chapter 12 personality persona the definition an individual ’ s characteristic pattern of...
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Chapter 12 Personality
Persona The Definition
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (text book)
The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others (from another text book)
Theories of personality
~ are hypothetical statements about the structure and functioning of individual personalities.
They help to achieve two of the major goals of psychology:
1. Understanding the structure, origins, and correlates of personalities;
2. Predicting behavior and life events based on what we know about personnality
Freud’s psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach
•Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
•Background
Psychoanalysis
A set of theoretical ideas about personality and a method of psycho-therapy
The technique of treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
Psychiatrists vs psychologists in the field
Exploring the Unconscious Conscious Preconscious — information that is
not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
Unconscious — according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary research, information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
id — the unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges
Libido — the psychic energy contained in the id
Pleasure principle — the id’s operating principle, which guides people toward whatever feels good
Ego
The part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world
Reality principle — the operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between id’s demands and those of the real world
Superego — a voice of conscience that forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal
The component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do
As children learn about the rules and values of society, they tend to adopt them — the process of internalizing parental and cultural values
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Ego defense mechanisms
Anxiety is the price we pay for civilization. Anxiety is hard to cope with, as when we feel unsettled but are unsure why
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself against anxiety in various ways, all of them distorting reality
Reducing the anxiety — the dynamics of the personality
Stages in personality development:pass through a series of psychosexual stages
id’s pleasure - seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called erogenous zones
Oedipus complex & Electra complex
Identification Fixation Regression
Freud’s practice in psychotherapy
Psychological disorders DSM-IV Neurosis Classical psychoanalytic treatment aims to
help clients gain insight into their problems by recognizing unconscious thoughts and emotions and then to discover, or work through, the many ways in which those unconscious elements affect their everyday lives
Hypnosis
…that state or condition in which subjects are able to respond to appropriate suggestions with distortions of perception and memory
Could everyone be hypnotized? Using hypnosis to treat patients
suffering from disorders — he “discovered” the unconscious
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
It can produce a chain of thought leading into the patient’s unconscious, thereby retrieving and releasing painful unconscious memory, often from childhood
Dream Analysis
“the royal road to the unconscious”
Manifest content — the remembered content of dreams
Latent content — dreamer’s unconscious wishes
example
Analysis of resistance resist talking or thinking about
certain topic; even won’t come to the clinic
next timeAnalysis of transference
Neo-Freudians and Psychodynamic Theorists
Alfred Adler, 1870~1937
Individual Psychology
“Drive” or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience
— Striving for superiority “Feelings of Inferiority” organ inferiorities psychological ~ Compensation—striving to
overcome Style of life: how you live your life,
how you handle problems and interpersonal relations
Inferiority complex (neurosis) Superiority complex Prototype of lifestyle in
childhood1. Neglect2. Pampering3. Social interest Birth order
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)
Jung’s Analytic Psychology
Libido — broader than Freud’s
Introversion — extroversion Unconscious 1. Personal ~ complex2. Collective ~ archetypes
The Mother Archetype
The mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of "mothering."
We are likely to project the archetype out into the world and onto a particular person, usually our own mothers.
The Shadow: sex and the life instincts in general are represented in Jung's system
It is the "dark side" of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there
The Persona
The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and personality, and comes from a Latin word for mask
Anima and Animus
A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play
Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature
The Self—the self is the ultimate unity of the personality
A mandala is a drawing that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window
The dynamics of psyche
Principle of opposites Principle of equivalence Principle of entropy—the
tendency for oppositions to come together, and so for energy to decrease, over a person's lifetime
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Specifically, she saw neurosis as an attempt to make life bearable, as a way of "interpersonal control and coping."
Development
Parental indifference—the basic evil
Children’s reaction1. Basic hostility—aggression 2. Basic anxiety—compliance 3. Withdraw Love (in family)
Erich Fromm (1900-1980)
From individual, family to the society
The Fear of Freedom, 1942 Beyond the Chains of
Illusion—My encounter with Marx & Freud, 1980
The Art of Loving, 1982
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Projective Tests1. Rorschach inkblot test2. Thematic Apperception Test (
TAT)3. Our spaces express our
personalities……
Evaluation of the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Influenced modern Western thinking about……
Most comprehensive and influential psychological theory ever proposed
Several weakness1. Limited subjects 2. Value—west world, male3. Scientific?