Science Form 3

Chapter 5

Growth

Unit 5 Growth

5.1 Human Growth PatternGrowth

Pertumbuhan

Defination

DefinasiHuman Growth

Pattern

Corak

Pertumbuhan

Manusia

Stages of Growth

Peringkat

Pertumbuhan

Increase in

the number of

cells

Pertambahan

dalam

bilangan sel

Growth rate

Kadar

Pertumbuhan

Growth curve

Lengkung

Pertumbuhan

Change in

shape and

function

Perubahan

bentuk dan

fungsi

Increase in

size

Pertambahan

saiz

Infancy

Peringkat bayi

Childhood

Peringkat kanak-

kanak

Adolescence

Peringkat remaja

Adulthood

Peringkat dewasa

Old age

Peringkat tua

Effects of nutrition

Kesan nutrisi

Growth

Pertumbuhan

Defination

DefinasiHuman Growth

Pattern

Corak

Pertumbuhan

Manusia

Stages of Growth

Peringkat

Pertumbuhan

Increase in

the number of

cells

Pertambahan

dalam

bilangan sel

Growth rate

Kadar

Pertumbuhan

Growth curve

Lengkung

Pertumbuhan

Change in

shape and

function

Perubahan

bentuk dan

fungsi

Increase in

size

Pertambahan

saiz

Infancy

Peringkat bayi

Childhood

Peringkat kanak-

kanak

Adolescence

Peringkat remaja

Adulthood

Peringkat dewasa

Old age

Peringkat tua

Effects of nutrition

Kesan nutrisi

5.1 Human Growth PatternA. Growth

1. Growth is a that occurs in all types of life form.2. Growth can be defined as

a. Increase in ,b. Increase in ,c. Increase in ,d. Changes in ,e. Changes in .

3. The growth of an organism involves:a. Increase in of a cell.b. Increase in of a cell.

4. The growth of a organism involves:a. Increase in the .b. Increase in the especially in:

i. .ii. .

c. Changes in .d. Changes in characteristics.e. Develop the and of the organism.

5. The process of growth in an organism isand .

life process

function

body size

number of cellsweight

body shapefunction of an organism

unicellularsizemass

multicellularnumber of cells

size of the organismHeightWeight

appearance

physical

complexity

permanent irreversible

5.1 Human Growth PatternB. The Characteristics of Human Growth.

1. The human growth pattern is a curve.2. It is divided into five stages of growth:

a. .b. .c. .d. .e. .

Infancy

ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood

Old age

sigmoid

5.1 Human Growth Pattern1. The human growth is obtained by plotting

the or against .

2. Figure 5.1 is a weight against time graph showing the human growth curve.

3. The of growth is the difference in weight at suitable intervals over a period of time.

4. Therefore, the of the curve indicates the rate of growth at that particular period.

curve

height weight time

rate

gradient

Height and weight are common

characteristics used to measure

growth rate.

infancy

childhood

adolescenceadulthood

old age

5.1 Human Growth Pattern

5.1 Human Growth Pattern

Weight (kg)

age (year)

infancy

childhood

adolescence adulthood old age

0 4 12 18 65

Figure 5.1

rapid growth

slow growth

very rapid growth

minimal growthnegative

growth

birth

5.1 Human Growth Pattern 7. The rate of growth in human is the , during:

a. the development of .

b. the first .

8. An infant grows very quickly in the first three years of infancy.

9. Childhood is a period of .

fastest

foetus in the uterus

six months after birth

slow growth

10. The adolescence is a period of .a. Sexual maturity or is achieved during adolescence.

b. The are adolescent period.

11. Adulthood covers the early 20s until about 65. It is a period of .

12. Old age is the period of .a. Negative growth means .

b. Tissues in the body break downs more quickly than .

very quick growth

teen years

puberty

minimal growth

negative growthloss in weight

they can be repaired

•Growth rate becomes negative

•Height and weight decrease slightly

•Death at old age

Old age

•Starts from about 20 years of age

•Growth rate slows down

•Maximum growth achieved and growth

stops

Adulthood

•12 to 20 years of age

•Teen years

•Growth rate increase

•Sexual maturity or puberty achieved

during this stage

Adolescence

•3 to 12 year of age

•Slow growth until adolescent stage

Childhood

•0 to 3 years

•Rapid growth until three years of age

•Weight doubles after six months

•Weight triples after one year

Infancy

(early stage)

Growth patternStages

•Growth rate becomes negative

•Height and weight decrease slightly

•Death at old age

Old age

•Starts from about 20 years of age

•Growth rate slows down

•Maximum growth achieved and growth

stops

Adulthood

•12 to 20 years of age

•Teen years

•Growth rate increase

•Sexual maturity or puberty achieved

during this stage

Adolescence

•3 to 12 year of age

•Slow growth until adolescent stage

Childhood

•0 to 3 years

•Rapid growth until three years of age

•Weight doubles after six months

•Weight triples after one year

Infancy

(early stage)

Growth patternStages

Table 5.1 Summary of human growth pattern

5.1 Human Growth Pattern

C. Comparing the Growth Rates of Boys and Girls1. The rate of growth in humans differ according to

.

2. Figure 5.2 shows the comparison between the growth curves of boys and of girls based on their height and weight.

3. Table 5.2 shows the comparison between the growth rates of boys and girls at different stages.

gender

Girls

adulthood

adolescence

childhood

infancy

Boys

0 4 12 18 20

50

70

130

150

170

height (cm)

age (years)

Figure 5.2 (a) Growth curves of boys and girls based on height

weight (kg)

Boys

Girls

childhood

adolescence

adulthood

infancy

0 4 10 12 18

age (years)4

12

32

52

64

Figure 5.2 (b) Growth curves of boys and girls based on weight

Stages Comparison

Infancy

(early stage)

• Growth rates for baby boys and girls are generally the same.

Childhood • From four years old a boys growth rates is faster than a girl, especially in

terms of weight.

Adolescence • Girls reach puberty at the age of 12, one or two years earlier than boys.

• Girls are usually taller and grow faster during early adolescence.

Adulthood • Growth rate for girls slows down at about the age of 17 and stops altogether

at the age of 21.

• Growth rate for boys slows down at about the age of 18 and stops altogether

at the age of 24.

• After the respective points, there is no further increase in height in both boys

and girls.

• A person’s weight may increase or decrease according to his lifestyle, genes,

metabolic rate and health condition.

Old age • Female will become shorter if osteoporosis sets in.

• Both males and females may lose weight and decrease slightly in height.

• The efficiency of nervous system, metabolic rate and sensory organs will

deteriorate.

Table 5.2 Comparison between the growth rates of boys and girls at

different stages.

5.1 Human Growth PatternD. Effects of Nutrition on Human Growth

1. The growth of an depends on:a. .

b. .

c. .

d. .

2. A is important to ensure healthy physical growth and development of an individual at all stages of growth.

3. All the different classes of food are required in the appropriate and .a. Carbohydrates are the .

b. Proteins are foods crucial for _______ and tissues.

c. Vitamins are important to ensure .

d. Minerals are required for strong and _____.

4. An of carbohydrates and fat will lead to .

5. Keeping a healthy with balanced diet will maintain healthy in all stages.

individualGenetic factors

Health

Eating habits

Daily activities

balanced dietmental

quantities proportionssource of energy

body-building growthrepair damaged

good health

bones teeth

excessive intakeobesity

lifestylegrowth

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (add)

There are clear stages that children pass through from birth to adult. These stages are the same for boys and girls, but girls generally mature before boys. This is clearly shown in the diagram below.

Both sexes are of a comparable shape and size during

infancy and childhood. (add)

There are four characteristic stages of growth from birth to adult:

● Rapid growth in infancy and early childhood

● Slow, steady growth in middle childhood

● Rapid growth during puberty

● Gradual slowing down of growth in adolescence until adult height is reached

Patterns of Growth - Changes in Proportions (add)

The physical proportions of the body at birth are very different from those of the adult.

Some body parts grow more than others during development to reach the final adult proportions.

Changes in the size and shape of the body are caused by different segments growing at different times.

Baby adulthood

Growth of the skull

Nutrition (add)

A growing child who does not have sufficient protein may develop a dieses called kwashiorkor.

Those suffering from kwashiorkor would be physically weak and show growth retardation.

ASSESSMENT 5

Paper 11 Growth results in

A. death

B. maturity and aging

C. a decrease in cell mass

D. a decrease in cell size

2 Which of the following statements about growth is true?

A. Growth is an irreversible process

B. Humans grow only once

C. Humans grow in stages

D. Growth involves a change of sex

3 Human growth can be measured in terms of

A. height and weight

B. mass and quantity of blood

C. quantity of blood and the number of blood cells

D. finger length

4 What is the main factor that influences growth pattern in humans?

A. Gender

B. Climate

C. Environment

D. State of health

5 Which of the following graphs shows human growth?

A C

B D

6

The above information is about the stages of human growth. Which of the following explains growth in the right sequence?

A. V → T → S → UB. T → V → U → S C. S → V → U → TD. U → T → S → V

7 Figure 5.1 shows the pattern of human growth. Which part A, B, C or D shows the highest rate of growth?

8 Puberty is the time when boys and girls start to change intoA. InfantsB. ToddlersC. Old peopleD. Adults

S – Old age

T – Infancy

U – Adulthood

V – Adolescence

Figure 5.1

9. Figure 5.2 shows the growth rate in both boys and girls. What conclusion can you make from the graph?

A. Both sexes have the same growth period.B. A boy has a longer growth period than a girl. C. A girl has a longer growth period than a boy. D. Individuals have different growth rates

10. A human being experiences negative growth when he reachesA. PubertyB. ChildhoodC. AdolescenceD. Old age

Figure 5.2

11. Table 5.1 shows the average body weight of boys and girls of the same age. What conclusion can you make from Table 5.1?

A. The growth rate in a girl is always slower than the growth rate in a boy.

B. A boy grows the fastest between the ages of 12 and 16.

C. The period of growth in a boy is shorter than the period of growth in a girl.

D. A girl reaches maturity faster than a boy.

12. Table 5.2 shows Susan's weight according to her age. Which of the following statements is true about Susan's eating habits?

A. She eats too much carbohydrates.

B. She eats too much protein.

C. She drinks too much water.

D. She does not exercise enough

65

53

20

64

53

18

58

52

16

6549383428221612Boy

5350393230181612GirlWeight in (kg)

221412108642Age (years)

Table 5.1

757367585039Weight (kg)

171615141312Age (years)

Table 5.2

13. Figure 5.3 shows the differences in the growth rates of males and females. What can you infer from the growth pattern?

A. Males are usually taller than females.

B. Males mature faster than females.

C. Males usually die before females.

D. Males always appear younger than females

Figure 5.3

14. James is 8 years old. His daily diet consists of potato chips and instant noodles only. What does his diet lack?

A. ProteinsB. FibreC. CarbohydratesD. Oils and fats

15. Which of the following aspects are involved in human growth?I. Physical maturityII. Mental maturity III. Spiritual maturity

A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

16. Based on the above information, which of the following factors caused this difference in growth?

I. GeneticsII. Food consumption III. Environment

A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

Alice and Ivy are identical twins. They were

separated at birth and brought up by different families.

They both display different rates of growth.

17. Which of the following statements is/are true about human growth? I. A girl reaches puberty earlier than boys. II. A boy stops growing at about 24 years of age. III. A girl has a shorter lifespan than a boy

A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

18. The above information describes the function of Q in human growth. Which of the following are Q? I. Calcium II. Vitamin D III. Iron

A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III

Important for the growth and

development of strong bones and

teeth.

ASSESSMENT 5

Paper 2

1. The graph in Figure 5.4 compares the growth in terms of mass of a boy and a girl.

a) Define growth.

(2 marks)

b) The graph has divided the growth rate into four stages. Which stage shows the most rapid growth rate?

(1 mark)

Figure 5.4

Growth is the increase in size and mass during the development of an organism over a period of time.

Adolescence

c) At what ages is the growth rate of a girl faster than a boy?

(1 mark)d) What is the cause of this difference in growth rate in (c)?

(1 mark)e) At what stage does the boy grow faster than the girl?

(1 mark)f) During the later part of adolescence, the boy grows faster than the girl. Why?

(1 mark)g) Which two classes of food are needed during childhood and adolescence to

achieve maximum growth?

(2 marks)

ASSESSMENT 5

Paper 2

From 12 to 14 years

Girls reach puberty faster than boys

From 14 years onward

The growth period of boys is longer than girls

Carbohydrates and protein

THE END