chapter 15: the biosphere and chapter 16: human impact on ecosystems
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Chapter 15: The Biosphere and Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems. Freshman Honors Biology. Chapter 15: Biomes in the Biosphere. A biome is a complex system of land communities that cover a large area For example: Tropical rain forests, desert, tundra Biomes have unique climate ranges - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15: The Biosphere and Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems
Freshman Honors Biology
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Chapter 15: Biomes in the BiosphereA biome is a complex system of land
communities that cover a large areaFor example: Tropical rain forests, desert,
tundraBiomes have unique climate ranges
Climate is the specific weather pattern of an area over a period of timeFor example: Climate of Indiana is that we
have four seasons; climate of Antarctica is that they have frozen water with very little snow.
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Climate ZonesThe world is divided into three climatic
zones:Polar
Cold, non-humid temperatures Geographic range: Canada to the North Pole
Tropical Hot, humid temperature range Geographic range: Florida to the Equator
Temperate Mild climate; seasonal changes Geographic range: Florida to Canada
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Climate & BiomesSo what influences climate?
LatitudeLocation on landmass (on the coast or inland?)Proximity to land features, like mountain ranges
Biomes have specific climate patternsBecause each species is adapted to live in a
specific set of environmental conditions, animals and plants usually die if a climate changes too muchFor example, if Indiana were to become like it was in
the Ice Age, most plants and animals would die because they couldn’t adapt to the colder weather.
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Biomes, ContinuedOrganisms that live in a specific biome have
unique adaptationsGives them a better ability to live successfully
in that environmentExamples:
Cactus living in the desert that has a waxy coating to prevent water loss
Mountain goats living on top of mountains have very thick fur coats to prevent internal body temperature drop
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RA ActivityEach lab group will read and learn about ONE of
the the 6 major biomesText: Pages 462-467 (Alligator)Other resources: Biomes Overview Video (26 min)
Your task: Summarize the most important distinguishing
features that set your assigned Biome apart from the others.
Write your final draft of your group summary on a large Post-It Note
Create a tree map with each of the different Biomes1: Tropical, 2: Grasslands, 3: Desert, 4: Temperate, 5: Taiga, 6: Tundra, 7: Polar Ice Caps and Mountains (p. 467)
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Biome ExamplesTundraBoreal ForestTemperate ForestTemperate Woodland/ShrublandTemperate GrasslandDesertTropical SavannaTropical Seasonal ForestTropical Rain Forest
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Commensalism
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Biomes in DetailDeserts (hot & cold)
VERY little rainPlants and animals have adaptations to prevent
water lossTropical Rainforest/Jungle
Rain amount is very highTemperatures are stable around 75°F
Grassland (temperate/savannah)Savannah – think Safari!Temperate – like Indiana
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More BiomesArctic/Tundra
Also have very little rainContain permafrost (topsoil is frozen year-round)
Deciduous ForestLeaves change colors, die, and fall to the ground
Mountainous (taiga)Animals include moose, eagles, mountain lions and
goatsSwamp/Marsh
Very moist soil, often with standing waterPlants include mangroves and lily pads
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More BiomesPond/Lake
Sitting bodies of waterAnimals include turtles, fish (carp, trout, bass, etc.), egret birds
River/StreamFlowing bodies of waterAnimals include salmon, eagles, brown bears
EstuaryWhere rivers/streams meet the saltwater of the oceanFor example: New Orleans
OceanSeveral depths create many animal adaptationsRead “Open Ocean Ecosystems” on page 80 in the Zebra book
with your partner – do a Think Aloud.
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RA Activity – Marine EcosystemsPages 468-470 (15.4 Alligator book)
1’s read “Intertidal Zone”2’s read “Open Ocean Ecosystems”3’s read “Coastal ocean and coral reefs”
We will then rotate and discuss! Take GOOD notes!
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Chapter 16: Human Impact on Ecosystems
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16.1: Human Population GrowthDemography is the study of the size of
human populationsGrowth rates are controlled by the same
factors as animal populationsBirth Rate Death RateImmigration and EmigrationAge Structure
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Historical Demography•Human population used to be low and relatively stable
•Limited by resources and disease
•Past 500 years
•Exponential growth as limits have been removed
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Age StructuresHistogram depicting
the number of people in each age category within a population (Figure 14, page 104, Zebra book)
Can be used to predict future growth
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Ecological Footprint
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What effect does Human Population Growth have on Pollution?
WaterChemicals, Trash, Temperatures, Noise, Eutrophication (causes algae overgrowth)
LandChemicals, Trash
AirChemicals and Noise
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Acid Precipitation Effects
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Effects of Pollution: Ozone Depletion; Ozone; Greenhouse Effect
While watching the BrainPop clips, answer the following:1. What is ozone?
Include chemical formula!
2. Why is it important to the atmosphere?
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Water Quality & Pollution: Biological MagnificationChemical pollutant
becomes more concentrated as it moves up the trophic levels within a food chain or web
Very dangerous for top level predators
Fig. 16.11, page 495
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Threats to BiodiversityHabitat Loss
Deforestation
Overexploitation (overuse)Habitat FragmentationPollution
Biomagnification, Acid PrecipitationIntroduction of Invasive SpeciesThreats to Biodiversity
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Overexploitation (overuse)The excessive use of species that have
economic valueBison hunted for meat, hides, and just for sport
Population went from 50 million to 1000Passenger pigeons
Now extinctOcelot and white rhinoceros
Overexploitation used to be the number one reason for extinction; now it’s habitat destruction
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Habitat Loss
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Habitat Fragmentation – page 499
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Invasive (Introduced)SpeciesAlso called non-
native speciesIntroduced to new
habitat Often grows
without check because of lack of natural predators or disease in the area
Pages 500-501
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Losing BiodiversitySpecies experiences a decline in growthThreatened
Canadian lynxPrairie dog
Endangered Bald EagleMany Marine Mammals
ExtinctDodoPassenger Pigeon
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Section 3: Conserving BiodiversityPages 502-505Class Activity: reading “16.5 Conservation” 1’s Read “Sustainable Development…”2’s Read “Conservation practices…”3’s Read “Protecting Earth’s resources…”Take good notes to share ideas about how we
can conserve biodiversity…do you have ideas that are not in the text?