chapter 1: the human body - an orientation
TRANSCRIPT
The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy (ana = apart; -tomy = to cut) -
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts--heart and bones
Physiology (physio = nature; -ology = the study of) - study of how the body and its parts work or function
--function of the heart to keep blood flowing**both are always related
Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy
Large structures Easily observable
Figure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
11 BODY SYSTEMS The Body Systems
Integumentary ~Respiratory Skeletal ~Digestive Muscular ~Urinary Nervous ~Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic
Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering. Waterproof.
Protects deeper tissue frominjury. Perspiration & Temp.
Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors. Pressure, pain, temp
Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation: Hematopoiesis
Stores mineral
Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview Muscular
Allows locomotion--contraction: shorten
Maintains posture Produces heat
Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones: control body activities Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Organ System Overview Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
PG 5 and 6**Images
Figure 1.2g
Organ System Overview
Respiratory Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Organ System Overview Digestive: Tube
Breaks down food Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible
material Liver and Pancreas: aid
and breakdown
Figure 1.2i
Organ System Overview Urinary: Excretory
system Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes: urea and uric acid
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Organ System Overview Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Necessary Life Functions: What does the human body do?
Maintain Boundaries Movement
Locomotion Movement of substances with other
systems Food, blood, urine
Responsiveness or Irritability Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body Production of energy: ATP molecules Making body structures
Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
Necessary Life Functions Reproduction
Production of future generation Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature: 37C or 98F Metabolic reactions optimal
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Breathing and exchange of gas
Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = state of equilibrium Continuously changes
normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – results in
disease
Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response
Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding Anatomical Position: always assumed in
standard position Exact terms are used for:
Position Direction Regions Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
Body Landmarks Anterior Anatomical
Position
Figure 1.5a
Body Landmarks Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c