.2 *engang!utan O!sigen dalam Badan Manusia

*embauran o!sigen daripada alveolus !e dalam !apilari

darah

*engang!utan o!sigen oleh darah *embauran o!sigen daripada !apilari darah !epada sel

badan

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Bab 1 : Respirasi

1.# /epentingan sistem %espirasi yang &ihat

Bahan berbahaya

-!sperimen menun0u!!an !esan mero!o! !e atas

peparu enis0enis penya!it sistem respirasi dan simptomnya

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1.1 Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia

Tra*ea+sa"ur udara,

Bron*usBron*io"

Peparu

iafragma

Rongga hidung -u$anghidung

Mu"ut

Bron*io"

6ugusana"#eo"us

9e #ena pu"mon

aripadaarteri

pu"monari9api"aridarah

("#eo"us

'istem respirasi manusia

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"uan udara da"am sistem respirasi

Rongga hidung

Udara lembap masuk

melaluinyaMenapis zarah-zarah habuk

di udara

Trakea

Laluan udarake bronkus

Bronkus

Laluan udar ke peparu

AlveolusPundi udaraunuk

perukaran

gas

Bronkiol

Laluan udara ke alveolus

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Me*anisme pernafasan!a" Tarik na#as !menarik na#as"

Tulang rusuk bergerak keaas dan ke luar

$o inerkosa luarmenge%u

Udara masuk ke dalam

Tulang rusuk

Dia#ragma

&si padu rong oraks beramTekanan udar dalam peparu menurun

Dia#ragma men dan mendaar

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!b" 'embus na#as !menghembus na#as"

Tulang rusuk bergerak keba(ah dan ke dalam

$o inerkosa luar mengendur

Udara bergerak ke luar

Tulang rusuk&si padu rongg oraks berkuraTekanan udara

dalam peparumeningka

Dia#ragma meng dan melengkung

aasDia#ragma

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1.2 Pengangkutan Oksigen didalam Badan Manusia

Pembauran oksigen daripada alveolus ke dalam

CO2

O2

Darah yang erdeoksigen mengalir ke dalam

)apilari darah

$ksigen berkepekaaninggi !$*"

)arbon dioksida berkepekaanrendah !+$*"

Darah beroksigenmeninggalkan alveolus

Udara diarik

Udara dihembus

Alveolus

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3lveolus adalah tapa! di mana pertu!aran gas berla!u *ertu!aran o!sigen 4O25 dan !arbon dio!sida 4CO25 berla!u di

dalam alveoulus melalui pembauran Ciriciri alveolus6

( /aasan permu!aan luas" dinding nipis" di se!elilingnya banya!!apilari darah dan permu!aan lembap *ertu!aran gas di dalam alveolus6 ( O!sigen yang disedut masu! membaur !e dalam !apilari darah

melalui dinding alveolus ( /arbon dio!sida di dalam darah membaur !e dalam alveolus

melalui !apilari dan dinding alveolus. /emudian !arbon dio!sidaa!an diusir !eluar

,inding alveolus yang nipis membenar!an pertu!aran gas berla!udengan lebih ber!esan di dalam peparu

1.2 Pengangkutan

Oksigen dalam BadanManusia

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1.2 Pengangkutan Oksigen dalamBadan Manusia

Pengangkuan oksigen oleh darah

O!sigen diang!ut di dalam darah oleh hemoglobin

Hemoglobin adalah mole!ul !omple!s yang terdiri daripada besi dan

protein yang menyebab!an darah berarna merah

O!sigen bergabung dengan hemoglobin dalam sel

darah merah untu! membentu! o!sihemoglobin

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Pembauran oksigen daripada kapilari darah ke

arah menga"ir *e peparu

$ksigen

)arbon dioksida

'e" $adan

9api"ari

darah

'e" $adan

'e" darah

merah

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,arah bero!sigen dibaa oleh !apilari darahdan mengalir !e sel badan

/epe!atan o!sigen rendah di dalam selbadan dan o!sigen dibebas!an !e sel badan

Hemoglobin mengutip !embali !arbondio!sida daripada sel badan danmengang!utnya !embali !e peparu di mana!arbon dio!sida dihembus!an


'emoglobin $ksigen, $ksihemoglobiPeparu

el badan

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1.3 Kepentingan Sistem Respirasiyang Baik

Bahan berbahaya

+eluarVersi B,

Asap rokok Asap indusri .asap eksoz mo

/ikoina

Tar'idrogensianida/irogenoksida

ulphur

dioksida'abuk halus dan 0elaga

)arbon

monoksidaBenzo-alpha- pirenaPlumbum

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1ksperimen menun0ukkan kesan merokok ke a

Penunu*$i*ar$onat

Ro*o*menya"a

9apas "em$ap

Termometer

9e pam turas

Tiu$5 8

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,aripada e!sperimen

( &uhu termometer mening!at

( /apas putih bertu!ar !epada !eperangan

dengan titi! hitam( *enun0u! bi!arbonat bertu!ar !epada !uning

/ita boleh membuat !esimpulan bahaa asapro!o!

( Mening!at!an suhu peparu ( Mengandungi tar yang boleh menyebab!an

peparu men0adi gelap

( Mengandungi gas berasid


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1.3 Kepentingan sistem Respirasiyang Baik

2enis-0enis penyaki sisem respirasi dan simpo

Batu! berterusan" penurunan berat badan" batu!

berdarah" sa!it dada/anser peparu

,emam" sa!it dada" batu! yang mengeluar!anmu!us

Bron!itis

/esu!aran untu! bernafas-mphysema

&elesema" demam" sa!it !epala" sa!it'lu

&a!it dada" demam yang teru!" batu!*neumonia

&imptomenis penya!it

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Tamat

chapter 1 f3

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