chapter 16 07
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Host ResistanceHost Resistance
Three levels.Three levels.
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Mechanical FactorsMechanical Factors EpidermisEpidermis
Keratinized -skinKeratinized -skin Non-keratinized Non-keratinized
mucous mucous membranes, membranes,
Mouth- GI tractMouth- GI tract Trachea- bronchiTrachea- bronchi VaginaVagina
Physical BarrierPhysical Barrier
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Lachrymal GlandsLachrymal Glands
TearsTears LysozymeLysozyme
Gram positiveGram positive
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Ciliary EscalatorCiliary Escalator Ciliated epitheliumCiliated epithelium
Upper tracheaUpper trachea Moves mucusMoves mucus Dust, microbes Dust, microbes
trapped in sticky trapped in sticky mucusmucus
EscalatorEscalator SwallowedSwallowed Destroyed by Destroyed by
stomach acidstomach acid
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Chemical factorsChemical factors
Sebum -oil, pH 5.5Sebum -oil, pH 5.5 PerspirationPerspiration Lysozyme- G +Lysozyme- G + Gastric Juices- pH Gastric Juices- pH
22 Vaginal secretions Vaginal secretions
- pH 5.- pH 5. Antimicrobial Antimicrobial
peptides - NEW !peptides - NEW !
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Normal MicrofloraNormal Microflora
LactobacillusLactobacillus inhibits inhibits Candida albicans Candida albicans in in vagina. vagina.
E. coli E. coli inhibitsinhibits Salmonella Salmonella andand Shigella Shigella in large in large intestinesintestines..
Proprioibacteria Proprioibacteria andand S. S. epidermidis (epidermidis (skinskin) ) inhibitinhibit S. aureus.S. aureus.
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Blood ActivitiesBlood Activities
Leukocytes = all white blood cells.Leukocytes = all white blood cells.
Phagocytes - WBCs that can engulf particles.Phagocytes - WBCs that can engulf particles.
Granulocytes -basophils, neutrophils, Granulocytes -basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils.eosinophils.
Lymphocytes - make antibodies (specific).Lymphocytes - make antibodies (specific).
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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
Lymphocytes - make Lymphocytes - make antibodies (specific).antibodies (specific).
Lymphatic system - a Lymphatic system - a system that parallels system that parallels the circulatory the circulatory system. system.
Stimulated by bacteria, Stimulated by bacteria, LPS.LPS.
Controlled by cytokines Controlled by cytokines (chemical (chemical messengers).messengers).
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PhagocytosisPhagocytosis
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PhagocytosisPhagocytosis
WBC engulfing bacteria. Note pseudopods.
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InflammationInflammation
1. Injury
2. Vasodilation and clotting
3. Histamine release.
4. Kinins -increase permeability of BV.
5. Prostaglandins - released by damaged cells.
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InflammationInflammation
6. Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
7. Tissue Repair.
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FEVERFEVER
Hypothalamus controls body temperature.
Interleukin-1 released from phagocytes.
Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins raise body temperature.
Skin temperature remains cold causing chills.
Once IL-1 removed, fever breaks.
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ComplementComplement
2 pathways- makes Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)
Incites :
• Inflammation
• Cytolysis
• Opsinization
Too much can cause anaphylactic shock.
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ComplementComplement
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InterferonsInterferons
Interferons -IFNs- anti-viral.
Prevent viral replication.
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Chemical factorsChemical factors
Antimicrobial peptidesAntimicrobial peptides-defensins - WBCs-defensins - WBCs
Cathelecidins - skin, lungs, testisCathelecidins - skin, lungs, testis
Forms channels that insert into Forms channels that insert into bacterial membranes.bacterial membranes.
Present in insects and lower life forms. Present in insects and lower life forms. Mammals (include Humans) have Mammals (include Humans) have these too.these too.
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Mechanisms of Peptide Action
"carpet mechanism""barrel-stave"mechanism