chapter 2: properties of...

Chapter 2: Properties of Matter Section 2.1: Classifying Matter I. Pure Substances Group #_____

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II. Elements Group #_____

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A. Examples of Elements Group #_____

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B. Symbols of Elements Group #_____

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III. Compounds Group #______

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IV. Mixtures Group #______

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A. Heterogeneous Mixtures Group #_____

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B. Homogeneous Mixtures Group #_____

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V. Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids Group #______

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A. Solutions Group #_____

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B. Suspensions Group #_____

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C. Colloids Group #_____

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Section 2.2: Physical Properties I. Examples of Physical Properties Group #_____

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A. Viscosity Group #_____

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B. Conductivity Group #_____

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C. Malleability Group #_____

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D. Hardness Group #_____

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E. Melting and Boiling Points Group #_____

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F. Density Group #_____

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II. Using Physical Properties Group #_____

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A. Using Properties to Identify Materials Group #_____

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B. Using Properties to Choose Materials Group #_____

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III. Using Properties to Separate Mixtures Group #_____

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A. Filtration Group #_____

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B. Distillation Group #_____

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IV. Recognizing Physical Changes Group #______

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Section 2.3: Classifying Matter I. Observing Chemical Properties Group #_____

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A. Flammability Group #_____

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B. Reactivity Group #_____

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II. Recognizing Chemical Changes Group #_____

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A. A Change in Color Group #_____

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B. Production of a Gas Group #_____

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C. Formation of a Precipitate Group #_____

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III. Is a Change Chemical or Physical? Group #_____

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Chapter 3: States of Matter Section 3.1: Solid, Liquids, and Gases I. Describing the States of Matter Group #_____

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A. Solids Group #_____

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B. Liquids Group #_____

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C. Gases Group #_____

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D. Other States of Matter Group #_____

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II. Kinetic Theory Group #_____

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III. Explaining the Behavior of Gases Group #______

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A. Motion in Gases Group #_____

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B. Kinetic Theory of Gases Group #_____

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IV. Explaining the Behavior of Liquids Group #______

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V. Explaining the Behavior of Solids Group #______

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Section 3.2: The Gas Laws

I. Pressure Group #_____

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II. Factors that Affect Gas Pressure Group #_____

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A. Temperature Group #_____

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B. Volume Group #_____

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C. Number of Particles Group #_____

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III. Charles’ Law Group #_____

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IV. Boyle’s Law Group #_____

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V. The Combined Gas Law Group #_____

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Section 3.3: Phase Changes

I. Characteristics of Phase Changes Group #_____

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A. Temperature and Phase Changes Group #_____

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B. Energy and Phase Changes Group #_____

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II. Melting and Freezing Group #_____

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A. Melting Group #_____

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B. Freezing Group #_____

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III. Vaporization and Condensation Group #_____

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A. Evaporation Group #_____

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B. Boiling Group #_____

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C. Condensation Group #_____

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IV. Sublimation and Deposition Group #_____

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Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B ■ Chapter 2 15

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Section 2.1 Classifying Matter(pages 38–44)

This section explains how materials are classified as pure substances or mixtures. Itdiscusses types of pure substances and mixtures.

Reading Strategy (page 38)

Summarizing As you read, complete the classification of matter in thediagram below. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see theReading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at theend of your textbook.

Pure Substances (page 39)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Every sample of a pure substancehas exactly the same composition and the same properties.

2. The two categories of pure substances are andcompounds.

Elements (page 39)

3. What is an element?

4. Is the following sentence true or false? The smallest particle of an

element is an atom.

Match each element to its correct symbol.Element Symbol5. aluminum a. C6. gold b. Al7. carbon c. Au

Matter

Element

Mixture

Heterogeneousmixture

Substance

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16 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B ■ Chapter 2

Compounds (page 40)

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about compounds.

a. A compound always contains at least two elements.b. The substances that make up a compound are always joined in a fixed

proportion.c. A compound has the same properties as the elements from which it is

formed.

Mixtures (pages 41–42)

9. The properties of a mixture vary because the composition is not. Circle the correct answer.

homogenous heterogenous fixed

10. Is the following sentence true or false? A homogeneous mixture is amixture in which it is difficult to distinguish the substances from oneanother.

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids (pages 42–44)

11. Circle the letter of the term that identifies the homogeneous mixture thatforms when sugar is dissolved in a glass of hot water.

a. solution b. suspension c. colloid

12. Use the terms in the box to complete the table about solutions,suspensions, and colloids.

Homogenous Suspension YesSmall Colloid Heterogenous

Solutions, Suspensions, and ColloidsType of Mixture Relative Size of Homogeneous Do Particles

Largest Particles or Heterogeneous? Scatter Light?

Solution NoIntermediate Homogeneous

Large Yes

13. Circle the letter before each example of a colloid.

a. windshield wiper fluidb. fogc. homogenized milk

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Section 2.2 Physical Properties(pages 45–51)

This section discusses physical properties and physical changes. It also explainshow physical properties can be used to identify materials, select materials, andseparate mixtures.


Building Vocabulary As you read, write a definition for each term in thetable below. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Readingand Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of yourtextbook.

Defining Physical Properties

Physical Property DefinitionViscosity The tendency of a liquid to resist flowingMalleabilityMelting Point

Examples of Physical Properties (pages 45–47)

1. A physical property is any characteristic of a material that can beobserved or measured without changing the of thesubstances in the material. Circle the correct answer.

proportion composition definition

2. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid with a high viscosity flowsmore slowly than a liquid with a low viscosity at the same temperature.

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Discovering which of two materialscan scratch the other is a way to compare the hardness of the materials.

Match each term to its definition.Term Definition4. conductivity5. malleability6. melting point7. boiling point8. density

a. The ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering

b. The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

c. The ability to allow heat to flowd. The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volumee. The temperature at which a substance

changes from a solid to a liquid


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Using Physical Properties (page 48)

9. The box below contains three steps that can be used to identify amaterial. Put them in the correct order.

Test a sample of the unknown.Compare the results with data for known materials.Decide which properties to test.

a.

b.

c.10. Is the following sentence true or false? Usually, people consider only

one property when choosing a material.

Using Properties to Separate Mixtures (page 50)

11. Circle the letter for each process that is commonly used to separatemixtures.

a. filtrationb. distillationc. precipitation

12. Distillation converts seawater into . Circle the correctanswer.

small particles fresh water pure salt

Recognizing Physical Changes (page 51)

13. Is the following sentence true or false? In a physical change, some of thesubstances in a material change, but the properties of the material stay

the same.

14. Circle the letter for each process that is a reversible physical change.

a. wrinkling a shirtb. freezing waterc. cutting hair

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Section 2.3 Chemical Properties(pages 54–58)

This section discusses chemical properties and describes clues that may show that achemical change has taken place.


Relating Text and Visuals As you read, complete the table by findingexamples of the clues for recognizing chemical changes in Figures 19and 20. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Readingand Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of yourtextbook.

Recognizing Chemical ChangesClue ExampleChange in color Copper roof changing color from red to green

when exposed to moist airProduction of gas

Formation of precipitate

Observing Chemical Properties (pages 54–55)

1. Circle the letters of the compounds formed when a candle burns.

a. paraffinb. water c. carbon

2. What is a chemical property?

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Flammability is a material’s

ability to burn in the presence of carbon dioxide. 4. The property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically

with other substances is . Circle the correct answer.

reactivity malleability conductivity

5. Circle the letter of each property that is a chemical property.

a. hardnessb. densityc. flammability


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Recognizing Chemical Changes (pages 56–57)

6. A change occurs when a substance reacts and formsone or more new substances. Circle the correct answer.

distillation physical chemical

7. Circle the letters of examples of evidence for a chemical change.

a. a change in colorb. a filter trapping particles c. the production of a gas

Match each example to evidence of a chemical change.Example Chemical Change8. Lemon juice is

added to milk.9. A silver bracelet

darkens when exposed to air.

10. Vinegar is mixed with baking soda.

Is a Change Chemical or Physical? (page 58)

11. Is the following sentence true or false? When iron is heated until it turnsred, the color change shows that a chemical change has taken place.

12. During a chemical change the composition of matter ,but during a physical change, the composition of matter

.13. Complete the following table about chemical changes.

Chemical ChangesType of Change Are New Substances Formed? ExampleChemical YesPhysical Sugar dissolving in water

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a. the production of a gasb. the formation of a precipitatec. a change in color


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Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________

Chapter 3 States of Matter

Section 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases (pages 68–74)

This section explains how materials are classified as solids, liquids, or gases. It alsodescribes the behavior of these three states of matter.


Comparing and Contrasting As you read about the states of matter, fill inthe blanks in the diagram below with one of these phrases: definite volume,variable volume, or variable shape. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Solid Liquid Gas

Describing the States of Matter (pages 68–70)

1. What are three common states of matter?

a. Solids b. c.2. Is the following sentence true or false? The fact that a copper wire can be

bent shows that some solids do not have a definite shape.3. Circle the letter of each phrase that describes how particles at the atomic

level are arranged within most solids.

a. randomly arrangedb. packed close togetherc. arranged in a regular pattern

4. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid takes the shape of its

container. 5. Is the following sentence true or false? A gas takes the shape and

volume of its container. 6. On the sun, where temperatures are extremely high, matter exists in a

state known as . Circle the correct answer.

plasma liquid condensation

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Definiteshape


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7. Complete the table about states of matter.

States of MatterState Shape VolumeSolid Definite

Liquid

Not definite

Kinetic Theory (page 71)

8. Define kinetic energy.

9. Circle the letter of the phrase that describes all particles of matter in thekinetic theory of matter.

a. randomly arrangedb. constant temperaturec. in constant motion

Explaining the Behavior of Gases (pages 72–73)

10. Is the following sentence true or false? There are forces of attraction

among the particles in all matter. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? Because of the constant motion of

the particles in a gas, the gas has a definite shape and volume.

Explaining the Behavior of Liquids (page 73)

12. Do forces of attraction have a stronger effect on the behavior of the

particles in a gas or in a liquid? 13. Circle the letter of each factor that affects the behavior of liquids.

a. fixed location of particlesb. constant motion of particlesc. forces of attraction among particles

Explaining the Behavior of Solids (page 74)

14. Solids have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solidvibrate in locations. Circle the correct answer.

orderly several fixed

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Section 3.2 The Gas Laws (pages 75–81)

This section discusses gas pressure and the factors that affect it. It also explains therelationships between the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas.


Identifying Cause and Effect As you read, identify the variables that affectgas pressure. Write them in the diagram below. For more information on thisReading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Pressure (pages 75–76)

1. What causes the pressure in a closed container of gas?

2. Circle the letter of each unit used to express amounts of pressure.

a. newton b. joule c. pascal

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure (pages 76–77)

3. Name the factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas.

a. Its temperature b. c.4. Is the following sentence true or false? In a closed container, increasing

the temperature of a gas will decrease the force with which particles hit

the walls of the container. 5. Raising the temperature of a gas will its pressure, if

the volume of the gas and the number of its particles are kept constant.Circle the correct answer.

have no effect on decrease increase

6. Increasing the number of particles of a gas will its pressureif the temperature and the volume are constant. Circle the correctanswer.

have no effect on decrease increase

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Gas pressure

isaffected

by

Temperature


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Charles’s Law (page 78)

7. Jacques Charles recorded the behavior of gases on a graph like the onebelow. The data show that the volume of a gas increases at the same

rate as the of the gas.

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Temperature (�C)

Vo

lum

e (m

L)

10

8

6

4

2

0�300 �250 �200 �150 �100 �50 0 50 100

�273.15

8. A temperature equal to 0 K on the Kelvin temperature scale is known as. Circle the correct answer.

Kelvin zero relative zero absolute zero

Boyle’s Law (page 79)

9. Boyle’s law states that there is an inverse relationship between thepressure and volume of a gas. Circle the letter of the correct expressionof this relationship.

a. P1V1 � P2V2

b. �

c. P1P2 � V1V2

The Combined Gas Law (pages 80–81)

10. Circle the letters of the factors that are included in the expression of thecombined gas law.

a. temperatureb.number of particlesc. volume

P2

V2

P1

V1


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Section 3.3 Phase Changes(pages 84–91)

This section explains what happens when a substance changes from one state ofmatter to another and describes six phase changes.


Summarizing As you read, complete the description of energy flow duringphase changes in the diagram below. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Endothermic Exothermic

Characteristics of Phase Changes (pages 84–86)

1. A is the reversible physical change that takes placewhen a substance changes from one state of matter to another.

Match each term with the letter of the phase change that best describes it.Term Phase Change2. freezing a. Solid to gas3. sublimation b. Liquid to gas4. condensation c. Gas to solid5. melting d. Liquid to solid6. deposition e. Gas to liquid7. vaporization f. Solid to liquid

8. Does the temperature of a substance increase, decrease, or remainconstant during a phase change?

9. A substance absorbs energy from its surroundings during a(n)change. Circle the correct answer.

exothermic endothermic hydrothermic

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Solid Liquid Solid

Gas

Solid Solid


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10. The energy absorbed by one gram of ice as it melts is known as thefor water. Circle the correct answer.

heat of fusion heat of condensation heat of vaporization

11. As water freezes, it releases heat to its surroundings. Freezing is an

example of a(n) change.

Melting and Freezing (page 88)

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Water molecules have a more

orderly arrangement in ice than in liquid water. 13. When liquid water freezes, the average kinetic energy of its molecules

.

Vaporization and Condensation (pages 88–90)

14. Use the words in the box below to fill in the blanks.

gas liquid

Vaporization is the phase change in which a substance changes from

a(n) into a(n) .15. The energy absorbed by one gram of water as it changes from its liquid

phase into water vapor is known as the for water.16. Is the following sentence true or false? When water vapor collects above

the liquid in a closed container, the pressure caused by the collisions ofthis vapor and the walls of the container is called

vapor pressure. 17. The phase change in which a substance changes from a gas into a liquid

is called .18. Is the following sentence true or false? A gas absorbs energy as it

changes into a liquid.

Sublimation and Deposition (page 91)

19. Dry ice can change directly from a solid to a gas without forming

a liquid first. This process is an example of .

20. is the phase change in which a substance changesdirectly from a gas to a solid without changing to a liquid first.

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