the human body: an orientation

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PART B1

The Human Body: An Orientation


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Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes



Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Cleanses the blood

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i



Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid-base balance

Regulates water and electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



Reproductive

Produces offspring

Figure 1.2k–l


Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintain boundaries

2. Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

3. Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

4. Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients



5. Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

Produces energy

Makes body structures

6. Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions



7. Reproduction

Produces future generation

8. Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells


Survival Needs

1. Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

2. Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions


Survival Needs

3. Water

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

4. Stable body temperature

5. Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriate


Interrelationships Among Body Systems

Figure 1.3


Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease


Figure 1.4

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis

Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance

Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate


Figure 1.4, step 1a



Figure 1.4, step 1b



Imbalance

Imbalance


Figure 1.4, step 2



Receptor (sensor)


Imbalance

Imbalance


Figure 1.4, step 3




Receptor (sensor)


Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance


Figure 1.4, step 4







Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance


Figure 1.4, step 5






Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis


Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance


Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center


Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus


Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat


Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

the human body: an orientation

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