week 1-human body orientation(1)
DESCRIPTION
-TRANSCRIPT
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
1/60
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
The Human Body Orientation
(Week 1)
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
2/60
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to
Identify four basic types of tissues (epithelial,connective, nervous and muscular tissues)
Describe the biomechanics of homeostatic control
systems.
Discuss the regulation of body temperature, glucose,
and calcium levels in blood as examples of negative
feedback.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
3/60
The Human Body An Orientation
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomystudy of the structure
and shape of the body and its parts Physiology study of how the body
and its parts work or function
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
4/60
Anatomy Levels of Study
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 1.1
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
5/60
Anatomy Levels of Study
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures Can only be
viewed witha microscope
Figure 14.4
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
6/60
Levels of Structural Organization
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
7/60
The Language of Anatomy
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
8/60
The Language of Anatomy
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special terminology is used to preventmisunderstanding
Exact terms are used for: Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
9/60
Orientation and Directional Terms
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
10/60
Orientation and Directional Terms
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1 (cont)
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
11/60
Body Landmarks
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anterior
Figure 1.5a
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
12/60
Body Landmarks
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Posterior
Figure 1.5b
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
13/60
Body Planes
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
14/60
Body Cavities
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.7
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
15/60
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8c
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
16/60
Organ System
Overview
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
17/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissuefrom injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
18/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal
Protects and supports bodyorgans
Provides muscle attachmentfor movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
19/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscular
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
20/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nervous
Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal and
external change
Activates muscles andglands
Figure 1.2d
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
21/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
22/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in
body via blood pumped byheart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
23/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to bloodvessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
24/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory
Keeps bloodsupplied withoxygen
Removes carbondioxide
Figure 1.2h
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
25/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestiblematerial
Figure 1.2i
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
26/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid base balance
Regulation of materials
Water
Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
27/60
Organ System Overview
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reproductive
Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
28/60
Microscopic Anatomy
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
29/60
Body Tissues
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells are specialised for particular functions Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and
functionFour primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissueNervous tissue
Muscle
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
30/60
Epithelial Tissues
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions
Protection: Skin & respiratory tractepitheliums.
Absorption: Small intestine epithelium.
Filtration:Kidney epithelium absorbs &filters.
Secretion:Salivary epithelium.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
31/60
Classification of Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Number of cell layers
Simpleone layer
Stratified more thanone layer
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
32/60
Classification of Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Shape of cells
Squamousflattened
Cuboidalcube-shaped
Columnar
column-like
Figure 3.16b
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
33/60
Simple Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat cells
Usually formsmembranes
Lines body cavities
Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.17a
Simple squamousepithelium (arrow) linesthe glomerulus.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
34/60
Simple Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple cuboidal
Single layer ofcube-like cells
Common in glandsand their ducts
Forms wallsof kidney tubules
Covers the ovaries
Figure 3.17b
Simple cuboidal epithelium isfound in the collecting ductin the kidney.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
35/60
Simple Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall
cells Often includes
goblet cells, whichproduce mucus
Lines digestive tract
Figure 3.17c
Simple columnar epitheliumlines the gall bladder
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
36/60
Simple Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pseudostratified
Single layer, but some
cells are shorter thanothers
Often looks like a doublecell layer
Sometimes ciliated, suchas in the respiratory tract
May function in absorptionor secretion
Figure 3.17d
The pseudostratified columnarepithelium of the trachea is ciliatedand has goblet cells.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
37/60
Stratified Epithelium
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stratified squamous
Cells at the free edge are
flattened
Found as a protectivecovering where friction iscommon
Locations Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
Figure 3.17e
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
38/60
Stratified Epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells depends uponthe amount of stretching
Lines organs of the urinarysystem
Figure 3.17f
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
39/60
Connective Tissue
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
Forms a packaging tissue around organs to bearweight, protect and support the organ.
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
40/60
Extracellular Matrix
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Two main elements
Ground substancemostly water along withadhesion proteins (attach to fibers) and
charged polysaccharide molecules (trapswater- gel hard consistency)
Fibers
Produced by the cells
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
41/60
Connective Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone
Composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagenfibers
Used to protect and support thebody
Figure 3.18a
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
42/60
Connective Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hyaline carti lage
Most common cartilage Composed of:
Abundant collagenfibers
Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilageFigure 3.18b
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
43/60
Connective Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrocart i lage
Highly compressible
Example: formscushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
44/60
Connective Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dense connective tissue
Main matrix element is
collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts
Examples
Tendonattach muscle
to bone
Ligaments attach boneto bone
Figure 3.18d
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
45/60
Connective Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adipose tissue
Matrix is a tissue in which fat globulespredominate
Many cells containlarge lipid deposits
Functions
Insulates the body
Protects some organs Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Figure 3.18f
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
46/60
Muscle Tissue
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Function is to produce movement
Three typesSkeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
47/60
Muscle Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal musc le
Can be controlledvoluntarily
Cells attach toconnective tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more thanone nucleus Figure 3.19b
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
48/60
Muscle Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Function is to pumpblood (involuntary)
Cells attached to othercardiac muscle cells atintercalated disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
49/60
Muscle Tissue Types
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Smooth musc le
Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow organs
Attached to other smoothmuscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19a
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
50/60
Nervous Tissue
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurons and nervesupport cells
Function is to sendimpulses to other areasof the body
Irritability
Conductivity
Figure 3.20
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
51/60
Tissue Repair
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regenerat ion
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind ofcells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scart issue)
Determination of method Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
52/60
Regeneration of Tissues
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
53/60
Homeostasis
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
54/60
Homeostasis
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a
dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance a disturbance in homeostasis
resulting in disease
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
55/60
Maintaining Homeostasis
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
56/60
Calcitonin
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Decreasesblood calciumlevels bycausing its
deposition onbone
Figure 9.9 Pg 310
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
57/60
Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.14 Pg 317
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
58/60
Body
TemperatureRegulation
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.21 Pg 489
F db k M h i
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
59/60
Feedback Mechanisms
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reducesits intensity
Works like a household thermostat
F db k M h i
-
5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)
60/60
Feedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push thevariable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clottingand birth of a baby