CHAPTER 2LIVING WORLD

LESSON 1:MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1. MOVEMENT

2. NUTRITION

3. REPRODUCTION

4. EXCRETION

5. SENSITIVITY

6. RESPIRATION

7. GROWTH

8. ADAPTATION

LESSON 2: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISM

• IN 1978, THE MOST MODERN METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION WAS

INVENTED BY MARGULIS AND WHITTAKER.

Kingdom 1

Monera

Kingdom 2

Protista

Kingdom 3

Fungi

Kingdom 4

Plantae

Kingdom 5

Animalia

Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular or

multicellular

Unicellular or

multicellular

Multicellular

No developed

nucleus

Well developed

nucleus

Well developed

nucleus

Well developed

nucleus

Well developed

nucleus

Can be seen

through

microscope

only

Live alone or

in colony

Saprophytic as

they don’t

have

chlorophyll

Autophytic

and cell wall

contains

cellulose.

Lacks cell wall

and plastids.

Rhizobium Amoeba Penicillium Mango tree Man

NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

❖PLANTS THAT NEVER BEAR FLOWER ARE CALLED NON

FLOWERING PLANTS.

❖THEY HAVE NO ROOTS, INSTEAD THEY HAVE RHIZOID.

❖THEY ARE GREEN AND AUTOPHYTIC.

❖THEY GROW ON SOIL, OLD WALLS AND WOODEN LOGS

AND CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN FLOATING WATER.

FERN:

• THEIR BODY IS DIVIDED INTO STEM, ROOT AND LEAVES.

• THEY GROW ON DAMP OLD WALLS AND SHADOWY PLACES.

FLOWERING PLANTS

❑PLANTS THAT CAN BEAR FLOWER AND BODY CAN BE

DIVIDED INTO ROOT, STEM AND LEAVES ARE CALLED

FLOWERING PLANTS.

❑IN FLOWERING PLANTS, OVARY TURNS INTO FRUIT WHILE

OVULE TURNS INTO SEED.

❑THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES:

1. NAKED SEED PLANTS (GYMNOSPERM)

2. CLOSED SEED PLANTS (ANGIOSPERM)

NAKED SEED PLANT- GYMNOSPERM

❖THESE TYPE PLANTS DO NOT HAVE OVARY, SO DON’T DEVELOP FRUIT.

❖OVULE REMAINS NAKED. AS A RESULT SEED REMAINS NAKED THAT

COMES FROM OVULE.

CLOSED SEED PLANTS-ANGIOSPERM

❖THESE PLANTS HAVE OVARY SO DEVELOP FRUIT.

❖SO THE OVULES ARE ARRANGED WITHIN THE

OVARY.

❖AFTER FERTILIZATION OVARY TURNS INTO FRUIT

AND OVULE TURNS INTO SEED.

INVERTEBRATES

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVERTEBRATES

❖ANIMALS THAT DO NOT HAVE VERTEBRAL

COLUMNS ARE CALLED INVERTEBRATES.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:

➢DO NOT HAVE ANY SKELETON.

➢EYES ARE SIMPLE.

➢SOMETIMES THEY HAVE COMPOUND EYE WHERE

MANY SMALL EYES GATHERED INTO ONE EYE.

Animal type Special characteristics

Amoeba Tiny in size

Earth worm and leech Segmented body

Snail and oyster 1. Unsegmented body and covered with

hard shell.

2. Have muscular foot.

Butterfly, cockroach,

mosquito, fly, white ant,

bee

1.Belong to the largest group.

2.Body is divided into head, thorax and

abdomen.

3.Have joint foot and compound eyes.

Star fish and sea urchin 1.Marine animal.

2. Integument is spiny.

Jelly fish and corals 1.Have body cavity known as colenteron

2.Have single opening used for both

taking food and expelling wastes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES

❖ANIMALS THAT HAVE VERTEBRAL COLUMNS ARE CALLED

VERTEBRATES.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:

➢HAVE SKELETON WITHIN BODIES.

➢HAVE WINGS OR TWO PAIRS OF APPENDAGES.

➢EYES ARE SIMPLE

➢HAVE TAILS EXCEPT HUMAN.

➢RESPIRE BY GILLS AND LUNGS.

Group Characteristics Example

Pisces 1. Lives in water.

2. May or may not have scales.

3. Respire by gills.

4. Used fins for swimming.

Magur, singh

etc.

Amphibians 1. Can live both in water and on land.

2. Do not have hair, scales or feather on integuments.

3. Have two pairs of legs, but no nails on phalanges.

4. Tadpole respire by gills and adults respire by lungs.

Frogs

Reptiles 1. Moved by putting weight on trunk.

2. Have claws on their toes.

3. Lay eggs and hatched them to give birth.

4. Respire through gills.

Wall lizard,

crocodile.

Aves 1. Body covered with feathers.

2. Most of them can fly.

3. Lay eggs and hatched them to give birth.

Pigeon, duck

etc

Mammals 1. Have hair on body.

2. Female give birth to babies and feed mother’s milk to

babies.

3. Brains and bodies are well developed.

Human,

monkey etc.

• WHAT IS LIVING THING?-A

• WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THING? C/D

• HOW THE LIVING ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED? B/C

• WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT KINGDOMS OF THE LIVING WORLD? C/D

• WHAT IS A NON-FLOWERING PLANT? GIVE EXAMPLE. B/C

• WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF NON-FLOWERING PLANT? C

• WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND EX. OF DIFFERENT TYPES NON-FLOWERING PLANTS. C/D

• WHAT IS A FLOWERING PLANT? A

• DESCRIBE THE CLASSIFICATION OF. FLOWERING PLANT WITH FLOW CHART. C/D

• WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND EX. OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOWERING PLANT. C/D

• HOW MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL ACCORDING TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN?- B

• WHAT IS VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL? –A/B

• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL.- C/D

• WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL?- C/D

PLS PREPARE AND LEARN ANSWERS AS PER THE QUESTION TYPE

Chapter 3

Cell

Discovered by Robert Hooke, in 1665.

It is the smallest structural and functional unit

of life.

Types of cell

Based on presence and absences of nucleus:

two types

1. Proto cell

2. Eucell

Based on function: two types

1.Somatic cell

2.Reproductive cell

Structure of cell

Cell wall

Protoplasm

Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

plastid vacuole mitochondria

Plastid

Vacuole

cell sap- solution made up of water

and mineral salts

Mitochondria

Nucleus

1. What is a cell?-a

2. How many types of cells are there?-b

3. What are the main contents of a cell?-b/c

4. How to draw and label different parts of plant and animal cell? –c/d

5. What is – a

6. i. Cell wall, ii. protoplasm, iii. Cell membrane,

7. iv. cytoplasm, v. plastid, vi. vacuole

8. Write about vacuole with diagram.-b

9. Which one is responsible for plants color? Write about it. -b

10. Which is the power house of the cell & why?-b

11. What is nucleus?-a

12. What are the contents of nucleus?-b

13. What are the characteristics & function of the different parts of nucleus?-c/d

14. What is mitochondrion? Discuss structure of it.-c

Chapter 7

Properties of matter and

external effects

• What is matter? What are different types of matters? a/b

• Describe the characteristics of each type of matter. c

• Identify the following types of matter: a

i. Juice, ii. Cake, iii. carbon dioxide etc.

• Observing thermal conductivity of Cu.-c

• What are difference between metals and non-metals?/c/d

• Describe the characteristics of metals and non-metals-c/d.

• Give examples of metals and non-metals.-a/b

• What is thermal conductivity?-a

• Compare thermal conductivity of different matter. -c

• What is electrical conductivity?-a

• What is melting point?-a

• How can you determine the melting point of any solid? –c/d

• What is boiling point?-a

• How can you determine the boiling point of any object?-c