Chapter 16Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

4 States of matterSolid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Each is designated by the energy, movement, and behavior of the particles

Kinetic TheoryAn explanation of how particles in matter behave

1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)

2. These particles are in constant, random motion

3. These particles are colliding with each other and the sides of their container

Solid StateEnergy

Very little energy

Movement Vibrate against each other, but don’t move around much

Particle Spacing Very little space between particles, packed closely together

Volume/Shape Definite volume and definite shape

Particles have a specific type of geometric arrangement that they form in when cooled Determined by chemical and physical properties of solids

Liquid StateEnergy

More Energy than solids

MovementFlow around each other

Particle SpacingParticles have space between them

Volume/ShapeDefinite volume but NO definite shape

Gas StateEnergy

Tons of Energy!

MovementFlow around past each other

Particle SpacingParticles are far apart

Volume/ShapeNo definite volume and no definite shape

Plasma StatePlasma – An electrically charged gas

Created at very high temperatures (like on the sun) (collisions between particles result in the electrons being stripped from the atom)

Most common state of matter in the universe (not Earth)Found on starsFound in lightning bolts, neon, fluorescent

light tubes

DiffusionDiffusion – the spreading of particles throughout a given

volume until they are uniformly distributed

Occurs in solids and liquids, but most rapidly in gases

Ex. Spray air freshener, dye in water

Changes in StateENERGY of the particles influences the state of

matter

Temperature is something we can easily measure instead of EnergyIncreased Energy

Molecules move faster and spread outTemperature increases

Decreased EnergyMolecules move slower and are closer togetherTemperature decreases

Phase changesDue to changing in the

movement (Energy) of the particles

Solid to Liquid and BackFreezing Point

Point at which liquid becomes solid

Melting PointPoint at which solids

become liquid

Phase ChangesLiquid to Gas and Back

Boiling Point – Point at which liquid becomes gasAKA: vaporization

2 types of vaporizationEvaporation – occurs at the liquid’s surface and even at a

temp. below the liquids boiling pointBoiling – occurs through a liquid at a specific temperature

Condensation – gas changes to liquidEx: Mirror fogging up

Phase ChangesHeat of fusion – The amount of energy required to

change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point

Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

Thermal ExpansionAn increase in the size of a substance when the

temperature is increasedKinetic Theory – particles move faster and separate as the

temperature rises -> causes expansion of the entire object

WaterException to thermal expansion

Have highly charged areas that affect the behavior

b/c the molecules orient themselves according to charge, empty spaces occur, so water expands when going from a liquid to a solid