chapter 1 – unity in diversity
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CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY. UNITY IN DIVERSITY. MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?). UNITY IN DIVERSITY. WHAT IS SCIENCE? AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH? LIFE VS. NO LIFE - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?)
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• WHAT IS SCIENCE?– AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING
AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA
– WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH?
– LIFE VS. NO LIFE– BIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF
SCIENCE THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN “LIFE”
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• BIOLOGY– THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING AS THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY– HOW TO DEFINE LIFE– HOW TO USE SCIENCE IN EXPLAINING BIOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES (HOW TO THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST)– HOW TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO MANAGEABLE
TOPICS/GROUPS OF STUDY (CLASSIFICATION)
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE??– THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER/DEFINITION TO THIS
QUESTION…SO WHAT CAN WE DO TO FIGURE OUT IF SOMETHING IS “ALIVE”??
UNITY IN DIVERSITY• WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT
HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:– LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY
COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES– LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS– LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY– LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE– LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN– LIVING THINGS GROW– LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT– LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE– GROUPS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME (EVOLUTION)
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• SAY HELLO TO THE EBOLA VIRUS…– IS IT ALIVE??– DOES IT MEET
ALL THECRITERIA MENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY??
UNITY IN DIVERSITY• WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT
HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:– LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY
COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - CHECK– LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS - CHECK– LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY - CHECK– LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE - CHECK– LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN - CHECK– LIVING THINGS GROW - CHECK– LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT -
CHECK– LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE – FAIL!!
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• NON-LIVING THINGS MAY EXHIBIT SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS LISTED, BUT UNLESS ALL OF THEM ARE PRESENT…IT IS CONSIDERED A NONLIVING THING
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• ANOTHER WAY TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS LIVING IS IF IT PERFORMS ALL OF THE…
•LIFE PROCESSES
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• LIFE PROCESSES =
H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R. (“HUNTERS GERMER”)
UNITY IN DIVERSITY• H = HOMEOSTASIS
• N = NUTRITION
• T = TRANSPORT
• R = RESPIRATION
• S = SYNTHESIS
• G = GROWTH
• E = EXCRETION
• R = REGULATION
• M = METABOLISM
• R = REPRODUCTION
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• HOMEOSTASIS– MAINTAINING A
STABLE INTERNALENVIRONMENT
– “FEEDBACK” MECHANISMS
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• NUTRITION– TAKING MATERIALS FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
AND TURNING THEM INTO FORMS YOU CAN USE– AUTOTROPHIC
VS.HETEROTROPHIC
– INGESTION VS.DIGESTION VS.EGESTION
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• TRANSPORT– THE PROCESS BY WHICH
SUBSTANCES ENTER ANDLEAVE CELLS AND BECOME DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE CELLS
– *CIRCULATORY SYSTEM*• SPECIALIZED SYSTEM TO ALLOW
FOR TRANSPORT
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• RESPIRATION– BREATHING
VS.CELLULARRESPIRATION
– AEROBIC VS.ANAEROBIC
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• SYNTHESIS– COMBINING
SIMPLE SUBSTANCESTO FORM LARGER, MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCES
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• GROWTH– PROCESS
BY WHICHORGANISMSINCREASE IN SIZE(EITHER # OF CELLS,OR SIZE OF CELL)
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• EXCRETION– THE REMOVAL OF
METABOLIC WASTES
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• REGULATION– ALL THE
ACTIVITIESTHAT HELPAN ORGANISMMAINTAINHOMEOSTASIS
– A.K.A“RESPONSE”
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• METABOLISM– ALL THE
CHEMICALREACTIONS(RxNS) THATOCCUR IN THE BODY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY• REPRODUCTION
– THE PROCESSBY WHICHLIVING THINGSPRODUCE NEWORGANISMSOF THEIROWN KIND
– ASEXUAL VS.SEXUAL
– *ONLY PROCESS THAT ISNOT NECESSARY FOR INDIVIDUAL*
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• ALWAYS REMEMBER…
•H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
• NEXT TIME…WE TALK ABOUT WHYI, AND YOU, LOVE SCIENCE
• LEARN TO THINK, AND ACT, LIKE ASCIENTIST
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD– THE UNIVERSAL
SCIENTIFIC APPROACHTO PROBLEM-SOLVING
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM– A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM
IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION
– EXAMPLE??
• FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS– A HYPOTHESIS IS AN
EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*)
– “IF, THEN” STATEMENT– NEVER IN THE FORM OF
A QUESTION!!!!!– EXAMPLE???
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION– SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A
PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE– OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED
EXPERIMENTS• TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE
ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM• THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT– CONTROL
GROUP VS.EXPERIMENTALGROUP
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA
• ANALYZE DATA• DRAW CONCLUSIONS• RETEST / RETEST /
RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST
• SCIENTIFIC THEORIES– EXPLANATIONS THAT
APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
• SCIENTIFIC LAWS– A STATEMENT THAT
DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• SI SYSTEM
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST– THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
• THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE• THE COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE• THE PHASE-CONTRAST
MICROSCOPE• THE STEREOMICROSCOPE• THE ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– MICRODISSECTION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS– SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE– MAGNIFICATION
VS.RESOLUTION
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• STEREOMICROSCOPES– HELPFUL TO SEE
EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• ABOUT HOW MANY LIVING THINGS EXIST ON EARTH?– 1.5 MILLION KNOWN ORGANISMS– THOUSANDS MORE IDENTIFIED EACH YEAR– ABOUT 10 MILLION DIFFERENT ORGANISMS
BELIEVED TO EXIST ON EARTH
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT LIVING THINGS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCIENTISTS TO ORGANIZE THEM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO SHARE, AND STUDY, INFORMATION ABOUT LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH CLASSIFICATION (GROUPING) AND NAMING LIVING THINGS IS CALLED…
• TAXONOMY
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• WHY ORGANIZE??
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON THE WORK OF CAROLUS LINNAEUS
• ISN’T HE A HOTTIE?!?!?
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• IF YOU WERE TO GROUP THINGS TOGETHER, WHAT WOULD YOU USE?
• LINNAEUS GROUPED THINGS BASED ON PHYSICAL(STRUCTURAL) SIMILARITY
• DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUPS WERE CREATED TO DEMONSTRATE VARIOUS LEVELS OF SIMILARITY
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES– KINGSPLAYCHESSONFLATGLASSSQUARES
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• A BONUS OF THIS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS THAT IT LED TO A SIMPLE METHOD FOR NOMENCLATURE = “NAMING SYSTEM”
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE– TWO NAME NAMING SYSTEM– TWO NAMES COME FROM THE GENUS AND
SPECIES GROUPS OF CLASSIFICATION– SCIENTIFIC NAME• WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT??
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS THE SAME SPECIES?– SPECIES• A POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT IS ABLE TO
REPRODUCE WITH EACH OTHER AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS• MODERN TAXONOMICAL
PRINCIPLES– STRUCTURAL INFORMATION– BIOCHEMICAL
INFORMATION– CYTOLOGICAL
INFORMATION– EMBRYOLOGICAL
INFORMATION– BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION– FOSSIL INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• MAJOR TAXONOMICAL GROUPS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• KINGDOM – MONERA– PROKARYOTES– ARCHAEBACTERIA
VS.EUBACTERIA
• KINGDOM – PROTISTA– EUKARYOTE– AMEBA – PARAMECIUM – EUGLENA
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• KINGDOM – FUNGI– EUKARYOTES– HETEROTROPH– CELL WALL
• KINGDOM – PLANTS– EUKARYOTES– AUTOTROPH– CELL WALL
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• KINGDOM – ANIMALS– EUKARYOTES– HETEROTROPH– REPRESENTATIVE
ORGANISMS• HYDRA• EARTHWORM• GRASSHOPPER• HUMAN
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• WITH GROUPS MADE, SCIENTISTS USE TAXONOMIC KEYS TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• CLASSIFICATION / GROUPING ALLOWS US TO ORGANIZE HOW WE STUDY BIOLOGY
• LIFE’SHIERARCHY
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
• LIFE’S HIERARCHYGIVES US A PLACETO START DISCUSSINGTHE SPECIFICSOF HOW LIFE WORKS…SO LET’S GET TO IT!!!